美国文学史复习资料

殖民主义时期的文学a、narratives日志b、journals游记经典的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam英国最早移民到美国的诗人：AnneBradstreet在殖民时期最佳的清教徒诗人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietyTheworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,reason

and

revolutionBenjaminFranklinPoorRichard'sAlmanac/TheWaytoWealth/TheAutobiography2、ThomasPaine托马斯·佩因

"GreatCommonofMankind"最平凡的人"CommonSense/AmericanCrisis/RightsofMan/DownfallofDespotism/TheAgeofReason3、ThomasJeffersonDeclarationofIndependence4、PhilipFreneau"FatherofAmericanPoetry"/TheRisingGloryofAmerica/TheBritishPrisonShip/TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans/最佳/TheWildHoneysuckle/TheIndianBuryingGround/RomanticismsTranscendentalismEmerson/ThoreauWashingtonIrvingSketchBook,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.(TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说使之成为美国第一种获得国际声誉的作家)LegendsoftheConquestofSpain/

AHistoryofNewYork

诙谐文学杰作BracebridgeHall/TalksofTravellers/TheAlhambra/JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga/LeatherstockingTales”包括“TheDeerslayer”“TheLastoftheMohicans/ThePathfinder/ThePioneers/ThePrairie/regardas“thenearestTheSpy/ThePilot/TheLittlepageManuscripts/3、WilliamCullenBryant/②HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet/ToaWaterfowlthemostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage./4、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加.阿伦.坡TheFalloftheHouseofUsher/TheRaven/TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque/firstcollectionofshortstories5、RalphWaldoEmersion拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生TranscendentalismtoNewEngland//Nature/Essays/TheAmericanScholarourintellectualDeclarationofIndependenceRepresentativeMen/EnglishTraits/Poems6、HenryDavidThoreauWalden成名作/CivilDisobedience7、NathanielHawthorne纳萨尼尔.霍桑TheHouseoftheSevenGables/MossesfromanOldManse/TheMarbleFaun/TheScarletLetter”《红字》女主角honest,calmlyfacefault8、HermanMelville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔“MobyDick”9、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗poet诗人ThePoetsandPoetryofEurope殊荣Poet’scornerofWestminsterAbbeRealism代表作家：StephenCrane史蒂芬.克莱恩,

FrankNorris弗朗克.诺里斯,

JackLondon

杰克.伦敦,

TheodoreDreiser西奥多.德莱塞.6、Darwinism:达尔文主义:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。

7、WilliamDeanHowells

威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，Hisdefinedrealism:nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.1、WaltWhitman/freeverse/LeavesofGrassthefirstgenuineepicpoem.

2、EmilyDickinson

爱米丽.狄金森“IdiedforBeauty”“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath3、HarrietBeecherStowe/UncleTom’sCabin关注农奴制度

4、MarkTwain

代表作AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn

TheGildedAge/TheAdventuresofTomSawyer/LifeontheMississippi”

5、O.Henry/shortstory/theendisalwayssurprising/containagreatdealofslangandcolloquialexpressions/TheFourMillion/TheGiftoftheMagi

★6、HenryJames

亨利.詹姆斯

TheAmerican/DaisyMiller/inthePortraitofaLady(初期最佳的作品)

TheWingsoftheDove/TheAmbassadors/TheGoldenBowl/7、JackLondon杰克.伦敦

/ThePeopleoftheAbyss/TheCalloftheWild/TheSeaWolf//MartinEden(autobiographicalnovel)8、TheodoreDreiser西奥多.德莱塞/SisterCarrie”/TheFinancier.TheTitan,TheStoic”TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲/AnAmericanTragedy”最恢宏、最成功的小说，体现了金钱万能的主题。\o"分享您有关本文的见解与观点。"the

20th

century）一、Background:

①WorldWarI第一次世界大战，Americahavegreatprofit.

②Jumpintechnology(automobile/radio)科技方面的跳跃（汽车/收音机）

③oldmoralcodebreaks旧道德体系破碎

1、Imagism意象派：isapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheUnitedStates,flourishedfrom1909-1917.Itscredo,expressedinSomeImagistPoets,includedtheuseofthelanguageofcommonspeech,projectmatter,theevocationofimagesinhard,clearpoetry,andconcentration.

2、LostGeneration：迷惘的一代，Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerea“LostGeneration,”devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof“expatriates”orexiles.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.3、Modernism现代主义：islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallyinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19thcenturyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Theypaymoreattentiontothepsychictimethanthechronologicalone.

4、现代主义的标志：T.S.Eliot’s“TheWasteLand”,themostsignificantAmericanpoemofthetwentiethcentury,helpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.

5、经典的迷惘一代：F.ScottFitzgerald,“TheGreatGatsby”《了不起的盖茨比》

novelErnestHemingway“TheSunAlsoRises”《太阳照样升起》“AFarwelltoArms”《辞别了，武器》WilliamFaulkner

“TheSoundandtheFury”《喧嚣与骚动》

6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：EugeneO’Neill“TheEmperorJones”《琼斯国王》、“AnnaChristie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“TheHairyApe”《毛猿》

7、TheJazzAge(享乐时代)：whenNewOrleansmusiciansmoved“uptheriver”toChicago,andthetheatreofNewYork’sHarlempulsedwiththemusicthathadbecomeasymbolofthetimes.FitzgeraldportraystheJazzAgeasagenerationof“thebeautifulanddamned”,drowningintheirpleasures.

