英语句子成分

英语句子成分讲解9月掌握句子成分,把握句子脉络,有助于理解句子意思,见到英语句子应当首先抓住句子的重要成分,即:主语和谓语部分,先搞清句子要陈说的对象(谁或什么)干什么做什么,然后再去找修饰成分或阐明成分.句子所要陈说的对象(谁或什么)是主语;干(做)什么是谓语;谓语的承受者是宾语;修饰主语和宾语的成分是定语;修饰谓语,形容词或副词的成分是状语;系动词之后的是表语.一句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有重要成分和次要成分；重要成分有_____和______；次要成分有_______,_______,_______,________,_______,和_____。例如：(划分句子成分)Thedeliciousfoodtastesgood.________________________TheChineseworkersarebuildingatallbuildingneartheschool._____________________________________________二分类：1.主语：主语是一种句子所叙述的主体，普通位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表达。例如：（在主语下划横线）Duringthe1990s,countrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）Whatmakesyousoupset?（疑问代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为背面的不定式）【注意：】therebe构造、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词背面练一练：找出下列句子中的主语，并说出是由什么来充当主语的：1.Shewrotealettertohim.________________2.Whetherhewillcomeisnoneofmybusiness.____________3.Tosayitiseasierthantodoit.____________4.Itispossibletoflytothemoonbyspaceship._____________5.Listeningtomusicisthebestwaytorelax.___________________6.Thewoundedhavebeensenttohospital.______________________7.Teachersandstudentswereexcitedtohearthenews.________________2.谓语：谓语阐明主语所做的动作或含有的特性和状态。动词在句中作谓语，普通放在主语之后。谓语的构成有三种不同的形式，以下：1）动词：由一种动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2）情态动词或其它助动词+实意动词构成。例如：（在谓语下划横线）Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.3）系动词+表语Thereportisinteresting.掌握谓语应注意它的几个变化：1）人称和数的变化Iworkinaforeincompany.Heworksina.......2）时态变化3）语态变化4）语调变化练一练：在下列句子中的谓语动词下划横线:1.Theearthmovesroundthesun.2.Thefactoryhasturnedintoabigstore.3.Wemustgiveupsomebadhabits.4.Thesentencedoesn’tsoundright.5.Theweatherbecomescold.3.表语：表语用以阐明主语的身份、特性和状态，它普通位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语普通由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表达。例如：（在表语下划横线）OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）英语中惯用的系动词有：___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.宾语：宾语表达动作的对象或承爱者，普通位于及物动词和介词背面。例如：（在宾语下划横线）Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）有某些动词能接双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.人称代词称作间接宾语，表达物的名词称做直接宾语。能接双宾语的动词有：give,choose,pass,teach,buy,show,send,bring,cook等，例如：Sheboughtmeabike.Theygavethechildrenmanybooks.5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一种直接宾语以外，还要有一种宾语补语，才干使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的普通句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：（在宾语补足语下划横线）HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）【注意：】①不定式做宾语补足语有时能够省不定式符号to,这种状况取决于谓语动词，这样的谓语动词有;make,let,have;listento,hear,see,wacth,observe,notice,+宾语+V原形Hemademeworkallday.②不是全部的动词都能接现在分词做宾补。能接动词分词做宾补的谓语动词有：have,get,keep,set,leave;hear,listento,see,notice,watch,observe,find,catch+宾语+VingTheoldmanhadthelightsburningallnightlong.6.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由下列等成分表达：例如：（在定语下划横线）Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Hisspeechmovedeveryonepresent.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词）HisprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Themonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）ThetrainwhichhasjustleftisforShangHai.(________________)Doyouknowthepersonwhospokeintheroom?(________________)7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，阐明动作或状态特性的句子成分，叫做状语。可由下列形式表达：例如：（在状语下划横线）Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语种类以下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（_______状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（______状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（_______状语从句）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（_______状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（________状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（_________状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（________状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（________状语从句）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（________状语从句）Iamtallerthanheis.（__________状语从句）8.同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一种句子成分可被用来阐明或解释另一种句子成分，后者就叫做前者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语普通皆放在其阐明的名词（代词）之后。1．名词用作同位语。Wehavetwochildren,aboyandagirl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。2.代词用作同位语。Theyallwantedtoseehim.他们都想见他。3.从句用同位语，即同位语从句Thenewsthatwearehavingaholidaytomorrowisnottrue.明天放假的消息不确。4.Of短语用作同位语ThecityofRome罗马城theartofwriting写作艺术练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingtosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.简单句的五种基本句型英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，能够发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本构造能够归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握多个英语句子构造的基础。