词汇学-词的意义及理据课件

Week7Sandy词汇学--词的意义及理据Outline

WordMeaning词义Motivationsofmeaning词的理据词的意义究竟指什么？这个词为什么是这个意思？关于词义的一些基本理论和基本概念wordsdefinedasthingswordsdefinedasreference1wordsdefinedasthingsWordmeaningcanbedefinedasareciprocalrelationbetweennameandmeaning.‘Meaning’iswhattheformstandsfor.意义指的是它代表的内容。e.g.desk:somethingyousitatandyoudoyourwork.所指关系relationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld;betweenwordsandthethings,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.Bymeansofreference,aspeakerindicateswhichthingsintheworld(includingpersons)arebeingtalkedabout.

Forexample,theword‘tree’referstotheobject‘tree’.2wordsdefinedasreferenceInotherwords,onlywhenaconnectionhasbeenestablishedbetweenthelinguisticsign（语言符号）andareferent（所指物）,i.e.,anobject,aphenomenon,aperson,etc.doesthesignbecomemeaningful.Thereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitrary（随意的）andconventional（约定俗成的）.Thisconnectionistheresultofgeneralization（归纳）andabstraction（抽象）.SemanticTriangle语义三角意义（概念）Meaning(Concept)词Word形式Form所指对象Referenttree

Whatisconcept?

Itisthegeneralideaormeaningwhichisassociatedwithawordorsymbolinaperson’smind.

指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。Tree

MeaningandConcept：difference

closelyconnectedbutnotidentical（关系密切、并不相同）Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.Butmeaningbelongstolanguage,soisrestrictedtolanguageuse.Aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.Eveninthesamelanguage,thesameconceptcanbeexpressedindifferentwords.概念属于人类认知领域思维领域；意义属于语言领域。WordsandReferents专有名词无词义，有所指对象；不同的专有名词指同一个对象；少数词有词义，无所指对象；propernamestypicallyhaveonlyonereferenceBarackHusseinObamabutithaslittlelinguisticmeaningSometimestwodifferentpropernameshave

thesamereferent.MarkTwainSamuelLanghorneClemenshobbitsunicornHarryPotterSomewordsjustdon’thavereferentsinrealworld,buttheymakesense,but,

whatissense?

有些词虽然在现实世界中没有具体对象，但它们却有意义。

什么是意义？

Sense

语义词或句子本身所表示的语言本身的意义。即，词义和句义。每个有词义的词都有语义，但不一定有所指称的事物（reference）。reference&sense:differenceSensedenotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.Referencedenotestherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethings,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.Everywordthathasmeaninghassensebutnoteverywordhasreference.e.g:but,almost.Thesegrammaticalwordsdonotrefertoanything.AndwordslikeGod,dragonandphoenixrefertoimaginarythings.LimitationsofReferenceTheoryManywordshavenoreal-worldreferents.Yetspeakersdoknowthemeaningsoftheseexpressions.Similarly,functionwordshavenoreal-worldentitiestoreferto.Conceptsrelated

WordMeaning词义Sense语义Reference所指Referent所指物Concept概念2MotivationofWordMeaning1.Whatismotivation理据?Itreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系。MotivationofWordMeaningonamatopoeiamotivation拟声morphologicmotivation形态semanticmotivation语义etymologicmotivation词源1.OnomatopoeicMotivation拟声理据Itmeanstheimitationofsoundsbysounds.（语言对声音的模仿）Wordscoinedinimitationofthesoundsassociatedwiththethingsnamedarecalledonomatopoeia.

OnomatopoeicMotivationPrimaryonomatopoeiaPrimaryonomatopoeiameanstheimitationofsoundsbysounds.ApesBearsBullsCatsEaglesFrogsGoatsgibbergrowlbellowmew(purr)scream.croak.bleat.Henscluck.LarkswarbleLionsroarMagpieschatter.Micesqueak

Owlshoot(screech)pigeonscoo.Pigssqueal.Snakeshiss.Wolveshowl.Turkeysgobble.Soundmadebymetal：clash,clank,ting,tinkle,clang,jangle,ding-dong,tick-tackSoundbyliquid：splash,bubble,sizz,sizzle,splish-splosh,drip-dropSecondaryOnomatopoeiaItmeansthatcertainsoundsandsoundsequencesareassociatedwithcertainsensesinanexpressiverelationship.Sn-breath-noise:sniff,snuff,snore,snort2)quickseparationormovement:snip,snap,snatch3)creeping:snake,snail,sneak,snoopSl-slippery:slide,slip,slither,slush,sluice,sludge2)pejorativesense:slattern,slut,slang,sly,sloppy,slovenlySk-:与表面接触：skate,skim,skin,skid,skimp-ump:表示圆形体：plump,chump,rump,hump,stump,dump,mump/h/表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声：heavy,haste,hurry,hit,heave,hoarse,hurl等Wh-表示“剧烈”的拟声词：wham,whang,whap,whop,wheeze,whicker,whinny,whomp,whoopWordswhichwereformedbymeansofmorphologicalstructurebelongtothecategoryofmotivationbymorphology.

Compounds

and

derivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyofthemarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.2.Morphologicalmotivation形态理据Whenwetalkedaboutderivationalaffixes,wesaidmostofthemhaveaspecificmeaning,andwhenaddedtoaroot,theyderiveanewword.Ifoneknowsthemeaningoftheaffixandtheroot,say–ableandread,thenonecanimmediatelytellthatthemeaningofthewordreadableis“thatcanberead”.Wesaythewordismorphologicallymotivated,foradirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.Compoundwordsmaybemorphologicallymotivatedtoo.Themeaningofwordslikegood-looking,headache,daydreamandmanyothersderivefromthecombinedmeaningofthecomponentparts.However,notallcompoundsaremotivated.Wecannotinferthemeaningofwordslikebigwig,eggheadfromtheircomponentparts.Itreferstothementalassociations联想意义suggestedbytheconceptualmeaning概念意义

ofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsense字面意义

andfigurativesense比喻意义

oftheword.

3.SemanticMotivation语义理据MetonymyAnalogy1)useaperson’snametorefertothethingsrelated;HereadShakespeare.2)useacontainertorefertowhatisinside;Thekettleisboiling.Heisaddictedtothebottle.Pleasedrinkacup.Metonymy借代3)usepartofbodyorganstorefertotheirfunctions:anearformusicDon’tletyourheartruleyourhead.4)usetheplacenametorefertotheproductproducedthere.Icoulddowithacupofcanary.Canaryisaplacewherethiskindofgrapewineisproduce.5)useprominentfeaturestorefertothepersonconcernedTheblueeyeswalkedintotheroom.2AnalogyWordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords:telethon,talkathon:frommarathon1Colouranalogy类比blacklist,whitelist,

graylistblue-collarworkers,whitecollarworkersgray-collarworkers2NumberAnalogyFirstladyFirstMotherFirstFamilytheFourthworld3PlaceandSpaceAnalogylandscape:moonscape,marscapesunrise:earthriseearthquake:starquakeSynonymousAnalogy

Gapmissile~production~development~credibility~generation~Pollutionenvironmental~visual/eye~noise/sound~Cultural~Graffiti~Itdenotesthattheoriginsofwordsoftenthr