真题版2019年12月四级第3套

COLLEGEENGLISH—BandFour—(2019123套)试题册HB-2B铅笔将对应准考证号的信息点涂黑。1，得到监考员指令后方可继续作答。Part (30Part (25Part (40SectionDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingMillionsofpeopletravelbyplaneeverysingleday.Ifyou’replanningonbeingoneofthemsoon,youmightnotbelookingforwardtothe26feelingairtraveloftenleavesyouwith.Besidestheairportcrowdsandstress,travellingatahighaltitudehasrealeffectsonthebody.Althoughthepressureofthecabinis27topreventaltitudesickness,youcouldstill28sleepinessoraheadache.Theloweroxygenpressurefoundinanaircraftcabinis29tothatat6,000-8,000feetofaltitude.Adropinoxygenpressurecancauseheadachesincertain30.Tohelppreventheadaches,drinkplentyofwater,andavoidalcoholandcoffee.Airplanefoodmightnotreallybeastastelessasyou31thought.Theairyoubreatheinaplaneoutyourmouthandnose,whichcanaffectyoursenseoftaste.Perceptionofsweetandsaltyfoodsdroppedbyalmost30percentinasimulationofairtravel.However,youcanmakeyourtastebudsactiveagainbydrinkingwater.Adrymouthmay32tastesensitivity,buttasteisrestoredbydrinkingfluids.A)I)B)J)C)K)D)A)I)B)J)C)K)D)L)E)M)F)N)G)O)H)SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoeachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.ASouthKoreancitydesignedforthefuturetakesonalifeofitsGettingaroundacityisonething—andthenthere’sthematterofgettingfromonecitytoanother.Onevisionoftheperfectcityofthefutureisaplacethatofferseasyaccesstoairtravel.In2011,aUniversityofNorthCarolinabusinessprofessornamedJohnKasardapublishedabookcalledAerotropolis:TheWayWe’llLiveNext.Kasardasaysfuturecitiesshouldbebuiltintentionallyaroundornearairports.Theidea,ashehasputit,istoofferbusinesses“rapid,long-distanceconnectivityonamassivescale.”“The18thcenturyreallywasawaterborne（水运的）century,the19thcenturyarailcentury,the20thcenturyhighway,car,truckcentury—andthe21stcenturywillincreasinglybeanaviationcentury,astheglobebecomesincreasinglyconnectedbyair,”Kasardasays.Songdo,acitybuiltfromscratchinSouthKorea,isoneofKasarda’sprimeexamples.Ithasexistedforjustafewyears.“Fromtheoutset,itwasdesignedonthebasisofconnectivityandcompetitiveness,”saysKasarda.“ThegovernmentbuiltthebridgedirectlyfromtheairporttotheSongdoInternationalBusinessDistrict.Andthesurfaceinfrastructurewasbuiltatthesametimeasthenewairport.Songdoisastone’sthrowfromSouthKorea’sIncheonAirport,itsmaininternationalhub(枢纽）Butittakesalotmorethananearbyairporttobeacityofthefuture.Justbuildingaplaceasan“internationalbusinessdistrict”doesn’tmeanitwillbecomeone.ParkYeonSooconceived(构想）thiscityofthefuturebackin1986.HeconsidersSongdohisbaby.Parkseeshimselfasavisionary.Thirtyyearsafterheimaginedthecity,Park’sbabyiscloseto70percentbuilt,with36,000peoplelivinginthebusinessdistrictand90,000residentsingreaterSongdo.It’saboutanhouroutsideSeoul,builtonformertidalflatsalongtheYellowSea.There’saCoastGuardbuildingandatalltradetower,aswellasapark,golfcourseanduniversity.Chancesareyou’veactuallyseenthisplace.SongdoappearsinthemostfamousmusicvideoevertocomeoutofSouthKorea.“GangnamStyle”referstothefashionableGangnamdistrictinSeoul.ButsomeofthevideowasfilmedinSongdo.“Idon’tknowifyouremember,therewasasceneinasubwaystation.ThatwasnotGangnam.ThatwasactuallySongdo,”saysJungWonSon,aprofessorofurbandevelopmentatLondon’sBartlettSchoolofPlanning.