常见的修辞格翻译

常见的修辞格翻译一、比喻（figureofspeech）比喻无处不在，为各语言文化共有。比喻有四个要素：本体（tenor），喻体（vehicle），比喻词（comparativeword）及相似点（pointofresemblance）。这里主要谈谈明喻（simile）和暗喻（metaphor）的翻译。英汉语明喻标记比较明显，一般需出现比喻词，汉语如像、如、仿佛、似等，英语如like，as，asif/though等。英语的隐喻大致分三类：1.AisB；2.N1ofN2；3.只出现本体。Alltheworld’sastage,andallmenandwomenmerelyplayers.整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。Withthisfaithwewillbeabletohoeoutofthemountainofdespair

astoneofhope.Withthisfaithwewillbeabletotransformthejanglingdiscordsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.抱有这个信念，我们就能从绝望之山凿出希望之石。抱有这个信念，我们就能把我们这个民族中那些刺耳的噪音变成一部歌颂手足之情的美妙交响曲。Shehasaphotographicmemoryfordetail.她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。（把hermemory比作camera，但喻体camera没有出现。）汉语暗喻大致也有三种，1.判断结构“甲是乙”；2.本体和喻体同时出现，但无判断词；3.状语加中心词（偏正式的结构）薛蟠也假说来上学，不过是“三天打渔，两天晒网”……也不曾有一点儿进益。（《红楼梦》）XuePanhadhastenedtoregisterhimselfasapupil.Hisschool-goingwas,needlesstosay,apretence–“Onedaytofishandtwodaystodrythenet”astheysay–andhadnothingtodowiththeadvancementoflearning.（杨宪益，戴乃迭）潭西南而望，斗折蛇行，明灭可见。（柳宗元《小石潭记》）Viewedfromthesouthwest,thepondsometimeszigzagsliketheshiningBigDipperandsometimeswindsgloomilylikealongcreepingsnake.她们一窝蜂地挤拢来，每人盛一碗，就四散地蹲伏或者站立在路上和门口吃。（夏衍《包身工》）Theycrowdedstrenuouslyaroundlikeaswarmofbees,eachladlingoutabowlofmeagreporridge,andthenscattered,havingtheirmealbycrouchingorstandingatthepathwayorthedoorway.比喻的翻译方法主要有：直译、直译加注、转换、意译等。明喻一般直译；暗喻中英汉语共有的“A是B”结构比较适合直译；带有文化内涵的习语型比喻常直译加注；不适合直译的暗喻可考虑转换为明喻，或者改变喻体；放弃比喻修辞，翻译意义。何等动人的一页一页！这是人类思维的花朵。（徐迟《哥德巴赫猜想》）Whatinspiringchapters!Theyaretheflowersofthehumanbrainwork.Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingofafire.(WilliamB.Yeats)教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。“难道这也是个痴丫头，也像颦儿来葬花不成？”因又暗自笑道：“若真是葬花，可谓‘东施效颦’了，不但不为新奇，而且更为可厌。”（《红楼梦》）“CanthisbeanotherabsurdmaidcomingtoburyflowerslikeDaiyu?”hewonderedinsomeamusement.“Ifso,she’sTunShihimitatingHisShih,whichisnotoriginalbutrathertiresome.”(Note:HisShihwasafamousbeautyintheancientkingdomofYue.TungShihwasanuglygirlwhotriedtoimitateherways.)NewYorkwasnevermeccatome.AndthoughIhavelivedtheremorethanhalfmylife,youwon’tfindmewearingan“IloveNewYork”T-shirt…………..纽约对于我来说绝不是麦加。虽然我已经在这里住了大半辈子，你却不会看到我穿上一件印有“我爱纽约”字样的T恤。（麦加：位于沙特阿拉伯西部，伊斯兰教徒的朝圣地，后此专业名词普通化，意为“圣地”或“渴望之地”。）一些人清醒，多数人被蒙蔽，少数是右翼骨干。（《毛泽东选集》）Amongthemembersofthesepartiessomekeeptheirheads,manyaredeceived,andasmallnumbermakeupthenucleusoftherightwing.Holdfasttodreams,Forifdreamsdie,Lifeisabroken-wingedbirdThatcannotfly.(LangstonHughes)紧紧抓住梦想吧，如果梦想死亡，生命就像折翼的鸟儿，再也不能飞翔。Theenemy’sAchilles’heelwashisharbourdefense.敌人的致命处在于其海港防御。更多实例分析：月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又像笼着轻纱的梦。Likeflowingstreams,moonlightrushesdown,silentlyclothingeveryleafandflower.Thelotuspondiscloakedinlightmist.（Mistfloatsabovethelotuspond.）Theleavesandflowersaresomewhatwhitenowasthoughtheyhadbeenbathedinmilk.Onewillfeelheisinadreamcoveredwiththingauze.树缝里也漏着一两点灯光，没精打采的，是瞌睡人的眼。Throughthebranchesarealsoacoupleoflamps,aslistlessassleepyeyes.