医学论文摘要撰写和英语表达

医学论文摘要撰写和英语表达

暨南方医科大学学报简介南方医科大学学报编辑部王征爱整理ppt一、论文摘要概述

从论文内容中摘出来的要点，是概括而不加注释或评论的简短陈述，应简炼、准确、完整而能独立成文，可以作为独立的资料来使用和保存。1）类型――评论；提示/指示；资料；指示-资料；结构2）形式――内容决定形式3）内容――摘/提取要点，故又称摘要或提要：主要方法（含分组）、重要数据、本质现象，核心论点，结论建议4）特点――短；精；完整：全文浓缩，同等价值

整理ppt摘要特点

短—因容量限制、储存需要；精—全文的高度浓缩，集中体现文章的精华；完整—反映全文的信息量，能独立成章，相当于一篇完整的短文，具有与文章同等的阅读、储存、评价和使用价值。摘要中不用图、表、公式、化学结构式和非公知非公用的符号或术语，一般不分段，不标引参考文献，避免直接使用略语，但可直接用公认的缩略词。整理ppt摘要的写作如果作者对所写的内容胸中有数，可以先写好摘要，再以摘要为基础铺开来写全文，但一般是先写完全文，再从文中抽提要点，即所谓“提要”。写好以后要回过头来再对照正文核对几次，看看内容浓缩得如何。然后再看看结构是否符合IM（M）RD要求。写成以后要反复加工、润色文字。防止摘而不要、要而不全、全而不简、简而不明整理ppt对摘要的要求（1）内容完整；（2）分组明了;（3）数据一致；（4）结论新颖，与目的对应。整理ppt二、英文摘要与中文摘要的区别

主体内容、基本数据和结论应一致，但细节可略有差异：中文摘要详细介绍国外新知（如新技术、新方法）；英文摘要重点描述国内特色（如中医名词解释、某些国内公知简略术语的细化）。英文摘要是给外国人看的，外国人不懂中文，也就是说看不懂正文，对他们而言，无论在何种场合，摘要都具有独立性，因此就要求英文摘要比中文摘要更全面地反映全文主旨。整理ppt三、英文摘要国家标准1997年版5.7.2“报告、论文一般均应有摘要，为了国际交流，还应有外文（多用英文）摘要。”现实:一般学术期刊都有英文摘要，数量各异，但付出与目的并非一致（对外而未达外）。副功：锻炼写作能力、增长知识；供人模仿学习，但常误人子弟。难度:3000－5000词汇＋基本语感＋英语思维→修改基础；非易事,但非不能，只要有追求＋精神。

整理ppt终审之一

洋洋洒洒二十万，字字句句过我筛。正体斜体需审定，大写小写亦仲裁。之二

常遇新语需释义，遍翻辞书哪有迹？光盘检索千百次，头脑析分定无歧！

成都会议

蓉城十月是金秋，百万客房一无留，车水马龙奔九寨，孤家寡人回广州。

整理ppt国庆长假赋

长假又七天，人皆议景点；友人频来电，问可来游园？“学报十期在编，写作课次层迭，保先自评三千，交稿近在眼前。”科技日新月异，新语屡见不鲜，英文修改何其难，长词短句须慎选。终日埋头电脑前，常为一词觅三天。鼠标手，职业颈，荧屏眼。蚁影游动，字里行间，困睡沙发，饥餐素面。一旦模棱定一可，喝口凉水嘴也甜。诸君疑问何所求？我为名刊当总编！

（虽苦尤荣，乐在其中，成果初现）2005－10－06

整理ppt垂钓忙里偷闲应郊游①，临置渔具钓花都②。

人在池旁心系刊，一叠文稿不离手③。

【注释】①郊游非本意，盛情难却，应邀出游。②不是钓鱼人，不备钓鱼竿，既然应邀去了，只好临时购买钓鱼工具；花都，地名，广州市郊。③邀请推不掉，付印又在即，只好带着稿件去。虽在鱼塘边，却是钓竿插地，稿件在手，愿者上钩吧。出于职业习惯，常常是在办公室外看稿效率反倒更高。

