财务风险管理外文翻译英文文献

财务风险管理

中英文资料翻译FinancialRiskManagementAlthoughfinancialriskhasinereasedsignificant1yinrecentyears,riskandriskmanagementarenotcontemporaryissues。TheresultofincreasinglyglobalmarketsisthatriskmayoriginatewitheventsthousandsofmilesawaythathavenothingtodowiththedomeSticmarket.Informationisavai1ab1einstantaneous1y,whichmeansthatchange,andsubsequentmarketreactions,occurveryquiekly.Theeconomicclimateandmarketscanbeaffectedveryquicklybyehangesinexchangerates,interestrates,andcommoditypricesoCounterpartiescanrapidlybecomeproblematic。Asaresu1t,itisimportanttoensurefinancialrisksareidentifiedandmanagedappropriately.Preparationisakeyeomponentofriskmanagement.WhatIsRisk?Riskprovidesthebasisforopportunity.Thetermsriskandexposurehavesubtledifferencesintheirmeaning.Riskreferstotheprobabi1ityofloss,whileexposureisthepossibilityof1oss,althoughtheyareoftenusedinterchangeably.Riskarisesasaresultofexposure.Exposuretofinancialmarketsaffectsmostorganizations,eitherdirectlyorindirectly.Whenanorganizationhasfinancialmarketexposure,thereisapossibi1ityoflossbutalsoanopportunityforgainorprofit。Financia1marketexposuremayprovidestrategicorcompetitivebenefits.Riskisthe1ike1ihoodoflossesresultingfromeventssuchaschangesinmarketprices.Eventswithalowprobabilityofoceurring,butthatmayresultinahigh1oss,arepafticularlytroublesomebecausetheyareoftennotanticipated.Putanotherway,riskistheprobablevariabilityofreturns.Sinceitisnotalwayspossibleordesirabletoeliminaterisk,understandingitisanimportantstepindetermininghowtomanageit。Identifyingexposuresandrisksformsthebasisforanappropriatefinancialriskmanagementstrategy。HowDoesFinancialRisk?Financialriskarisesthroughcoun11esstransactionsofafinancialnature，includingsalesandpurchases，investmentsandloans,andvariousotherbusinessactivities。Itcanariseasaresultoflegaltransactions,newprojects,mergersandacquisitions,debtfinancing，theenergycomponentofcosts,orthroughtheactivitiesofmanagement,stakeholders,competitors,foreigngovernments,orweather.Whenfinancialpriceschangedramatically,itcanincreasecosts,reducerevenues,orotherwiseadverselyimpacttheprofitabilityofanorganization.Financialfluctuationsmaymakeitmoredifficulttoplanandbudget,pricegoodsandservices,andallocatecapital.Therearethreemainsourcesoffinancialrisk：Financialrisksarisingfromanorganization'sexposuretochangesinmarketprices,suchasinterestrates,exchangerates,andcommodityprices.Financialrisksarisingfromtheactionsof,andtransactionswith,otherorganizationssuchasvendors,customers,andcounterpartiesinderivativestransactionsFinancialrisksresultingfrominternalactionsorfailuresoftheorganization,particularlypeople,processes,andsystemsWhatIsFinancialRiskManagement?Financia1riskmanagementisaprocesstodealwiththeuncertaintiesresultingfromfinancialmarkets.Itinvolvesassessingthefinancia1risksfacinganorganizationanddevelopingmanagementstrategiesconsistentwithinternalprioritiesandpolicies。Addressingfinancialrisksproactivelymayprovideanorganizationwithacompetitiveadvantage.Italsoensuresthatmanagement,operationalstaff,stakeholders,andtheboardofdirectorsareinagreementonkeyissuesofrisk.Managingfinancia1risknecessitatesmakingorganizationaldecisionsaboutrisksthatareacceptableversusthosethatarenot.Thepassivestrategyoftakingnoactionistheacceptanceofallrisksbydefault.Organizationsmanagefinancialriskusingavarietyofstrategiesandproducts。