他就像一只斗败的公鸡似的垂头丧气。Hewasshakenandunnervedlikeadefeatedfightingcock.把这个赵寡妇在屏风后急得像热锅上的蚂蚁一样。AllthismadeZhaothewidowbehindthescreenasfranticasanantonahotfurnace.Marriageisabookofwhichthefirstchapteriswritteninpoetryandremainingchaptersinprose.婚姻是一本书，第一章以诗写成，其余各章则以散文写成。他清清楚楚地看见一条丁字街，横在他眼前。Hesawdistinctlythecross-roadaheadofhim.Afterthatlongtalk,Jimbecamethesuninherheart.那次长谈之后，吉姆成了她心中的太阳。《三国演义》中的一些例子：玄德就马上执庶之手曰：“先生此去，天各一方，未知相会却在何日！”说罢，泪如雨下。XuandetookShanFu’shand.“Nowwepart,”Xuandesaid,“togotodifferentworlds.Whoknowswhenwemaymeetagain?”Xuande’stearsfelllikerain.(MossRoberts)后曰：“旦夕如坐针毡，似此为人，不如早亡！妾看宦官中之忠义可托者，莫如穆顺，当令寄此书。”“Dayandnightwesitonpins,”theEmpresscontinued.“Ipreferdeathtoalifelikethis.AmongoureunuchsMuShunisloyalandtrue.Hecoulddelivertheletter.”张飞听了，瞋目大叱曰：“我哥哥是金枝玉叶，你是何等人，敢称我哥哥为贤弟！你来！我和你斗三百合！”ThemomentZhangFeiheardthis,hiseyeswidenedandheshouted,“Ourbrotherisaprinceoftheblood,ajadeleafonthegoldenbranch.Whoareyoutocallhim‘youngbrother’?Comeoutnowandfightthreehundredroundswithme.”权曰：“今听臣言，则西蜀有泰山之安，不听臣言，则主公有累卵之危矣。”HuangQuanreplied:“HeedmywordsandourrulecanbesecureasMountainTai.Heedthemnotandyourownpositionwillbecomeasprecariousasapileofeggs.”曹操下令军中曰：“今刘备釜中之鱼，阱中之虎；若不就此时擒捉，如放鱼入海，纵虎归山矣。众将可努力向前。”CaoCaoinstructedhismen:“LiuBei’safishinourpot,atigerinourtrap.Ifwedon’ttakehim,hereandnow,we’llbelettingthefishbackintothesea,settingthetigerfreeinthehills.Pressforwardandsparenoeffort.”二、拟人拟人是将物当作人来描写的修辞手法，其本质上是一种隐喻。拟人大致分四种：以动物拟人、以植物拟人、以无生命的事物拟人以及以抽象概念拟人。Itisuselessforthesheeptopassresolutionsinfavorofvegetarianismwhilethewolfremainsofadifferentopinion.当狼依然持有不同意见之时，群羊通过的赞成素食主义的决议案也是徒劳无功的。老蝈蝈大约有什么心事，一大早就躲在树叶下唱，那调子显得深沉而悠远。Itseemsthattheoldgrasshoppertakessomethingtoheart,singingintheleavesofthetreeintheearlymorning.Thelonglongmelodyrunsdeepdownintoyourheart.AtreewhosehungrymouthispressedAgainsttheearth’ssweetflowingbreast;AtreethatlooksatGodall,Andliftsherleafyarmstopray.树那饥渴的嘴唇紧紧贴住大地乳汁甘美的胸膛；它整天仰望着上帝，举起枝叶繁茂的手臂祈祷。他对沾满露水的青草瞥了一眼，青草也对他挤了一眼。Heglancedatdew-coveredgrass,anditwinkedbackathim.Theclockonthewalltickedloudlyandlazily,asifithadtimetospare.Outsidetherattlingwindowstherewasarestlesswhisperingwind.Theroomgrewlightanddark,andwonderouslightagain,asthemoonplayedhide-and-seekthroughtheclouds.挂钟懒洋洋地滴答作响，声音那么大，好像时间很充裕。窗外，风不停地刮着，像在低声耳语般，窗户也被吹得格格地响。月亮在云层中捉迷藏时，房间里忽明忽暗，不时闪起奇幻的光芒。群山肃立，江河挥泪，辽阔的祖国大地沉浸在巨大的悲痛之中。Themountainsarestandinginsolemnsilence;theriversaresheddingbittertears;ourmotherlandissoakedinenormousgrief.Aliecantravelhalfwayaroundtheworldwhilethetruthisputtingonitsshoes.真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言却可能已经走过半个世界。拟人一般可以采用直译、意译和转换（如转换为明喻）。每条岭都是那么温柔，虽然下自山脚，上自岭顶，长满了珍贵的林木，可谁也不孤峰突起，盛气凌人。（老舍《小花朵集》）Alltheridgesweresoamiable.Noneofthemstoodabovetheotherswitharrogance（adomineeringmanner/posture）,thoughtheirslopeswerefullycoveredwithprecioustrees.（直译）细雨如丝，一棵棵杨梅树贪婪地吮吸着春天的甘露。它们伸展着四季常绿的枝条，一片片狭长的叶子在雨雾中欢笑着。（王鲁彦《我爱故乡的杨梅》）Eachwaxberrytreeisgreedilysuckingthespringrain，whichfallsdownlikefinethreads/softly.Theevergre