20041211于花都台湾花果园

整理ppt英文摘要撰写授课提纲1.摘要的类型2.摘要常用词和句型3.摘要的语态和人称4.摘要的时态5.摘要常用表达和几个/组高频词辨析6.虚词的用法7.副词的用法8.关于Chinglish9.修辞10.分词、合成词有关问题11.名词的特殊用法及名词的数12.字体与标点符号整理ppt1、摘要的类型1.1评论性摘要(Criticalabstract)1.2说明性摘要(Descriptiveabstract)1.3资料性摘要(Informativeabstract)1.4资料-指示性摘要(Informative-indicativeabstract)1.5结构式摘要(Structuredabstract)整理ppt1.1Criticalabstract不常用，可见于综述，内容上侧重于评价/论理。Acutetubulointerstitialnephritis(ATIN)isacommondisordercharacterizedbyaspectrumofclinicalmanifestationsrangingfromasymptomaticurinaryabnormalitiestoacuteoliguricrenalfailure.Tubulardysfunctionoutofproportiontothedegreeofrenalfailureisanimportantcluetothediagnosis.Thisreviewdescribesitspathogenesis,pathophysiology,diagnosis,differentialdiagnosisandtherapy,emphasizingthedrug-inducedformofATIN.整理ppt1.2Descriptiveabstract又称指示性或通报性摘要(Indicativeabstract)：说明文章的内容范围，只是简单地报道研究主题，泛泛而谈，不涉及具体内容。一般只一到三句话，多见于临床医学论文。ExampleThesurvivalratesofaseriesofpatientswithunstableanginatreatedsurgicallyandmedicallyarecompared.整理ppt1.3Informativeabstract详细、具体，重要观点和数据Postoperativebleedingisusuallyattributedtostressulcer;however,occultpreoperativelesionscouldalsoberesponsible.To

determinetheirfrequencyandnature,

weprospectivelyexamined72patientsendoscopicallypriortomajorelectiveoperations.EntrycriteriaincludedaplannedstayintheSurgicalIntensiveCareUnit,>2days,andanegativehistory,physicalexamination,andstoolguaiac.Gastricandduodenalmucosaewerescoredseparately,usinga0-to7-pointscale.Scoresweregradednegative(0),hyperemia(1),

整理pptgastroduodenitis(2-5),mucosalerosions(6),andulcers(7).

Erosionsorulcerswerefoundin14%ofpatientsandgastroduodenitiswasanadditional10%.Wefoundthatnoneofthe27riskfactorsoranycombinationoffactorstestedcorrelatedwithulcers,erosions,orgastroduodenitis.Thus,patientswithasymptomaticgastroduodenalerosionsorulcerationscouldnotbeidentifiedpreoperatively,exceptbyendoscopy.Untilthesignificanceoftheselesionsascauseofpostoperativebleedingisdetermined,werecommendroutinepostoperativegastricpHtitrationwithantacidsforpatientsundergoingmajorelectiveoperations.

整理ppt1.4Informative-indicativeabstract

内容更完整,多了一条提示（概括或提示性语言，相当于目的）Therelationshipbetweendepressionandstressorsandtherelationshipbetweendepressioninchildrenanddepressionintheirparentswereinvestigated.

研究了抑郁症与应激因子和儿童抑郁与父母抑郁之间的关系整理ppt资料性摘要的资料性内容Depressedchildrenaged7-11years(n=20)werecompared

withclinicalnon-depressedchildren(n=88)andnormalchildren(n=55).Children,mothersandfathersinthethreegroupsweretested.MeasuresincludedtheChildren‘sDepressionInventory(调查表),RecentLifeEventsScale(量表),StressorScaleandBeckDepressionInventory.Thefindings