二、代表作家：1、EzraPound埃兹拉.庞德

诗人

①Imagism意象派的代表人物。PoundandEliotbecametheearlyleadersinrestoringtopoetrytheuseofliteraryreferenceasanimaginativeinstrument.庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学体现手法的初期诗人。

②majorworkofpoetryisthelongpoemcalled“TheCantos”

2、RobertFrost

罗伯特.弗洛斯特

自然主义诗人poet

①诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejectedtherevolutionarypoeticprinciplesofhiscontemporaries,choosinginstead“theold-fashionedwaytobenew.”HeemployedtheplainspeechofruralNewEnglandersandpreferredtheshort,traditionalformsoflyricandnarrative.

(2)Hesawnatureasastorehouseofanalogyandsymbol.

(3)Hisconcernwithnaturereflecteddeepmoraluncertainties,andhispoetry,forallitsapparentsimplicity,oftenprobesmysteriesofdarknessandirrationalityinthebleakandchaoticlandscapesofanindifferentuniversewheremenstandalone,unaidedandperplexed.

②hebecomeanationalbard美国民族诗人的翘首,winfourPulitzerPrizes获得了四次普利兹奖.

③“TheRoadNotTaken”、“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、困惑

3、WallaceStevens华莱士.斯蒂文斯

诗人

①Hisworkisprimarilymotivatedbythebeliefthat“ideasoforder,”thatis,trueideas,correspondwithaninnateorderinnatureanduniverse,andthatitisthehighprivilegeofindividualsandmankindtodiscoverthiscorrespondence.作品动机来源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。

②代表作：“TheManwiththeBlueGuitar”《带蓝吉他的人》；

“NecessaryAngel”《必要的天使》，collectionofhisoccasionallecturesonpoetry诗歌的评论.

“AnecdoteoftheJar”《坛子的轶事》jar–manmade–art,wildness–nature,jarbringorder/meaningtothenature,艺术到自然的秩序，integrated统一体

③特点：(1)headoptedavarietyofexperimentalstyles,createdpoeticsurfacesofFrenchifiedelegance,exoticimagery,oddsounds,curiousanalogies,andinscrutabletitles.尝试过多种试验性的写作风格。

(2)heconfrontedthecontemporaryabandonmentoftraditionalvaluesandsoughttocometotermswiththeconfusionsofhistime.Theproblemoftheinterrelationbetweentheidealandtherealbecameaconstantthemeinhislaterpoetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。

(3)aseriesofoppositionsbetweeninnerandouterworlds–betweensubjectandobject,perceiverandperceived,fictionandfact,“imaginationandreality”(想象与现实)

★4、ThomasStearnsEliot托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特现代主义代言人

①多重身份：poet诗人,critic评论家,playwright剧作家

②代表作：

“TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock”poems，holdsitsplaceinthedevelopmentofEliot’spoetryasawhole.

“TraditionandtheIndividualTalent”essay,随笔《老式和个人天才》,theearlieststatementofhisaesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点.providedausefulinstrumentformoderncriticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判原则。

“TheWasteLand”《荒原》oneofthemajorworksofmodernliterature.Useanewform—theorchestrationofrelatedthemesinsuccessivemovement.新的文学形式即有关的主题在持续运动中构成交响效果。

“FourQuartets”《四个四重奏》poem

“MurderintheCathedral”，poetictragedy,诗歌悲诗,adrama(戏剧)ofimpressivespiritualpower.极富感染力的戏剧

③作品特点：

(1)concernsvariousaspectsofthefrustrationandenfeeblementofindividualcharacterasseeninperspectivewiththedecayofstates,peoples,andreligiousfaith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点，对的思索了国家、人民、宗教信奉等的丧失。

(2)poemconceivedasamadeobject,anorganicthinginitself,whoseconcreteelementsaretruecorrelativesoftheartist’simaginationandexperiencewithrespecttothatpoem.诗歌是客观成型的东西，诗歌的详细元素与艺术家的想象和经历亲密有关，也与诗歌相一致。

(3)Thedegreetowhichfusionandconcentrationofintellect,feeling,andexperiencewereachievedwasEliot’scriterionforjudgingthepoem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特鉴定诗歌好坏的原则。

5、F.ScottFitzgerald

F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德

novelist小说家

①作品：“ThisSideofParadise”《人间天堂》，thefirstnovel.

“TheGreatGatsby”

《了不起的盖茨比》

novel

“TenderIstheNight”《夜色温柔》novel

②第二本小说的开展过程：dream梦想→Daisyself-centered理想化的淑女，自我为中心→disenchantment,disillusion魔法消失，(因阶级差异)梦想破灭→senseoffailureanddespair(light)失败和绝望

Ash灰(象征)→forest树木，西部开发，树木变成灰了

③limitedpointofview有限视角→suspense悬念+mystery神秘真实性→reliable可信的，不偏，不评价

6、ErnestHemingway厄恩斯特.海明威

novelist小说家

①写作特点：(1)hedevelopedaspare,tight,reportorialprosebasedonsimplysentencestructureandusingarestrictedvocabulary,preciseimagery,andanimpersonal,dramatictone.推进了汇报文学的发展，认为汇报文学句子构造要简朴，用语要节制，想象要简洁，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语气。

(2)Hisprimaryconcern