“Partofthereasontoshootthereisthatit’snewandnice.”Thecitywassupposedtobeahubforglobalcompanies,withemployeesfromallovertheworld.Butthat’snothowithasturnedout.Songdo’sreputationisasafuturisticghosttown.Buttherealityismorecomplicated.Abridgewithbig,light-blueloopsleadsintothebusinessdistrict.Inthecenterofthemainroad,there’salonglineofflagsoftheworld.Onthecomer,there’saStarbucksanda7-Eleven—alloftheinternationalbrandsthatyouseeallovertheworldnowadays.Thecityisnotempty.Therearemotherspushingbabycarriages,oldwomenwithwalkers—eveninthemiddleoftheday,whenit’s90degreesout.ByunYoung-JinchairstheSongdorealestateassociationandstartedsellingpropertyherewhenthefirstphaseofthecityopenedin2005.Hesaysdemandhasboomedinthepastcoupleofyears.MostofhisclientsareKorean.Infact,thedevelopersays,99percentofthehomesherearesoldtoKoreans.Youngfamiliesmoveherebecausetheschoolsaregreat.Andthat’stheproblem:SongdohasbecomeapopularKoreancitymorepopularasaresidentialareathanabusinessone.It’snotyetthefuturisticinternationalbusinesshubthatplannersimagined.“It’sagreatplacetolive.Andit’sbecomingagreatplacetowork,”saysScottSummers,vicepresidentofGaleInternational,thedeveloperofthecity.Thefloor-to-ceilingwindowsofhiscompany’sofficesoverlookSongdoCentralPark,withacanalfullofsmallboatsandpeoplefishing.Shimmering(闪烁的）glasstowerslinethecanal’sedge.“What’shappenedisthatourfocusoncreatingthatqualityoflifefirsthasenabledtheresidentstolivehere,”Summerssays.Butthereneedstobestrongeconomicincentivesforcompaniestolocatehere.Thecityisstillunfinished,anditfeelsabitlikeathemepark.Itdoesn’tfeelallthatfuturistic.There’sahigh-techundergroundtrashdisposalsystem.Buildingsareenvironmentallyfriendly.Everybody’stelevisionsetisconnectedtoasystemthatstreamspersonalizedlanguageorexerciseclasses.ButthisisnotStarTrek.Andtosomeoftheresidents,Songdofeelshollow.“I’m,like,inprisonforweekdays.That’swhatwecallitintheworkplace,”saysawomaninher20s.Shedoesn’twanttousehernameforfearofbeingfiredfromherjob.ShegoesbacktoSeouleveryweekend.“IsayI’mprison-breakingonFridaynights.”Butshehastomaketheprisonbreakinherowncar.There’snohigh-speedtrainconnectingSongdotoSeoul,justover20milesaway.ParkYeonSoo,themanwhofirstimaginedSongdo,feelsfrustrated,too.HesayshebuiltSouthKoreaaluxuryvehicle,“likeMercedesorBMW.It’sagoodcarnow.Butwe’rewaitingforagooddrivertoaccelerate.”Buttherearelotsofothergoodcarsoutthere,too.Theworldisdottedwithfuturistic,high-techcitiestryingtoattractthebiggestinternationalcompanies.Songdo’sbackerscontendthatit’sstillearly,andbusinessspaceisfillingup—about70percentoffinishedofficesarenowoccupied.BrentRyan,whoteachesurbandesignatMIT,saysSongdoprovesauniversalprinciple.“Therehavebeenalotofutopian(乌托邦的）citiesinhistory.Andthereasonwedon’tknowaboutalotofthemisthattheyhavevanishedentirely.”Inotherwords,whenitcomestocities—oranythingelse—itishardtopredictthefuture.Songdo’spopularityliesmoreinitsqualityoflifethanitsbusinessThemanwhoconceivedSongdofeelsdisappointedbecauseithasfallenshortof AsceneinapopularSouthKoreanmusicvideowasshotinSongdostilllacksthefinancialstimulusforbusinessestosetupshopAirplaneswillincreasinglybecomethechiefmeansoftransportation,accordingtoaSongdohasendedupdifferentfromthecityitwassupposedtoSomeofthepeoplewhoworkinSongdocomplainaboutboredomintheAbusinessprofessorsaysthatafuturecityshouldhaveeasyaccesstointernationalAccordingtoanurbandesignprofessor,itisdifficultforcitydesignerstoforeseewhatwillhappenintheParkYeonSoo,whoenvisionedSongdo,feelsaparentalconnectionwiththeSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingThefifthlargestcityintheUSpassedasignificantsodataxproposalthatwilllevy1.5centsperliquidounceondistributors.Philadelphia’snewmeasurewasapprovedbya13to4citycouncilvote.Itsetsanewbarforsimilarinitiativesacrossthecountry.Itisproofthattaxesonsugarydrinkscanwinsubstantialsupportoutsidesuper-liberalareas.Untilnow,theonlycitytosuccessfullypassandimplementasodataxwasBerkeley,California,in2014.Thetaxwillapplytoregularanddietsodas,aswellasotherdrinkswithaddedsugar,suchasGatoradeandicedteas.It’sexpectedtoraise$410millionoverthenextfiveyears,mostofwhichwillgotowardfundingauniversalprekindergartenprogramforthecity.Whilethecitycouncilvotewasmetwithapplauseinsidethecouncilroom,opponentstothemeasure,includingsodalobbyists,madesharpcriticismsandapromisetochallengethetaxincourt.