showedthatchildrenandmothersinthedepressedgroupreportedmorestressorsthanotherchildrenandothermotherswhilefathersofchildreninthedepressedgroupdidnotreportmorestressors.Thefindingsalsoshowedthatmothersofdepressedchildrenweremoredepressedthanmothersofnormalchildrenwhiletherewerenodifferencesbetweenthescoresoffathersinthethreegroups.整理ppt1.5structuredabstract近年来产生和发展起来的一种新型摘要。优点：内容完整，从目的、设计到结果、结论，一应俱全；形式特别，层次清楚，一目了然，便于阅读时选择性查找；提供了固定的格式，便于作者书写，免于费时构思，易于成文，也不致遗漏重要内容；另外，也利于计算机系统的贮存和检索。缺点是文字多，占篇幅。整理pptBACKGROUND:Hypothyroidismisacommonconditionthatisfrequentlyirreversibleandrequireslifelongthyroidreplacementtherapy.OBJECTIVE:ToassesstheincidenceandfactorsthatcanpredictreversibilityofhypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto'sthyroiditis.METHODS:Westudied79patientsinwhomHashimoto’sthyroiditiswasdiagnosedaccordingtosuggestivecytologicalfeaturesand/orthepresenceofthyroidantibodies(antimicrosomalantibodytiter,>or=1:1600;antiglobulinantibodytiter,>or=1:400)….RESULTS:Afterwithdrawaloflevothyroxinetreatment,thyroidbloodtestsshowedthatthedegreeofhypothyroidismworsenedin20patients,remainedunchangedin40,andimprovedin19.Ninepatients(11.4%)didshownormalizationofthethyroidbloodtest....CONCLUSIONS:OurresultsconfirmthathypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto'sthyroiditisisnotalwayspermanent.Thepresenceofalargergoiterandhighthyrotropinlevelsatthetimeofdiagnosis,associatedwithafamilialincidenceofthyroiddisease,mayberelatedtoanincreasedincidenceofhypothyroidismremission.整理ppt2、摘要常用词和句型3．1表达目的的常用词、句型或结构3．2表达方法的句型3．3表达结果的句型3．4表达结论的句型

整理ppt2．1表达目的的常用词和句型或结构

2.1.1摘要中表示“目的”常用词的用法常用名词（字顺）①

aim

A名词用法：目的Theaimofthisinvestigation/study/thepresentstudywasto....Ouraimistodeterminewhetheraclinicallyrelevantpositiveinotropiceffect（增强收缩力作用）canbedemonstratedinhumans./establishanobjective,easy-to-usetechniquetoevaluate….

Theaimsofthisstudywere:1)to...；and2)to....整理pptB动词用法：目的是，旨在a.主动态后接动词不定式Thisstudyaimedto.…/Weaimedto.…/Thisarticleaimsto.…b.主动态后接介词at＋动名词Thisresearchaimedatidentifying....

c.被动态后接介词at＋动名词

Thisstudywas

aimedatdocument-ing....

整理ppt②Attempt尝试

A名词用法

Anattemptwasmadeto..../Anattempthasbeenmadeto..../Anattemptwasundertakento.…

Thepresentstudyisanattempttoreplicateearlierevidencethat....

Forthisreason,anattemptwasundertakenfor....尝试干….

整理pptInanattempttoextendthisfinding,threeexperimentswereconducted....

Inafirstattempttoelucidateitsfunction,weexamined....

B动词用法：试图Inthisstudyweattemptto....Theauthorsattempttoevaluatethedegree....

整理ppt

③Goal目的，目标

Amajorgoalispreventionofacceleration-inducedlossofconsciousness.

Thegoalofthisinvestigationwasto....

Ourgoalwastodescribecommonstrategiesinclinicaldatacollection….

Goal一词的含义、用法及其句式跟名词aim完全一样，例句从略。

整理ppt④Intend想要，旨在(人作主语用主动态，事物作主语用被动态)

Inthisstudy,weintendedtotestthehypothesisthat,....Thisreport/paperisintendedto.…Inbriefthearticleisintendedto.…Thisthree-groupdesign/Thisstudywasintendedto....Itisintendedtoremindthereader….整理ppt⑤Intent意图，目的

Theintentofthestudywasto....(相对其他词而言，不太常用于文摘中目的句场合)Itisourintent目的toprovideabriefuser'sexplanationofthesevariouscomponentsandpresentthecommonlyusedmethods.⑥Objective

Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluate….

