现代西方哲学09

第九章现象学（胡塞尔）EdmundHusserl(April8,1859–April26,1938Germany)wasaphilosopherandmathematicianandthefounderofthe20thcenturyphilosophicalschoolofphenomenology.AlthoughbornintoaJewishfamily,HusserlwasbaptizedasaLutheranin1886.HestudiedmathematicsunderKarlWeierstrassandLeoKönigsberger,andphilosophyunderFranzBrentanoandCarlStumpf.HusserlhimselftaughtphilosophyasaPrivatdozent（无俸讲师）atHallefrom1887,thenasprofessor,firstatGöttingenfrom1901,thenatFreiburgfrom1916untilheretiredin1928.Thereafterhegavetwonotablelectures:atParisin1929,andatPraguein1935.Thenotorious1933racelawsoftheNaziregimetookawayhisacademicstandingandprivileges.Followinganillness,hediedatFreiburgin1938.EdmundHusserlMartinHeidegger

Phenomenology现象学Phenomenologyisabroadphilosophicalmovementemphasizingthestudyofconsciousexperience.Itwasfoundedintheearlyyearsofthe20thcenturybyEdmundHusserl,expandedtogetherwithacircleofhisfollowersattheuniversitiesofGöttingenandMunichinGermany,andspreadacrosstoFrance,theUnitedStates,andelsewhere,oftenincontextsfarremovedfromHusserl'searlywork.PhenomenologymovementHusserl'sconceptionofphenomenologyhasbeencriticisedanddevelopednotonlybyhimselfbutalsobyhisstudentsEdithSteinandMartinHeidegger,byexistentialists,suchasMaxScheler,NicolaiHartmann,MauriceMerleau-Ponty,Jean-PaulSartre,andbyotherphilosophers,suchasPaulRicoeur,EmmanuelLevinas,andsociologistsAlfredSchützandEricVoegelin.HusserlphenomenologyInitsmostbasicform,phenomenologyattemptstocreateconditionsfortheobjectivestudyoftopicsusuallyregardedassubjective:consciousnessandthecontentofconsciousexperiencessuchasjudgments,perceptions,andemotions.Althoughphenomenologyseekstobescientific,itdoesnotattempttostudyconsciousnessfromtheperspectiveofclinicalpsychologyorneurology.Instead,itseeksthroughsystematicreflectiontodeterminetheessentialpropertiesandstructuresofconsciousnessandconsciousexperience.Intentionality/意向性ThetermwasusedbyEdmundHusserlinhisdoctrinethatconsciousnessisalwaysintentional,aconceptthatheundertookinconnectionwiththesessetforthbyFranzBrentanoregardingtheontologicalandpsychologicalstatusofobjectsofthought.Ithasbeendefinedas"aboutness",andaccordingtotheOxfordEnglishDictionaryitis"thedistinguishingpropertyofmentalphenomenaofbeingnecessarilydirecteduponanobject,whetherrealorimaginary".ItisinthissenseandtheusageofHusserlthatthetermisprimarilyusedincontemporaryphilosophy.NoesisandNoemaInHusserl'sphenomenology,theNoesisisthepartoftheactthatgivesitaparticularsenseorcharacter(asinjudgingorperceivingsomething,lovingorhatingit,acceptingorrejectingit,andsoon).Thisisrealinthesensethatitisactuallypartofwhattakesplaceintheconsciousness(orpsyche)ofthesubjectoftheact.TheNoesisisalwayscorrelatedwithaNoema;forHusserl,thefullNoemaisacomplexidealstructurecomprisingatleastanoematicsenseandanoematiccore.ThecorrectinterpretationofwhatHusserlmeantbytheNoemahaslongbeencontroversial,butthenoematicsenseisgenerallyunderstoodastheidealmeaningoftheactandthenoematiccoreastheact'sreferentorobjectasitismeantintheact.意向活动与意向对象自我意识/休谟的挑战休谟在《人性论》中认为，人的心灵是由“那些以不能想象的速度互相接续着、并处于永远流动和运动之中的知觉的集合体，或一束知觉”所构成，人心中根本不可能发现任何关于持续不变的自我的体验。他说：“在同一时间内，心灵是没有单纯性的，而在不同时间内，它也没有同一性，不论我有喜爱想象那种单纯性和同一性的多大的自然倾向。”他还说：“当我亲切地体会我所谓我自己时，我总是碰到这个或那个特殊的知觉，如冷或热、明或暗、爱或恨、痛苦或快乐等等的知觉。任何时候，我总不能抓住一个没有知觉的我自己……。”

自身意识/self-consciousness现象学方法现象学研究的是意识，而它进入这个领域的方法就是“加括号”活动：将被研究的意识对象用“括号”括起来，即在基本问题没有弄清之前，我们暂不考虑以往或通常的观点、思想、看法，尤其是自然主义的态度，待基础弄清之后，再来决定对它们的态度，这也叫做“中止判断”或“悬置”（epochè）。对于加括号之后剩下来的东西，我们便对之诉诸于直观，对直观到的东西进行分析和描述。当我们将一切先行的成见、偏见、自然态度等等统统划上了括号之后，我们就可以直观在意识活动中直接体察到的东西了。就此而论，“回到事情本身”也可以说是“回到直观活动中去”。

加括号/悬置/现象学还原AllegoryoftheCavePhenomenology,inHusserl'sconception,isprimarilyconcernedwiththesystematicreflectiononandstudyofthestructuresofconsciousness,andthephenomenathatappearinactsofconsciousness.ThisPhenomenologicalOntology,orunderstandingofbeing,canbeclearlydifferentiatedfromtheCartesianmethodofanalysiswhichseestheworldasobjects,setsofobjects,andobjectsactingandreactingupononeanother.TheantitheticalnatureofPhenomenologytotheCartesianWorld-viewmakesPhenomenologyananalogtomysticalnon-theisticreligion,suchasBuddhism.PhenomenologyandBuddhism唯识无境八识心王佛法唯识学中的“八识心王”是指眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意、末那、阿赖耶。阿赖耶识的功能分为四分：见分；相分；自证分；证自证分。证自证分就是真如，就是唯一真心，也就是佛性。

StuartSutherland(1989).

"Consciousness".MacmillanDictionaryofPsychology.Macmillan.

Consciousness—Thehavingofperceptions,thoughts,andfeelings;awareness.Thetermisimpossibletodefineexceptintermsthatareunintelligiblewithoutagraspofwhatconsciousnessmeans.Manyfallintothetrapofequatingconsciousnesswithself-consciousness—tobeconsciousitisonlynecessarytob