全球化的资料

Globalization

Introduction

Globailizationcanbedividedintofollowingparts:ProductionGlobalization,TradeGlobalization,FinanceGlobalization,InvestmentGlobalization,Increasinglystrengthenedregionaleconomiccooperation.Inthisessay,iwilltrytodiscussmainlyoneonomicglobalization.Firstly,iwillexaminefactorscontributetotrendofglobalizationandanalysebothpositiveandnegativeeffectofglobalization.Secondly,iwilltrytoclarifyhowimportanttheFDIforworldeconomyandwhytheseFDIbecomemoreandmore.Finally,historicalconnectionsbetweeneuropeanpowersandothermarketsuchasChina,AfricaandIndiawillbediscussedfurther.

Aboveall,globalizationreferstothetrend,withcontinuousdevelopmentofsocialproductiveforces,theworld'scountriesandregionseconomy,includingproduction,circulationandconsumptionareaswhichcontainmoreinterdependenceandmutualpenetrationturningworldeconomyintoanindivisibleorganicwhole.

WhyglobalizationgetarapidspreadinEconomicglobalizationisanobjectivetrendwhichisinevitableintheprocessdevelopmentofworldeconomy.Foronething,withtherapiddevelopmentofproductivity,scienceandtechnology,wecanseethatthestableflowofavarietyoffactorsofproductionacrosscountries,makingtheworldeconomytiecloserwhichresultinconstructinganinterdependentandindivisibleentity.Asamatteroffact,beinganobvioustrend,capitalistrelationsofproductionhavebeenspringingupintermsofeconomicglobalizationduringtheearly15-16century.Itiswiththebourgeoisieinexplorationoftheglobalmarket,globalhistoryandcapitalistindustrialization.Globolizationiscloselylinkedtothedevelopmentofcapitalmarket,whichispromotedbythecapitalistinnate.Consequently,theemergenceanddevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationhasbecomeachainofcontinuousexpansionofthe

wealthgetintodevelopedcountriesandafewinterestgroupsgainthemostbenefit,whichledtothewideninggapbetweentherichandthepoorcountries.Accordingtoworldbankstatistics,low-incomedevelopingcountriesholdaGDPpercapitaof2.4%ofpercapitaGDPcomparedtodevelopedcountries,thegapwas43timesandthenproportiongotto1.6%by1994,thegapwas62times.AccordingtotheUN,thenumberoftheleastdevelopedcountriesis36tenyearsagoand42fiveyearsago.Thisstatusisnow48.Infact,thereareonebillionpeopleworldwideearnlessthanonedollaraday,2.8billionpeople’sincomelessthan$2aday;(King,K.,&McGrath,S.2002).Therichest20%ofthepopulationintheworldformorethan80%oftheworld'swealth,whichmakestherichandthepoorpercapitaincome,thegaphaswidenedtomorethan200times.Thecauseofincreasingglobalthegapbetweentherichandthepoorarevarious,buttherearethreereasonsthatwecanignore.Firstofall,theprofitdistributionenlargeimbalanceineconomicglobalization.Secondly,somedevelopingcountries,intermsofthenominalexchangerategetlower,GNPnominalvaluedecreases,causingtherealdepreciation.Lastly,itistheresultofthedevelopmentoftheinternationalmarketcompetitionthatweakenthefunctionofsocialpolicy,makingourworldtoincreasethegapbetweenrichandpoor(Pearce,A.2013).

Furthermore,asthedegreeofglobaleconomicintegrationandinvestmentliberalizationfurtherdeepening,internationalinvestmentbetweencountrieshasbecomethemaincontentofeconomicactivityandcontactwhichhasaprofoundimpactontheinternationalpoliticalandeconomicrelations.Bytheendofthe20thcenturyand21stcentury,multinationalcompanies,asthemaincarrierofinternationalinvestment,haveshownsomenewdevelopmenttrends.Thedevelopmentspeedofeconomicglobalizationanddegreeofinvestmentliberalizationaregreatlyimproved,especiallytheabsorptionofforeigndirectinvestmentindevelopingcountriesisgrowingfaster.

Internationalinvestmentcanbedividedintodirectinvestmentandindirectinvestment,intermsofforeigndirectinvestment,afterworldwariiitaccountsforthemainpositionofinternationalinvestmentandsoonbecomethemostrapiddevelopmentitem.Andmultinationalcompaniesisthemaincarrierofinternationaldirectinvestment.Multinationalcompanies,throughflexibleanddiversewayofdirectinvestmentintheinternationalinvestment,notonlyrunamostimportantroleintheprocess,anditsinfluenceisincreasinglypenetratedintoallaspectsoftheworldeconomy.

