英国国家概况之英国经济课件

Unit

6:

The

UK

Economy10/5/20231

acottontextilefactoryafterIndustrialRevolution

I.

EarlyHistory(-1900)agricultureexportwool14thC,dominantforeigntrade17thC,aleaderintextile1588defeatedSpanishArmada1700-1944BritishEmpire1750-1850IndustrialRevolutionworkshopoftheworld(P70)AWattSteamEngine10/5/2023210/5/2023310/5/20234

II.DuringtheTwoWorldWarsBritain’sshareofworldtradefellfrom1/4in1880,1/6in1913,and1/8in1948.

An

Unfavorable

Position1.debt

2.end

of

the

empire

3.Large

military

spending

4.A

catching­up

by

Germany

and

Japan5.Lackof

arelationshipbetween

industryand

banks10/5/202351900-1920theRelativeDeclineofUKEconomyBackground:AftertheSecondIndustrialRevolution,theUnitedStatesandGermanypresentedanincreasingchallengetoBritain’sroleasleaderoftheglobaleconomyandhaddevelopedlarge-scaleindustriesby1900.Britain'scomparativeeconomicadvantagehadlessened.

butBritishcoloniesandforeigninvestmentlocationfromtheprofitfarmorethantheUnitedStatesandGermany.Itseconomicstrengthisstillthemoststrong,Londonisstilltheworldfinancialcenter,poundsisstilltheworld'smoststronghardcurrency,theBritishfleettoBritainstillbringhugeprofits,theBritishbankerscanstilloffertoforeigngovernmentandbusinessthemostamountofcredit.Evenso,theabsoluteadvantageafteralllost.

但英国从殖民地和国外投资场所攫取的利润远远超过了美国和德国，它的经济实力仍是最雄厚的，伦敦仍是世界金融中心，英镑仍是世界上最坚挺的硬通货，英国船队仍然给英国带来巨大的利润，英国银行家仍然能向外国政府和企业界提供最大数额的信贷。10/5/20236WarscausedtheEuropeanweakandtheriseofJapan,theworldpatternchanged.大战造成了欧洲的衰弱和美日的兴起，世界格局发生改变。Thewarsawanexpansionofeconomicproduction,butalsoforcedBritaintouseupitsfinancialreservesandborrowlargesumsfromtheUS

战争，看到了经济生产的扩张，但也迫使英国使用其财政储备和从美国借巨款.英国从债权国变成债务国TheUnitedStatesbecamethecenteroftheworldeconomy.ThewarweakenedBritain,France,Italy;andtheunitedStatesbecametheworld'stopeconomicpower,theworldfinancialcentertransferedfromLondontoNewYork.

10/5/20237Thisisarelativedeclineratherthananabsoluteone.Britainismorewealthierandmoreproductivethanitwasin1945,butsinceothercountriesdevelopedmorerapidly.AbsoluteDeclineandRelativeDecline绝对衰退和相对衰退。英国经济一直在不断发展中，但因其他国家发展速度较之英国更快，所以英国的世界经济地位才相对衰退。10/5/20238二战时期英国的“货币战争”

二战期间，英国打了一场极为隐秘的战争：反抗大面积涌入的，足以使经济崩溃的假钞。纳粹德国为了破坏英国经济，制造了价值上亿的假钞。截止1945年，三分之一强的英镑是假钞。

1942年9月24日，英格兰银行收到了一捆来自英国西非银行的面值为10英镑的假钞。终身首席出纳员肯尼斯第一次发现假钞的出现居然可以横跨欧洲、非洲、中东、美洲和亚洲。银行认为，这是“有史以来最危险的假钞事件”。

当时英国政府并不知道，这是一个由希特勒本人主导的阴谋：纳粹德国制造了这些纸币，旨在削弱同盟国的经济实力。

战争武器：假钞

将假钞作为一种战争武器并不新鲜。拿破仑曾经批准印制假冒的奥地利和俄国纸币；美国内战时，南北双方为了打击敌方财政系统，也曾广泛使用假账单。

事实上，二战期间英国也建立了自己的造假队伍——“A”技术小队，但他们的工作被限制在伪造护照、文件、邮票和伪装用品的制造上，从来没有进行过大规模的假钞运作。

1939年9月，丘吉尔考虑过造假的提议，但未能计划周详怎样将其付诸行动。1940年4月11日，英国特情组织的负责人拜会了首相张伯伦，询问内阁在敌人领土上散播伪造的德国马克的可能性和可取性。张伯伦总结道，英镑和德国马克的实力悬殊，“如果德国报复，我们明显会比他们的损失大”。

10/5/20239III.During1945-1979In1945theLaborparty:ReformsnationalizationofindustrieshightaxesawelfarestateItlaidthefoundationforpostwarBritishsocialandeconomicdevelopment.1945-60sslow-70srecessionBritishdisease:soaringinflationworkers’strikeformorepayslowgrowthofproductivity10/5/202310III.During1945-197910/5/202311IV.During1979-1997

ConservativeParty(P73)Thatcher’sreform:

privatization

lowtaxesreducedsocialwelfareThatcher’seconomicpolicyachievedremarkablesuccess.Negativeaspects:highunemployment

widenedgapbetweenthepoorandtherichhighcrimeratesunsatisfactorysocialservices“Inpoliticsifyouwantanythingsaid,askaman.Ifyouwantanythingdone,askawoman.”—MargaretThatcherMargaretThatcher1979-1990

