学术英语写作：Lecture 5 Source Citation资料引用

LectureFiveSourceCitation(资料引用）

Whatisplagiarism1Whattodocument23ContentsHowtoquoteandparaphraseWhatisplagiarism（剽窃）？Whatisplagiarism

plagiarism

Plagiarismistheuseoffacts,opinions,andlanguagetakenfromanotherwriterwithoutacknowledgement.Plagiarism=usinganother'sresearch,ideasorlanguagewithoutproperattribution=intellectualtheftWhatarethecommoncasesofplagiarism?1.useotherpeople’sideas,sentencesorstatements,alongsuccessionof

majorwordswithoutindicatingthesource.2.liftideas,phrasesorsentencesfromavarietyofsources(patchworkplagiarism)andstitchthemtogetherasone’sown.3.takeatextsubstantiallyfromanothersourceandscatterone’sowncommentshereandthere.(near-completeplagiarism)4.borrowanessayfromanotherperson,orusehisoutline.(intellectualtheft)Whattocite（引用）？WhattociteConsiderthefollowingscenarios（情况、情景介绍）anddecidewhetherornotyouhavetoprovideacitationfortheinformationdescribed.Citeit?Youreadthephrase“culturaltapeworm（文化绦虫）”

inanarticle.Youdecidetouseitinyourpaper.Citeit!Anyunusualphraseborrowedfromanotherwriterorspeakermustbecited.Citeit?Youquotefromaninterviewyouconductedwithyourgrandmother.Citeit!Wheneveryouquotesomeoneelse’swords,youmustcitethem.Citeit?Inapaper,youwrite,“AbrahamLincolngrewupinalogcabinwithoutelectricity.”Thisisafactyouhavereadmanytimesinthepastandyounowdonotrememberwhere.Donothavetociteit.Citeit?Youdoasurveyofstudentsoncampus,askingabouttheirChineserestaurants.Youreportonyourfindingsinyourpaper.Donothavetociteit.Whenyoudooriginalresearch,youdonotciteyourselfiftheresearchisconductedforthepaper.Citeit?You’rewritingaboutglobalwarming.Onawebsite,youlocateagraphillustratingtheeffectsofclimatechangeandpasteitintoyourpaper.Citeit!Photographs,drawings,graphs,andothervisualmaterialsareformsofideasandtheircreatorsshouldbecredited.Whatsourcesdoneedtobecited?

Wordsorideaspresentedinamagazine,book,newspaper,song,TVprogram,movie,Webpage,computerprogram,letter,ads,oranyothermediuminformationyougainthroughinterviewingorconversingwithanotherperson,facetoface,overthephone,orinwritingWhenyoucopytheexactwordsorauniquephraseWhenyoureprintanydiagrams,illustrations,charts,pictures,orothervisualmaterialsWhenyoureuseorrepostanyelectronically-availablemedia,includingimages,audio,video,orothermedia.Whatsourcesdonotneedtobecited?Writingyourownlivedexperiences,yourownobservationsandinsights,yourownthoughts,andyourownconclusionsaboutasubjectWhenyouarewritingupyourownresultsobtainedthroughlaborfieldexperimentsWhenyouuseyourownartwork,digitalphotographs,video,audio,etc.Whenyouareusingcommonknowledgeorgenerally-acceptedfacts,thingslikefolklore,commonsenseobservations,myths,urbanlegends,andhistoricalevents.HowtoquoteandparaphraseWhyshouldIusesources?Sourcesshowanappreciationoftheworkofothersinthefield.Usingsourcesdemonstratesyourabilitytousestatistics/theories/models,etc.tobuildonyourownarguments.Sourcesverifyyourclaims.Readerswanttoknowhowyouhavecometomakethisassumption.Remember:Sourcessupportwhatyousay;theydon’tsayitforyou.WhenshouldIuseaquotation?WhentheEXACTwordingoftheoriginalwriterisimportant.Whentheoriginalwriter’sEXACTpositionneedstobeemphasized.in-textcitation