Itisimportanttounderstandhowtheseproductsandstrategiesworktoreduceriskwithinthecontextoftheorganization'srisktoleranceandobjectives．Strategiesforriskmanagementofteninvolvederivatives.Derivativesaretradedwidelyamongfinancialinstitutionsandonorganizedexchanges。Thevalueofderivativescontracts,suchasfutures,forwards,options,andswaps,isderivedfromthepriceoftheunderlyingasset．Derivativestradeoninterestrates,exchangerates,commodities,equityandfixedincomesecurities,credit, andevenweather。Theproductsandstrategiesusedbymarketparticipantstomanagefinancialriskarethesameonesusedbyspeculatorstoincreaseleverageandrisk.Althoughitcanbearguedthatwidespreaduseofderivativesincreasesrisk,theexistenceofderivativesenablesthosewhowishtoreducerisktopassitalongtothosewhoseekriskanditsassociatedopportunities。Theabilitytoestimatethelikelihoodofafinancial1ossishighlydesirable.However,standardtheoriesofprobabilityoftenfailintheanalysisoffinancialmarkets.Risksusuallydonotexistinisolation,andtheinteractionsofseveralexposuresmayhavetobeconsideredindevelopinganunderstandingofhowfinancialriskarises．Sometimes，theseinteractionsaredifficulttoforecast，sincetheyultimatelydependonhumanbehavior.Theprocessoffinancialriskmanagementisanongoingone．Strategi es needtobeimplemented and refinedasthemarketandrequirementschange.Refinements may reflectchangingexpectationsaboutmarketrates,changestothebusinessenvironment, orchanginginternationalpo liticalconditions,forexample。 I ngeneral,theprocesscanbe summarizedasfollows:1、 Identifyandprioritizekeyfinancialrisks。2、 Determineanappropriatelevelofrisktolerance。3、 Implementriskmanagementstrategyinaccordancewithpolicy。4、 Measure,report,monitor,andrefineasneeded.DiversificationFormanyyears,theriskinessofanassetwasassessedbasedonlyonthevariabilityofitsreturns．Incontrast,modernportfoliotheoryconsidersnotonlyanassets'riskiness,butalsoitscontributiontotheoverallriskinessoftheportfoliotowhichitisadded.Organizationsmayhaveanopportunitytoreduceriskasaresultofriskdiversificatin。Inportfoliomanagementterms,theadditionofindividualcomponentstoaportfo1ioprovidesopportunitiesfordiversification,withinlimits.Adiversifiedportfoliocontainsassetswhosereturnsaredissimi1ar,inotherwords,weaklyornegativelycorrelatedwithoneanother.Itisusefultothinkoftheexposuresofanorganizationasaportfolioandconsidertheimpactofchangesoradditionsonthepotentialriskofthetotal。Diversificationisanimportanttoolinmanagingfinancia1risks.Diversificationamongcounterpartiesmayreducetheriskthatunexpectedeventsadverselyimpacttheorganizationthroughdefaults.Diversificationamonginvestmentassetsreducesthemagnitudeoflossifoneissuerfails。Diversificationofcustomers,suppliers,andfinancingsourcesreducesthepossibilitythatanorganizationwillhaveitsbusinessadverselyaffectedbychangesoutsidemanagement'sctonro1．Althoughtheriskoflossstillexists,diversificationmayreducetheopportunityforlargeadverseoutcomes．RiskManagementProcessTheprocessoffinancialriskmanagementcomprisesstrategiesthatenab1eanorganizationtomanagetherisksassociatedwithfinancialmarkets.Riskmanagementisadynamicprocessthatshouldevolvewithanorganizationanditsbusiness.Itinvolvesandimpactsmanypartsofanorganizationinc1udingtreasury,sales,marketing, legal,tax, commodity,andcorporatefinance．Theriskmanagementprocessinvolvesbothinternalandexternalanalysis．