在结构式摘要里常用作标题或项目词：ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion(s)整理ppt⑦Purpose

Purpose的用法同aim。如：

Thepurposeofthisstudywastoinves-tigatetheinfluenceofsinteringtemperatureoninvivoandinvitrobioactivitiesofsinteredtricalciumphosphate(TCP)sheetspreparedbythetapecastingtechnique.

但在forthepurpose(of)这一固定结构中，一般不用aim替换其中的purpose。如：...isdescribedforthepurposeof....整理ppt（2）目的句中的常用动词(多用被动态)①Carryout执行，实行，进行

Theretrospectivestudy/Anexperimentalstudy/Aninvestigationwascarriedout

to

evaluate....Wecarriedoutthisstudytodetermine....②Conduct引导，实施，进行

A(...)study/survey/Anexperimentwasconductedtoestablish/investigate....整理ppt③Perform做，进行；施行；执行

Thisstudywasperformedtodetermine....Thisanalysiswasperformed

toexamine④Undertake

从事，着手做

Humanstudieshavebeenundertakentotestthisthesis.⑤Design设计

Thisstudy/Thepresentstudy/Ourstudywasdesignedto....Wealsodesignedaninvitrostudyto....整理ppt⑥Develop研制，创立/建立(establish,construct,create)…method(s)...was(were)developedto(动词不定式)/for(名词或动名词)....Twomethods

weredevelopedtodisplace….

Wehavealsodevelopedamethodforanalyzing….formulation/drug/strategy/protocol/recipe/modelToestablishanappropriatein-vivo

modeltoevaluatenewtherapeuticstrategies….Toconstructastate-transition(Markov)model/Tocreateananimalmodel

还有一个常用的词execute=carryout,perform,conduct。注意英美人几乎不用它来“处死”动物。整理ppt2.1.2结构式摘要中表示目的常见不定式结构

ToanalyzewhetherpatientswithRAhaveanintrinsicdefect（先天性缺陷）inTcellproliferation....Toascertain确定/assess评价/characterize表现、描绘特征，给定性/clarify澄清，弄清/compare比较、对比/construct构建/create创建/describe叙述、介绍/determine决定、测定/develop研制、发展/distinguish区别/elaborate详尽阐述/elucidate阐明/establish建立/Estimate估计/evaluate评价/examine检查/explore探讨/expose暴露/help帮助/identify鉴定/investigate调查/isolate分离/provide提供/quantify定量/report报道/study研究/test测试/understand理解、了解….Tovalidatecriteriapredicting….为了验证预测…的标准整理ppt2.2表达方法的句型2.2.1using/byusing分句+主动态主句Usingarabbitmodelofpneumococcalmeningitis,wecompared...and....2.2.2using/byusing分句+被动态主句Byusingamultivariateriskalgorithm,Downsyndromecaseswereanalyzed.

（3.2.2不常用）整理ppt2.2.3被动态＋using/byusing/by/with引出的状语ThediagnoseswereestablishedusingAmericanCollegeofRheumatology

criteria.Themechanismof...wasstudiedbyusingasetof....PCRproductsweredetectedbygelelectrophoresisanddot-blothybridization.Inthisprospectivestudy,142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywith....整理ppt2.2.4叙述方法最常涉及的几个动词(carryout、conduct、perform、do、make、execute、develop;receive、undergo;had等)及其句型Hyperthermiawascarriedoutusinganovelwater-filtered,infrared-Aradiationtechnique.Aprospectivestudywasdonein76subjectswhounderwent....Clinicalevaluationsweremadeinthe14patientsincluding4withpharyngitis,7withtonsillitis,.…整理ppt

Allthepatientsreceived

satis-factoryanesthesiaforoperation....patientsunderwentopera-tionsandtherewerenooperativedeaths.Amongthe62survivors,18hadanotheroperation.整理ppt2.2.5表达分组的句型…be(randomly)divided/allocated/assignedcategorized/classified/grouped/separated/clust-ered

(in)to...groups....berandomizedinto....groups...be(randomly)…into...groups,basedon...Thegroupswereasfollows….(例句见《第一军医大学学报》2002，11：669－70)

equallydivided=evenlydivided=equalgroups整理ppt2.2.6有关各种检查的句型

Bloodsugar（项目）wasexaminedin50patients（对象）.Fiftypatients（对象）wereexaminedforbloodsugar…（项目）by（手段）at2and24hafteradmission.