theauthor'slastnameandthepagenumber(s)fromwhichthequotationorparaphraseistakenmustappearinthetext.acompletereferenceshouldappearonyourworkscitedpage.Whatispropercitation?HowtoSetUpQuotationsUsesignalphrasesandattributivetags:AsSmithmentions,“…”Rodriqueznotedthisalso,“…”Embedquotations:Chungcallstheproceedings“preposterous”(Mellon,223)or(Mellon,1999,p223).Remember:don’tstringlongchainsofquotationstogetherwithoutanalyzingthem.Thisleavesyourreaderwonderingifyouhaveanythingtosayyourself.Thesecondkeytenetofpoststructuralismconcernstheveryexistenceofthehumansubject.Traditionally,individualshavebeenseenascoherententitiespossessingqualities,suchasinitiativeandwill.Thepoststructuralistselfisseentobeincoherent,disunified,andineffect“decentered,”sothat…ahumanbeingisdescribedas,forexample,amereconveyorofunconsciousmainstreamideologies,orassimplya“site”inwhichvariousculturalconstructsand“discursiveformations”created&sustainedbythestructuresofpowerinagivensocialenvironmentplaythemselvesout.(Bush4)Thefinalcharacteristicofpoststructuralismisanemphasisnotonthewriteroftextsbutthereader.Thetraditionalnotionofaliterary“work”thathassomesortofobjective,singularexistenceandmeaningallitsownhasbeenrejectedandtranslatedintothemorecommoncontemporarycategoryof‘text,’aconceptthatsuggeststhecentrality.BlockQuotesQuotationslongerthanThreelines 40wordsShouldbeindentedDonotrequirequotationmarksHowtoquoteandparaphrase1.Inmostfields,paraphrasingispreferredabovedirectquotations.2.Citeothers'workintheproperdocumentationstyleofyourfield.Properdocumentationmustappearinthetextandinthereferencesection.3.Summarizealargersectionofworkinsteadofquotingtheentirepart.4.Giveageneralization,citingseveralauthorswhohavecometothesameconclusionattheendofthesentence.Aparaphraseis...yourownrendition(翻译;给予)ofessentialinformationandideasexpressedbysomeoneelse,presentedinanewform.onelegitimateway(whenaccompaniedbyaccuratedocumentation)toborrowfromasource.amoredetailedrestatementthanasummary,whichfocusesconciselyonasinglemainidea.Paraphrasingisavaluableskillbecause...itisbetterthanquotinginformation.ithelpsyoucontrolthetemptationtoquotetoomuch.thementalprocessrequiredforsuccessfulparaphrasinghelpsyoutograspthefullmeaningoftheoriginal.Ifyouareparaphrasingsomeoneelse’sidea,always:- Acknowledgewhoseideaitis,useindicatorwordslike“Accordingto…”,“Assays”,“Asreportedby”,“saysthat”- Althoughwhenparaphrasingyouareusingyourownwordsyoustillneedtocitethesourceoftheinformation.6StepstoEffectiveParaphrasingRereadtheoriginalpassageuntilyouunderstanditsfullmeaning.Settheoriginalaside,andwriteyourparaphraseonanotecard.Jotdownafewwordsbelowyourparaphrasetoremindyoulaterhowyouenvision(想象)usingthismaterial.Atthetopofthenotecard,writeakeywordorphrasetoindicatethesubjectofyourparaphrase.Checkyourrenditionwiththeoriginaltomakesurethatyourversionaccuratelyexpressesalltheessentialinformationinanewform.Usequotationmarkstoidentifyanyuniquetermorphraseology(术语)youhaveborrowedexactlyfromthesource.Recordthesource(includingthepage)onyournotecardsothatyoucancredititeasilyifyoudecidetoincorporatethematerialintoyourpaper.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingstatements.1.PeopleineverypartoftheglobedislikeaggressiveAmericans.2.ThosewhosupportwartoachievetheirpersonalobjectivesconsidertheSecurityCounciltobeweak.