Thefirstpartoftheprocessinvolvesidentifyingandprioritizingthefinancialrisksfacinganorganizationandunderstandingtheirrelevance.Itmaybenecessarytoexaminetheorganizationanditsproducts,management,customers,suppliers,competitors,pricing,industrytrends,balancesheetstructure,andpositionintheindustry.Itisalsonecessarytoconsiderstakeholdersandtheirobjectivesandtoleranceforrisk.Onceaclearunderstandingoftherisksemerges,appropriatestrategiescanbeimplementedinconjunctionwithriskmanagementpolicy。Forexample,itmightbepossibletochangewhereandhowbusinessisdone,therebyreducingtheorganization'sexposureandrisk。Alternatively,existingexposuresmaybemanagedwithderivatives.Anotherstrategyformanagingriskistoacceptallrisksandthepossibilityoflosses。Therearethreebroadalternativesformanagingrisk：1。 Donothingandactively,orpassivelybydefault， acceptallrisks．2。 Hedgeaportionofexposuresbydeterminingwhichexposurescanandshouldbehedged．3。 Hedgeallexposurespossible．Measurementandreportingofrisksprovidesdecisionmakerswithinformationtoexecutedecisionsandmonitoroutcomes，bothbeforeandafterstrategiesaretakentomitigatethem.Sincetheriskmanagementprocessisongoing,reportingandfeedbackcanbeusedtorefinethesystembymodifyingorimprovingstrategies。Anactivedecision—makingprocessisanimportantcomponentofriskmanagement。Decisionsaboutpotentiallossandriskreductionprovideaforumfordiscussionofimportantissuesandthevaryingperspectivesofstakeholders.FactorsthatImpactFinancialRatesandPricesFinancialratesandpricesareaffectedbyanumberoffactors.Itisessentialtounderstandthefactorsthatimpactmarketsbecausethosefactors,inturn,impactthepotentialriskofanorganization.FactorsthatAffectInterestRatesInterestratesareakeycomponentinmanymarketpricesandanimportanteconomicbarometer。Theyarecomprisedoftherealrateplusacomponentforexpectedinflation,sinceinflationreducesthepurchasingpowerofalender'sassets°Thegreaterthetermtomaturity,thegreatertheuncertainty.Interestratesarealsoreflectiveofsupplyanddemandforfundsandcreditrisk.Interestratesareparticularlyimportanttocompaniesandgovernmentsbecausetheyarethekeyingredientinthecostofcapital.Mostcompaniesandgovernmentsrequiredebtfinancingforexpansionandcapitaiprojects。Wheninterestratesincrease，theimpactcanbesignificantonborrowers。Interestratesalsoaffectpricesinotherfinancialmarkets，sotheir impactisfar-reaching.Othercomponentstotheinterestratemayincludeariskpremiumtoreflectthecreditworthinessofaborrower。Forexample,thethreatofpoliticalorsovereignriskcancauseinterestratestorise, sometimessubstantially,asinvestorsdemandadditionalcompensationfortheincreasedriskofdefault。Factorsthatinfluencethelevelofmarketinterestratesinclude:1、 Expectedlevelsofinflation2、 Generaleconomicconditions3、 Monetarypolicyandthestanceofthecentralbank4、 Foreignexchangemarketactivity5、 Foreigninvestordemandfordebtsecurities6、 Levelsofsovereigndebtoutstanding7、 FinancialandpoliticalstabilityYieldCurveTheyieldcurveisagraphicalrepresentationofyieldsforarangeoftermstomaturity.Forexample,ayieldcurvemightillustrateyieldsformaturityfromoneday(overnight)to30—yearterms.Typically,theratesarezerocoupongovernmentrates。Sincecurrentinterestratesreflectexpectations,theyieldcurveprovidesusefulinformationaboutthemarket'sexpectationsoffutureinterestrates.Impliedinterestratesforforward-startingtermscanbecalculatedusingtheinformationintheyieldcurve。 Forexample,usingratesforone—andtwo-yearmaturities,theexpectedone一yearinterestratebeginninginoneyear'stimecanbedetermined。