写“检查”句的时候，注意for的用法：检查病人的x可以说：Thex（项目）wasexaminedin…patientsby（方法），也可以说：Thepatientwasexaminedforx

（项目）by（方法）

“评价”一类词也可如此用：Patientswereevaluatedforocularinflammationdegree,visualacuity,numberofocularattacksandincidenceofadverseevents.整理ppt2.2.6有关各种检查的句型2

在描述用显微镜观察或检查什么的时候，很多人常常用错microscope和microscopy这两个词，作者来稿中常常见到这样的句子：...wasobservedwith/underelectronmicroscopy或...wasobservedbyelectronmicroscope.

（后一种不算太错，但不严谨，by换成under或with更好。）正确的用法是：undermicroscope;bymicroscopy;withmicroscopeEachtoothwassectionedandexaminedfordyepenetrationunderastereomicroscope(×60magnification).整理ppt2.3表达结果的句型2.3.1叙述观察或发现了什么(1)主动态句：Wefound(observed,noted,saw,recorded...)that...

(2)被动态句：Itwasfound(observed,noted,seen,recorded...)that.…整理ppt2.3.2量的

或

泛言

或

Theprevalenceincreasedwithage.//CyclicAMPlevelswereincreasedbyNECA乙基羧化腺苷.Estrogenreplacementtherapyreducedexcretionofzinc,.......levelsrapidlydeclinedinHL-60cellsfollowinginductionofapoptosisby…,butweretransientlyelevatedbytwootherapoptosis-inducingagents....levelsof…greatlydeclinedwithasubsequentincreaseintheconcentrationof....整理ppt(2)

或

了多少

一般地说，应该用by引出实际增加或减少的数目：

Cellnumberincreased

byalmost50%duringthefirst24-hafterthebeginningoftreatment.

Zincexcretiondecreased

by35%after3monthsand26%after1yearoftreatment.

2.3.2量的

或

整理ppt

(3)从多少

或

到多少

Urinemaximumflowrateandaverageflowrateincreased

significantly

from...to...andfrom...to...,respectively.Residualurinevolumedecreased

significantly

from...tolessthan....significantly在这里当“有意义地”讲。

By60minofreperfusion,levelsof6-ketowerereducedtothoseintheIVC.2.3.2量的

或

整理ppt(4)跟B相比，A

或

了

Healingtimesofthedonorsitesweresignificantlydecreased(as)comparedwithpatients.......showedasignificantincrease

incomparisonwithpreviousdeterminations.Inconclusion,duringthefirstposttransplantyeartheserumleptinlevelsdecreasedsignificantlyinrelationtopretransplantperiod.2.3.2量的

或

整理pptAssociation与associated

Therewasa/an...association

of

A

with

B/between

A

and

B.//...didnotdemonstratean

associationofA

with

B.//...suggestthatAappearstohaveno

association

with

B.//A...associationwasobserved*between

AandB.//Associations

between

A

and

Bwereassessedwith/by....//Awasassociated

withB.

同、与、跟：…ofAwithB；之间：betweenAandB.2.3.3表示关系的句型整理pptA...correlationwasfound*forA

andB/between

A

andB.//No(statisticallysignificant)correlationwasfound*between

A

and

B.//Therewasa(no)...correlation

betweenA

andB/amongthefour....//Correlation

betweenconcentrationsinA

andB

serumwaspoor

....//Correlationswerehighest

betweenmeasureswithsimilarresponseformats.*found可以是noted、seen、observed、obtained等。Correlation与correlated整理ppt