Paraphraseeachofthefollowingstatements.4.NooneknowshowmanyCEOssufferfromalcoholismanddrugabuse,butestimatesrunashighas30%.a.Beginwith"ThepercentageofCEOswho."b.For"sufferfromalcoholism,"substitute"are_"(filltheblankwiththewordthatmeans"personwhosuffersfromalcoholism"inthepluralform.)TheestimatedpercentageofCEOswhoarealcoholicsandabusedrugsisupto30%.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingstatements.5.Whydoteenagersturntodelinquency?Someexpertsbelievetheybecomedelinquentsbecauseofdissatisfactionwithfamilylifeandfriends,butthisviewisshort-sightedandstereotypical.Recentstudieshavelookedatthisprobleminmoredepth.a.Takeoutthequestion.b.Startwiththeideaof"recentresearch".c.Keepthewords"short-sightedandstereotypical".Recentresearchhasexaminedthereasonsfordelinquencyandfoundthatlookingonlyatdissatisfactionwithfamilyandfriendsis"shortsightedandstereotypical."Paraphraseeachofthefollowingstatements.6.Someevidencerevealsthatsmokingmightbeacauseofbaldness.Thecorrelationisinterestingsinceitlinkstwofactorsthathavenogeneticconnection.a.Beginwith"Accordingto".b.Insteadof"smokingmightbeacauseofbaldness",usethepassivevoice"baldnessmaybecausedby...“Accordingtosomeinterestingevidence,baldnessmaybecausedbysmokingeventhoughthereseemstobenogeneticcorrelation.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingstatements.7.Attitudestowardtheelderlyarechangingdramaticallyasbabyboomersgrowolder.Formanyyearstheelderlywereseenaslessusefuloncetheyreachedretirementage.However,newresearchpointstotheincreasedproductivityofolderagedworkers,eventhosewhoareintheir80sand90s.Newresearchindicatesthatolderagedworkersareproductive,evenintotheir80sand90s.Asaresult,attitudestowardtheelderlyare"changingdramatically"fromtheviewthattheelderlywerenolongerusefuloncetheyretired.Paraphrasingskills：1.Usepassivevoice.2.Findsynonymsthatarelessformaloraremorelikethestyleofyourownwriting.3.Changethesentencestructure.4.Cutoutunimportantinformationforthepurposesofyourpaper.UnchangeableRules：1.Don'tchangeortrytoparaphrasenumbers.2.Don'tchangetheintentionoftheoriginalauthorbychoosingthewrongword.3.Don'tmaketheoriginalauthorseemtosaysomethingdifferentorhaveadifferentemphasis.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingstatements.3.ThereisgeneralagreementamongEuropeanleadersthattotalunificationofEuropeancountrieswouldstrengthentheeconomicstabilityoftheentireregion.EuropeanleadersgenerallyagreethatifEuropeancountrieswouldunify,therewouldbeamorestableeconomy.ReadthefollowingparagraphfromanarticlebyJeffMarkuscalled"FearsaboutTerrorism."Thearticleappearedonpage89ofChildPsychologyinMay2003.(Donottrytofindthisarticle;itisinvented.)SamplePassageOriginalText:AfterSeptember11,2001,Americanchildrenbecameawareofterrorisminawaytheyhadneverbeendirectlyexposedtopreviously.Questionnairesweregivento3,500school-agedchildrenaroundtheUnitedStatesoneyearafterSeptember11,2001.Theresultsindicatedthatamongchildren10yearsoldandolder,morethanonehalf(59%)feltthatterrorismwastheirgreatestfear.Evenchildrenasyoungassixyearsoldreportedthattheyfearedanotherterrorismattack.Ofthegroupexamined,asignificantnumberweresometimesdepressedaboutthethreatofterrorism,verypessimistic,andoftentooscaredtoparticipateinnormaldailyactivities.Notsurprisingly,childrenintheupperMidwestfeltthesafest.SamplePassageVersion1:AstudybyMarkusbasedonquestionnairesgiventohundredsofschool-agechildren,showsthatinthegroupexamined,asignificantnumberweresometimesdepressedaboutthethreatofterrorism,verypessimistic,andoftentooscaredtoparticipateinnormaldailyactivities.SamplePassage1.Version1:Thisisclearplagiarism.Thereisnodocumentation(sowecan’tchecktheexactreference)anditusesmanyoftheoriginalwordswithoutquotationmarks.SamplePassageVersion2:Markus(2003)gavequestionnairestohundredsofschool-agedchildrenrevealingthatinthegroupexamined,asignificantnumberwere“sometimesdepressedaboutthethreatofterrorism,verypessimistic,”andoftentooscaredtoparticipateinnormaldailyactivities.

SamplePassage2.Version2:Thisisstillplagiarismbecauseitusesthesamewordsandonlyquotessomeoftheoriginaltext.SamplePassageVersion3:Hundredsofschool-agechildrenweregivenquestionnaires.Theresultsshowedthatasignificantnumberwereverypessimisticandoftenscared(Markus,2003,p.89).SamplePassage3.Version3:Thisisbetterinonesense,butitstillusesthewords"verypessimistic"whichwouldbebestinquotationmarks;youdon'twanttoparaphrasethiskindoffinding.Thebiggestproblemwiththisparaphraseisthatitchangestheoriginalidea.Thisseemstoindicatethatchildrenarescared(allthetime)buthasnoreferencetoterrorism.SamplePassageVersion4:"TheMarkusstudy,basedonquestionnairesgiventohundredsofschool-agechildrenindicatedthatamongchildren10yearsoldandolder,morethanonehalf(59%)feltthatterrorismwastheirgreatestfear.Evenchildrenasyoungassixyearsoldreportedthattheyfearedanotherterrorismattack.Ofthegroupexamined,asignificantnumberweresometimesdepressedaboutthethreatofterrorism,verypessimistic,andoftentooscaredtoparticipateinnormalofdailyactivities.Notsurprisingly,childreninandaroundNewYorkCitywerethemostaffectedwhilechildrenintheupperMidwestfeltthesafest(p.89)."SamplePassage4.Version4:Thisversionusesquotationmarks,butthewriterchangedmanyofthewordsfromtheoriginaltext.Youcannotputquotationmarksaroundsomethingthatisparaphrasedinanyway.Also,evenifthequotationmarkswereonlyaroundthequotedportion,itwouldbebettertoparaphrasemore.Also,noyearorotherreferenceisgiven-onlythepagenumber,butfromwhere?SamplePassageVersion5:Theresultofastudydoneoneyear