“Thetaxpassedtodayunfairlysinglesoutbeverages—includinglow-andno-caloriechoices,”saidLaurenKane,spokeswomanfortheAmericanBeverageAssociation.“Butmostimportantly,itisagainstthelaw.SowewillsidewiththemajorityofthepeopleofPhiladelphiawhoopposethistaxandtakelegalactiontostopit.”Anindustry-backedanti-taxcampaignhasspentatleast$4milliononadvertisements.Theadscriticizedthemeasure,characterizingitasa“grocerytax.”PublichealthgroupsapplaudedtheapprovedtaxasasteptowardfixingcertainlastinghealthissuesthatplagueAmericans.“Themovetorecaptureasmallpartoftheprofitsfromanindustrythatpushesaproductthatcontributestodiabetes,obesityandheartdiseaseinpoorercommunitiesinordertoreinvestinthosecommunitieswillsurebeinspirationaltomanyotherplaces,”saidJimKrieger,executivedirectorofHealthyFoodAmerica.“Indeed,wearealreadyhearingfromsomeofthem.It’snot‘justBerkeley’anymore.”SimilarmeasuresinCalifornia’sAlbany,Oakland,SanFranciscoandColorado’sBoulderarebecominghotbuttonissues.Healthadvocacygroupshavehintedthatevenmoremightbecoming.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutthenewly-approvedsodataxinItwillchangethelifestyleofmanyItmayencourageotherUScitiestofollowItwillcutsodaconsumptionamonglow-incomeItmayinfluencethemarketingstrategiesofthesodaWhatwilltheopponentsprobablydotorespondtothesodataxBargainwiththecity B)RefusetopayadditionalC)Takelegalactionagainst D)TrytowinpublicWhatdidtheindustry-backedanti-taxcampaigndoaboutthesodataxIttriedtoarousehostilefeelingsamongIttriedtowingrocers’supportagainsttheItkeptsendinglettersofprotesttotheItcriticizedthemeasurethroughWhatdidpublichealthgroupsthinkthesodataxwouldAlertpeopletotheriskofsugarinducedHelppeopletofixcertainlong-timehealthAddtothefundfortheirresearchonBenefitlow-incomepeopleacrosstheWhatdowelearnaboutsimilarmeasuresconcerningthesodataxinsomeotherTheyarebecomingrathersensitiveTheyarespreadingpanicinthesodaTheyarereducingtheincidenceofsugar-inducedTheyaretakingawayalotofprofitfromthesodaPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingPoppingfoodintothemicrowaveforacoupleofminutesmayseemutterlyharmless,butEurope’sstockofthesequick-cookingovensemitasmuchcarbonasnearly7millioncars,anewstudyhasfound.Andtheproblemisgrowing.Withcostsfallingandkitchenappliancesbecoming“status”items,ownersarethrowingawaymicrowavesafteranaverageofeightyears.Thisispushingsalesofnewmicrowaveswhichareexpectedtoreach135millionannuallyintheEUbytheendofthedecade.AstudybytheUniversityofManchestercalculatedtheemissionsofCO2—themaingreenhousegasresponsibleforclimatechange—ateverystageofmicrowaves,frommanufacturetowastedisposal.“Itiselectricityconsumptionbymicrowavesthathasthebiggestimpactontheenvironment,”saytheauthors.Theauthorsalsocalculatethattheemissionsfromusing19microwavesoverayeararethesameasthosefromusingacar.Accordingtothesamestudy,effortstoreduceconsumptionshouldfocusonimprovingconsumerawarenessandbehaviour.Forexample,consumerscoulduseappliancesinamoreefficientwaybyadjustingthetimeofcookingtothetypeoffood.However,DavidReay,professorofcarbonmanagement,arguesthat,althoughmicrowavesuseagreatdealofenergy,theiremissionsareminorcomparedtothosefromcars.IntheUKalone,therearearound30millioncars.ThesecarsemitmorethanallthemicrowavesintheEU.Backingthisup,recentdatashowthatpassengercars