Acorrelated(well**)with/toB.//Abe...**correlated

with

B.//

Abenotcorrelatedto

B.A

didnot

correlatewith

B.//A...**correlates

with

B.**此处副词可以据意使用closely、directly、highly、positively、negatively、inversely、roughly、significantly或strongly之类词。TheplasmasIL-2Rwaspositivelycorrelatedto/withtheplasmaMDA丙二醛.Correlated（续）整理ppt跟relation搭配的介词用to、between…AandB及with（少见），如：Intralymphocyticsodiumandfreecalciumconcentrationsinrelation

tosaltsensitivityinpatientswithessentialhypertension.这里to可以换成with，但不常用with。Inaddition,therewasasignificantrelation

between

A

and

B.AmorelikelytoberelatedtoB.//Amaybe...**relatedto

B....//Awerenotrelated

to

B.Relation与related整理pptRelation与relatedTherelationship

betweenA

and

Bhasbeenwellestablishedinhistopathologicalstudies.//Norelationshipwasnoted*between

A

and

B.//Regressionanalysisshowednorelationship

betweenA

and

B.//Incontrast,therewerehighlysignificantrelationships

between

A

and

B.A与B和C两者的关系怎么表达?

TherelationshipbetweenAandbothBandC

整理ppt2．3．4表示比较的句型2．3．4．1相同比较用as...as...等表示Ourdatasupportpreviousuncontrolledobservationsthatmedium-doseUVA1iscomparably

aseffectiveas

high-dosetreatmentforpatientswithseveregeneralizedatopicdermatitis.全身特异反应性皮炎/有可比性，同等Theincidenceinmiddleagedgroupisalmostashighasthatinoldpeople.Low-dosecyclosporinAwasaseffectiveas

traditionaldisease-modifyingantirheumaticdrugs缓解疾病的抗风湿性药物incontrollingclinicalsymptoms.

asquickaslightning

迅如闪电；aslightasafeather轻如鸿毛整理ppt

（1）A+比较级+than

B：Generally,menarehigherthanwomen.

（2）动词＋比较级＋than：AsecretedandexpressedhigheramountsthandidB.

（3）比较级主句＋comparedwith：A

waslower

inOAchondrocytes(as)comparedwithB.

（4）Incomparisonwith…，＋比较级主句：

Incomparisonwith

B,Aoccurredearlier,butdisplayedaclearlylowermagnitudeofexpression.（5）Themore…themore

越是…就越…

2．3．4．2不同比较整理ppt1）省略

①从句中某些成分（谓语）Thewarmerwater(is),thefasteritevaporates.水越热，蒸发越快。

Thesmallertheparticles(are),themorefreelydotheymove.粒子越小，运动越自由。

（do为倒装助动词）

②主、从句中主语、谓语全部省略，如：Themore,thebetter.多多益善。

Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。

2）词序

①倒装词序：The+比较级(从句)，the+比较级（主句）

从句在前，主句在后，主从句的比较级都在谓语之前，并且不能把more和后面的形容词、副词及名词分开：

整理pptThemoreheworkedonthearithmeticproblem,themoreconfusedhebecame.

这道算术题他越做越糊涂。

②正常词序+比较级（主句），the+比较级＋被比较成分或从句。主句在前，从句在后，主句的比较级在谓语之后：Thereforeacompoundisconsideredthemorestable,thesmalleritspotentialenergy.因此势能越小，化合物就被认为越稳定。3）语序大多数情况是前者为从属分句（相当于程度状语分句），后者为主句：AccordingtoKeynes,thegreaterthetotalincomeofanationis,theless(the)peoplewanttoinvest,becauseitisnotprofitabletoinvestwhenproductionishighlydeveloped.结论是：主句若用正常语序，则前置；换言之，若主句前置，则主句为常序。整理ppt4）翻译

英译汉，先从后主，即“顺句倒译，倒句顺译”；汉译英，正序翻译主句在前，倒序翻译主句在后。

（6）notso...as

不如(或没有)…那样（医论文不多见）

notas...as

和...不一样

（提法不一；手册强调区别）

TheincidenceofacuteDVisnotascommonamongwomenvisitinganEDaspreviouslyreported,althoughthecumulativeprevalenceofDVisstrikinglyhigh.