JohnMajor(1990-97)10/5/202312MargaretHildaThatcher,BaronessThatcher(born13October1925)wasPrimeMinisterofUnitedKingdomfrom1979to1990andLeaderoftheConservativePartyfrom1975to1990.Sheistheonlywomantohaveheldeitherpost.10/5/202313Thatcherism:isthenamegiventothelaissez-fairepolicyofMargaretThatcher(1925-),Britishprimeministerfrom1979to1990.Thatcher'spolicieswere:

reductionsintax;manipulationofthemoneysupplytoreduceinflation;privatizationofpublicindustry;reductionoftradeunionpower;reductionofgovernment'sroleintheeconomy;encouragementofpeopletosave,workandbuyproperty.10/5/202314V.During1997-2010In1997theLaborparty:the“ThirdWay”

bankofEnglandindependentminimumwageandsupplementoflowincomesindividualresponsibilityBritain’seconomicgrowthsurpassed.worldeconomiccrisis10/5/202315GrowthandDeclineVI.British

EconomyintheworldOneoftheworld’swealthiest

6thlargesteconomyThestrongestbusinessenvironmentinEuropeAmemberoftheG7,G8andG20Oneofthemajor

trading

nationsMemberofEuropeanUnion(EU)欧盟Sterling—performswell10/5/202316MemberofEuropeanUnion(EU)欧盟aneconomicandpoliticalunionof27memberstates

euro10/5/202317GreatBritishPound

Othernames:

Pound;Sterling;PoundsterlingSymbol:£

code:

GBP

3rdreservecurrency储备货币(USdollar,euro欧元)4thintheforeignexchangemarket外汇市场（USdollar,euro,Japaneseyen)10/5/202318Englishcurrency:

PoundandpencePound=100Newpence/20shillingsShilling=12pence

NotesandcoinsNotes:5pounds,10pounds,20poundsand50poundsCoins:1p,2p,5p,10p,10p,50,1pound1pound=12.4343yuan1pound=10.0476yuan2010201210/5/202319GBP=GreatBritishPound

Fiver

Tenner

Quid:pound

10/5/20232010/5/20232110/5/20232210/5/202323BankNotes

10/5/202324P:penny;pence

BytheGraceofGod,Queen,DefenderoftheFaith

Quid:pound

10/5/202325Thecoins10/5/202326“Moneydoesn’tgrowontrees……”10/5/202327TheCurrentUKEconomy

BriefintroductionofthecurrentUKeconomyThemainsectorsoftheUKeconomyAgricultureEnergyproductionTheoffshoreoilindustriesThemanufacturingindustryThecityofLondon

10/5/202328BriefintroductionofthecurrentUKeconomy▲(1990---1992)-----recession---theeconomyshrunkby2.3%▲(1992---1996)-----steadygrowth▲in1996-----greatlyaffectedbythebanonbeefexportsresultedfromBSEDiseaseinCattleindustry.10/5/202329英国内生产总值增长率

GDP英国内生产总值增长率

消费价格指数consumptionpriceindex

失业率

10/5/202330ThemainsectorsoftheUKeconomya.primaryindustriesb.secondaryindustriesc.tertiary(orservice)industries

10/5/202331Agriculture

Britain’sagriculturesectorissmall,producing4.1%ofthenationalwealth,butefficient,producing58%ofthefoodneedswithonly2%oftheworkforce.ThreequartersofBritain’slandisusedforagriculture:onequarterforcropsandtherestforgrazinganimalsofwhichsheeparethemostnumerouslivestock.

10/5/202332Footandmouthdisease10/5/202333Energyproduction

ItisanimportantpartoftheUKeconomy,accountingfor5%ofthenationalwealth.Britainisamajoroilandgasproducer,andtheabundanceofenergyresourcesmeansthattheUKhasbecomeanoverallexporterofenergy.10/5/202334TheoffshoreoilindustriesThetechnologyrequiredtoextractoilfromthedifficultoffshoreconditionshasgivenUKcompaniesastrongpositionintheoffshoreoilindustryaroundtheworld.ThreeofthebiggesttencompaniesinBritainaretobefound:Shell(halfDutch),BritishPetroleum,andBritishGas.

10/5/202335RoyalDutchShell:isamultinationaloilcompanyofBritishandDutchorigins.Itisoneofthelargestprivatesectorenergycorporationsintheworld,andoneofthesix"supermajors"(verticallyintegratedprivatesectoroilexploration,naturalgas,andpetroleumproductmarketingcompanies).Thecompany'sheadquartersareinTheHague,Netherlands,withitsregisteredofficeinLondon,UnitedKingdom(ShellCentre).10/5/202336BritishGasServicesisthelargestdomesticcentralheatingandgasapplianceinstallationcompanyintheUK,providingcareforthecustomers'centralheating,plumbing,drains,homeelectricsandkitchenappliancesandinstalldomesticappliancesandmonitoredhomesecuritysystems.10/5/202337ThemanufacturingindustryThemanufacturingindustryproduces22%oftheUK’snationalwealth.Britishcompaniesareparticularlystronginpharmaceuticals,chemicals,aerospaceandfoodanddrink.

10/5/20233810/5/20233910/5/20234010/5/20234110/5/202342ThecityofLondon

ItreferstothehistoricareaatthecenterofLondon.Itisoneofthebiggestfinancial

centerswiththegreatestconcentrationofbank,insurancecompaniesandbusinessesdealing

incommodities.AttheheartoftheCityistheLondonStockExchange.10/5/202343

TheLondonStockExchangeorLSEisastockexchangelocatedinLondon.Foundedin1801,itisoneofth