英语五种基本句型列式以下：基本句型一：Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓）基本句型二：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）基本句型三：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）基本句型四：Ｓ+Ｖ+IO+Ｏ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）基本句型五：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）分类讲解：基本句型一：______________Wework.此句型是“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。由于是不及物动词，背面当然不能带宾语了，但是能够有状语来修饰。例如Herunsinthepark.他在公园里跑。上面例句中的inthepark就是地点状语。Theytalkedforanhour.句中的talk是不及物动词，foranhour是时间状语。基本句型二：_________________Heisastudent.此句型的句子有一种共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能体现一种完整的意思，必须加上一种表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才干体现完整的意思。Thedinnersmellsgood.Shefeelshappy.基本句型三：_____________________:Henryboughtadictionary.有些不及物动词背面加上介词就可把当作及物动词，背面就能够加宾语了。Youmustlistentome.(listento能够当作一种及物动词)Theywanttogo.(不定式做宾语)Hestoppedwriting.(Ving做宾语)基本句型四：___________________:Myfatherboughtmeacar.Itoldhimhowtorunthemachine.基本句型五：_____________________:Tommadethebabylaugh.此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词即使是及物动词，但是只跟一种宾语还不能体现完整的意思，必须加上一种补充成分来补足宾语，才干使意思完整。Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.Theyfoundthehousedirty.Wesawhimout.【秘诀】不定式，作宾补，下列词后省去to：一“感”二“听”四“看见”外加三个“小使役”，保你永远会记住。【阐明】“一感”指feel。“二听”指hear,listento。“四看见”指notice,observe,see,watch。三个“小使役”指have,let,make三个使役动词。在这些动词后有不定式作宾补时，不定式的符号to往往要省去。练一练：说出下列句子的基本构造，再分析句子成分：1.Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.2.Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.3.Heaskedhertofinishthejobquickly.4.Theleavesturnedyellow.5.Themoonrose.6.Everythinglooksdifferent.7.Theyatesomeapples.8.IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.句子分类（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）_______________________：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）__________________________：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）_________________：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）_____________________：Howclevertheboyis!几个常见的构造：2、按句子的构造可分三种：1）简朴句：只有一种主语（或并列主语）和一种谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简朴句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是波折的。3）复合句：含有一种或一种以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.（二）高考考点探讨1、简朴句的五大句型是最基本的句型。即使近几年单纯考察这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面体现中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来体现清晰的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感慨句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考察。一种题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简朴句、并列句和多个复合句的考察常体现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and,but,or,while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、多个主从复合句的考察经常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用普通式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考察。如：Wewillgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow。练习二、一、判断下列句子是简朴句、并列句还是复合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.二：请判断下列句子的构造类型，是五种基本句型中的哪一种。1.Heisrunning.2.Theloudvoicefromtheupstairsmadehimangry.3.Thelittleboyisaskingtheteacherallkindsofquestions.4.Sheseemedangry.5.Myfatherboughtmeabeautifulpresent.6.Whydoyoukeepyoureyesclosed?7.Willyoutellusanexcitingstory?8.Wemustkeepourclassroomtidyandclean.9.Iheardthebabycryinginthesittingroom.10.Hecancleantheroom.三、按规定完毕下列句子：1.Hedarestotellthetruth.（改为否认句）2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethantenyears.（对画线部分提问）3.Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,____________?（完毕反意疑问）4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.（改为祈使句）5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(改为普通疑问句)6.Itisaninterestingstory.（改为感慨句）7.Thismagazinecomesout（出版）everyotherweek.（对画线部分提问）8.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?（完毕反意疑问）9.Themoonisshiningbrightly.（改为感慨句）10.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.（对画线部分提问）语法复习一：句子成分；简朴句、并列句和复合句练习一：一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语二、略三、略四、1~5CBDBB6~10ACBAB练习二：一、1、简朴句；2、复合句；3、简朴句；4、简朴句；5、并列句；6、复合句；7、并列句；8、复合句；9、简朴句；10、简朴句二、答案：1.主语---动词2.主语---动词---宾语---补语3.主语---动词---宾语---宾语4.主语---动词----表语5.主语---动词---宾语---宾语6.主语---动词---宾语---宾语7.主语---动词---宾语---补语8.主语---动词---宾语---补语9.主语---动词---宾语---补语10.主语---动词---宾语Ihopeyouareverywell（复合句）.I'mfine,buttired（简朴句）.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm（并列句）.Augustisthehottestmonthhere（简朴句）.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（并列句）Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors（简朴句）.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat（并列复合句）.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm（简朴句）.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim（复合句）.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest（简朴句）.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden（简朴句）.It