The

lineABisnotaslongasthelineCD,butalittlelonger/shorter.AB线和CD线的长度不一样，AB线长一些（短一些）。（手27）

HeadacheofpatientAwasnotso/assevereasthatofpatientB.

甲病人头痛没有/不如乙病人重。

(指南88)整理ppt就是多用了指示代词that或those，如：SDHactivityinthecochleawasloweringroupAthan(that)ingroupB.比较状语（同等结构里多了个词；找不到这个that所替代的对象，无由存在）把that去掉就对了。要用that的结构应该是：

SDHactivityinthecochleaingroupAwaslowerthanthatingroupB.比较主语（必需两个主语出现，且位置相当；这个that替代的是画线部分，有理由存在不可或缺）

就如汉语里讲：个子你比我（的个子－讲不通）高；你的个子比我的个子（不可缺）高。比较级句中一个最常见的错误整理ppt2.4表达结论的句型2.4.1由结果引出结论

The/These/Ourresult(s)/finding(s)/study(ies)/data/observation/analysis...(主语)show(s)/showed/suggest(s/ed)/indicate(s/d)/reveal(s/ed)/confirm(s/ed)

/demonstrate(s/d)//illustrate(s/d)point(s/ed)out/support(s/ed)/provide(s/d)evidence/accord(s/ed)with/agree(s/d)wellwith...

(谓语)that(宾语从句)....整理ppt

show(s)/showedsuggest(s)/-edindicate(s)/-dresultsreveal(s)/-edfindingsconfirm(s)/-edThe/Our→study/iesdemonstrate(s)/-d→thatdataillustrate(s)/-dobservationpoint(s)/-edoutanalysissupport(s)/-edprovide(s)/-devidenceaccord(s)/-edwithagree(s)/-dwellwith整理ppt2.4.2直接表达结论Itisconcludedthattheantiplateletactionofgingerol姜酚ismainlyduetotheinhibitionofthromboxaneformation.

Itwasconcludedthatflumazenil氟马泽尼10micrograms•kg-1doesnotinfluencerecoveryfrompropofolanesthesia.

Onthebasisoftheobtainedresultsithasbeenconcludedthat….

（得出的）结论是；可以下这样的结论；已经得出结论整理ppt

Theconclusionwasthat….结论是……

Ourprincipalconclusionisthat….我们的主要结论是

Weconcludedthat

Theyconcludedthat

(1)….;(2)….;....

Theauthorsconcludedthat….…下的结论是

Inconclusion,wethinkthattheleukemictrans-formationmighthavebeendevelopedinthenaturalcourseofessentialthrombocythemia（血小板增多）inthepresentcase.However,wecannotexclude....

最后；总之；综上所述整理ppt2.4.3在conclusion标题后直接描述CONCLUSION:Color-flowDopplerultrasonographyisasensitiveandnoninvasivetechniqueforevaluatingvasculardamageofthekidneyinpatientswithsystemicsclerosis.CONCLUSIONS:ParentsandchildrentendtoreportcomparablechildHRQLoutcomes,andthisisparticularlytrueinoncologypopulations.Incasesinwhichthechildiseithertooyoungortooilltoprovideaself-report,parent-reportedHRQLcanbeviewedasareliablesubstitute.

整理ppt3摘要的语态和人称

医学科技论文大多数情况不需强调动作执行者，而是要突出动作承受者，而强调动作承受者，则要用被动语态，故被动态多见。除非采用第一人称可避免语句结构繁琐、累赘从而更易于理解，一般应采用第三人称。Thestudywasperformed/patientswerestudied/operatedon/animalsweredivided.整理ppt

注意目的句的语态

状语句首，主动态：为了什么，我们做了什么。

Toexaminethepotentialcooperation协同作用betweenPARandinflammatorystimuli,weinvestigatedtheeffectsof…onendothelialcells.