Theshapeoftheyieldcurveiswidelyanalyzedandmonitoredbymarketparticipants。Asagaugeofexpectations，itisoftenconsideredtobeapredictoroffutureeconomicactivityandmayprovidesignalsofapendingchangeineconomicfundamentals.Theyieldcurvenormallyslopesupwardwithapositiveslope，aslenders/investorsdemandhigherratesfromborrowersforlongerlendingterms.Sincethechanceofaborrowerdefaultincreaseswithtermtomaturity，lendersdemandtobecompensatedaccordingly.Interestratesthatmakeuptheyieldcurvearealsoaffectedbytheexpectedrateofinflation。Investorsdemandatleasttheexpectedrateofinflationfromborrowers,inadditionto1endingandriskcomponentsoIfinvestorsexpectfutureinflationtobehigher,theywilldemandgreaterpremiumsforlongertermstocompensateforthisuncertainty.Asaresu1t,thelongertheterm,thehighertheinterestrate(alle1sebeingequal),resultinginanupward-slopingyieldcurve.Occasionally,thedemandforshort-termfundsincreasessubstantially,andshort-terminterestratesmayriseabovethe1eveloflongerterminterestrates。ThisresuItsinaninversionoftheyieldcurveandadownwardslopetoitsappearance。Thehighcostofshort—termfundsdetractsfromgainsthatwouldotherwisebeobtainedthroughinvestmentandexpansionandmaketheeconomyvu1nerabletoslowdownorrecession。Eventually，risinginterestratess1owthedemandforbothshort—termand1ong-termfunds.Adeclineinallratesandareturntoanormalcurvemayoccurasaresultofthes1owdown.Source:KarenA.Horcher, 2005。“WhatIsFinancialRiskManagement?”。Essentia1sofFinancia1RiskManagement,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc°pp.1-22。财务风险管理尽管近年来金融风险大大增加,但风险和风险管理不是当代的主要问题。全球市场越来越多的问题是,风险可能来自几千英里以外的与这些事件无关的国外市场.意味着需要的信息可以在瞬间得到，而其后的市场反应,很快就发生了。经济气候和市场可能会快速影响外汇汇率变化、利率及大宗商品价格，交易对手会迅速成为一个问题.因此，重要的一点是要确保金融风险是可以被识别并且管理得当的。准备是风险管理工作的一个关键组成部分.什么是风险?风险给机会提供了基础。风险和暴露的条款让它们在含义上有了细微的差别。风险是指有损失的可能性,而暴露是可能的损失，尽管他们通常可以互换.风险起因是由于暴露。金融市场的暴露影响大多数机构,包括直接或间接的影响.当一个组织的金融市场暴露,有损失的可能性，但也是一个获利或利润的机会。金融市场的暴露可以提供战略性或竞争性的利益.风险损失的可能性事件来自如市场价格的变化.事件发生的可能性很小,但这可能导致损失率很高，特别麻烦，因为他们往往比预想的要严重得多。换句话说，可能就是变异的风险回报。由于它并不总是可能的，或者能满意地把风险消除，在决定如何管理它中了解它是很重要的一步。识别暴露和风险形式的基础需要相应的财务风险管理策略。财务风险是如何产生的呢？无数金融性质的交易包括销售和采购，投资和贷款，以及其他各种业务活动，产生了财务风险。它可以出现在合法的交易中，新项目中,兼并和收购中，债务融资中，能源部分的成本中，或通过管理的活动,利益相关者，竞争者，外国政府，或天气出现。当金融的价格变化很大，它可以增加成本，降低财政收入,或影响其他有不利影响的盈利能力的组织.金融波动可能使人们难以规划和预算商品和服务的价格，并分配资金。有三种金融风险的主要来源：1、金融风险起因于组织所暴露出来的市场价格的变化，如利率、汇率、和大宗商品价格。2、引起金融风险的行为有与其他组织的交易如供应商、客户,和对方在金融衍生产品中的交易。3、由于内部行动或失败的组织，特别是人、过程和系统所造成的金融风险。什么是财务风险管理？财务风险管理是用来处理金融市场中不确定的事情的。它涉及到一个组织所面临的评估和组织的发展战略、内部管理的优先事项和当政策一致时的财务风险。企业积极应对金融风险可以使企业成为一个具有竞争优势的组织。它还确保管理,业务人员,利益相关者，董事会董事在对风险的关键问题达成协议。金融风险管理组织就必须作出那些不被接受的有关风险的决定.那些被动不采取行动的战略是在默认情况下接受所有的风险.组织使用各种策略和产品来管理金融风险.重要的是要了解这些产品和战略方面,通过工作来减少该组织内的风险承受能力和目标范围内的风险。风险管理的策略往往涉及衍生工具。在金融机构和有组织的交易所，衍生物广泛地进行交易.衍生工具的合约的价值,如期货,远期,期权和掉期，是源自相关资产的价格。衍生物利用利率,汇率，商品,股票和固定收入的证券,信贷,甚至是天气进行交易.这些产品和市场参与者使用策略来管理金融风险，与由投机者用来提高风险的杠杆作用是相同.虽然可以认为，衍生工具的广泛使用增加了风险,衍生品的存在使那些希望通过把它传递给那些寻求风险及相关机会的人降低了风险。估计财务损失的可能性是非常令人满意的。然而,概率标准的理论往往在金融市场的分析中不适用。风险通常不会孤立存在的，通常会和几个风险的相互作用，必须认真考虑在发展中国家的金融风险是如何产生的。有时，这些相互作用是很难预测的，因为它们最终取决于人的行为。金融风险管理是一个持续不断的过程.随着市场需求的变化和完善，战略必须得到执行。有关的修改反映不断变化的市场利率，变化的预期营商环境,或例如不断变化的国际政治条件。一般来说,这个过程可以概括如下：1、 识别并优先考虑关键的财务风险.2、 确定适当的风险容忍程度。3、 按照政策实施风险管理战略.4、 按需要衡量,报告，监控和改进。多样化多年来,公司资产的风险评价的可变性仅仅基于其回报。与此形成对比的是，现代投资组合理论不仅考虑了一项资产的风险，而且是经济体总体风险的组合。由于风险多样化,组织可以有机会来降低风险。在投资组合管理方面，在一定限度内给个别部件组合提供了多样化的机会.一个多元化的资产组合中包含的回报是不同的，换句话说，彼此之间的关系是弱或负面的。考虑到一个投资组合的