PAR:perennialallergicrhinitis常年性变应性鼻炎,全年性过敏性鼻炎状语后置时，被动态：什么被做，以便于….Theeffectof…on…wasinvestigatedtoexaminethepotentialcooperationbetween….整理ppt4、摘要的时态4.1时态概述－目的部分表示研究目的用一般过去时，而表示本文目的则用一般现在时，前者是指着手研究前确定的研究目的、行为或状态已成过去；后者是介绍本文的中心意图，与文同存。

Thepurposeofthisarticle

istodiscuss....

Thepurposeofthisstudy

was

totestthesafetyandeffectivenessof....整理ppt4.2时态概述－方法部分摘要或正文的方法部分叙述的内容都是实验或研究过程中发生的事，因而都用一般过去时态。如：

Inthisprospectivestudy,142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywithslow-actingantirheumaticdrugsforanaverageof6.2years,andwerecloselymonitoredclinically.Severaloutcomemeasureswereapplied,andtheresults

werecomparedwithfindingsinpreviouslydescribedcohorts.

outcome是要测量的项目，result是通过测量取得的结果。

整理ppt4.3时态概述－结果部分

（含由结果引出结论）Weconfirm/foundthatthelevelofplasmaobeseproteinintheNIDDMpatientsis/wassignificantlylowerthanthatofthenormalsubjectsandtheobesitypatients,andis/wascloselycorrelatedtothesymptomofpolyphagia.Thesefindings

suggestthattheobeseproteiniscloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofNIDDM.NIDDM:noninsulin-dependentdiabetesmellitus

过去式只反映当时情况；现在时表示具有真理性，很确定，可用作参照标准。整理ppt4.4时态概述－结论部分结论是作者对所得结果的评语，是写文章当时(既不是过去也不是将来)的观点，而且科学的结论往往具有普遍真理的性质。因此，写一般结论时，谓语动词多用一般现在时。

Inconclusion,patientsinfectedwithinfluenzaAsubtypeH5NIareatriskofmajorcomplications,especiallysevereprimaryviralpneumonia.….Rapidviraldiagnosisisfeasibleandusefulinclinicalmanagement.

整理ppt4.5时态概述—综合

值得指出的是，用结果来引出结论的句子，其谓语用什么时态，要视下面两种情况定（1）前面不叙述具体结果，只是告诉读者从研究或测得的结果里，能得出什么结论，主句的谓语动词要用过去时态。….Epidemiologicalevidenceandthefindingsofthisstudysuggestedthattherespiratorytractistheprimetargetorganinthesuddeninfantsyndrome.整理ppt（2）前面介绍了具体结果，接着说“这些结果表明/提示/揭示……”，主句的谓语就得用一般现在时。

GSD（骨质溶解）serummarkedlyincreasedthenumberofMNC（多核细胞)formedintheseculturescomparedtothatinnormalserum.GSDserum,collectedafterfurthertherapy,didnotenhancethenumberofMNCformedinmarrowculturescomparedtothatinnormalserum.Elevatedlevelsofinterleukin-6(IL-6)weredetectedintheearlierGSDserumthatwere7timestheupperlimitofthenormalrange,andafterfurthertreatment,IL-6levelsfelltoonequarterthepretreatmentvalue.ThelevelsofIL-1beta,tumornecrosisfactor-alpha,

整理ppttransforminggrowthfactor-alpha,PTH（甲状旁腺激素）,andPTH-relatedpeptideinpretreatmentGSDserumwerenotincreased.Moreover,theadditionofneutralizingantibodiestoIL-6tothenormalhumanbonemarrowcultureseffectivelyblockedtheincreaseinMNCformationinducedbyactiveGSDserum.Thesedata

suggestthatboneresorptioninGSDpatientsisduetoenhancedosteoclastactivity,andthatIL-6mayplayaroleintheincreasedboneresorptioninGSD.Seealsoppt66整理ppt时态概述—综合2

★注意：这里强调的是主句，那么，从句用什么时态？请看下面的例子：White’sfindingsdemonstratedthatXYZcellsgrowatpH6.8.Airwasremovedfromthechamberandthemicedied,whichprovesthatmicerequireair.Thevalues