Multinationalcorporationsdirectinvestmentaccountforhigherproportionofinternationaldirectinvestment.AccordingtoUN'slatestworldinvestmentreport2012.In2011,nearly26%ofthetotalamountofglobalforeigndirectinvestmentgrowthwhichisamountedtomorethan1840billiondollars.Theforeigndirectinvestmentinthedevelopedcountriesenjoyedanincreaseof31%overthepreviousyear,amountedto$2295billion.Reportpredictsthatglobalforeigndirectinvestmentin2012willbefarmorethan$2500billion.(Dreher,A.2012)

Mergerandacquisitionisthemainpowerinthemultinationalcompanyforeigndirectinvestmentgrowth.Mergersandacquisitionsshowedobvioustrendthataremainlyconcentratedindevelopedcountries,especiallybetweentheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnion.Accordingtostatistics,in1987-1993,inthemutualinvestmentbetweendevelopedcountriesenterprises(includingforeign-investedenterprisestodomesticenterprisesinvestmentinthehostcountry),theenterprisem&avolumeaverageaccountsfor66%ofthetotalamountofinvestment.In2010theUnitedStatesandBritainisstillthebiggestsellersandbuyers,atotaloftwocountriesaccountfornearlythehalfofthecountry'stotalcostofthecross-borderm&a.(MOSHIRI,S.,&KIAN,1980-2012)

Moreandmoretransnationalmergersandacquisitionsimproveforeigninvestmentperformanceofthedevelopedcountries,thereasonsforthistrendisthatmultinationalcorporationsthatareinthecontextofeconomicintegrationandinvestmentliberalization,facestheglobalizationandtheincreasinglyfiercecompetitionpressurefromnewtechnologyrevolution,thereforecountrieswishtoattractforeigninvestmentforthegovernmenttodevelopnationaleconomyandstrengthenindustrialcontrol,thentheywillopenthemarketandinvestmentbarrierstoreducetheenvironmentpressure,inordertosurviveanddevelopment,bettermakefulluseofthedifferentfactorsofproductionintheworldmarketandglobalmarkettomaximizetheutility,andfinally,toexpanditsscaleanddiversification.Atthesametime,thepursuitoffinancial,management,operatingsynergiesandeconomiesofscalewillpromotetheMNCstopursueabiggersize.Asaresult,cross-borderm&aisashorcuttoachievethesegoalsconsistofresearch,development,management,andgreatlyreducedcost.

Multinationalcorporationsdirectinvestmentischaracterizedby"triangle"investmentpattern.Sincethelate1970s,MNCsinJapanandtheEuropeanUnionmemberdevelopsfastsothatthesemultinationalcompaniesbrokethepostwarAmericanmultinationalspatternthatamericancompaniesunifythewholecountry,a"triangle",includesJapan,theUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionmember,statesnationalsituationoftripartiteconfrontation.Enteringthenewcentury,themultinationalcompanydirectinvestmentstillisgivenprioritytowithmutualinvestmentbetweenthedevelopedcountries,andformedtheveryobvioustrendthatputGermanyasthecentercircleofEuropeandtheUnitedStatesasthecentercircleofNorthAmericaandJapanasthecenterofthecircleofAsia,threecirclesanditsmutualdirectinvestmentinoccupiesplayaveryimportantpositionintheglobalforeigndirectinvestment.

Firstofall,the"bigtriangle"withintheinternationaldirectinvestmentisgreater.InEuropeancircles,mutualinvestmentbetweentheEuropeanUnionmemberstatesin1992accountedfor72%ofitstotalforeigndirectinvestment.After1995,duetotheincreaseofthemembersoftheEuropeanUnion,thenewmembertogetherwiththeformermemberswentthroughaperiodofadjustment,themutualinvestmentbetweentheeumemberstatesduringratiodecreased.Butby1999,mutualinvestmentbetweenmemberstatesreached318billioneuros,2000increasedto436billioneuros,accountformorethan60%oftotaleuforeigndirectinvestment;InthecircleofNorthAmerica,mainlytheUnitedStatesandCanadadirectinvestmentbetweenthesetwocountries,Canadainthetotalabsorptionofforeigndirectinvestmentin1993two-thirdsfromtheUnitedStates,theUnitedStatesin1996is9.4%oftotalforeigndirectinvestmentinCanada;intermsofcircleinAsia,cross-investmentbetweendifferentcountriesbecometheabsorptionofforeigncapitalisanimportantpartoftheregion,1990-1992,southeastAsiaallianceaccountsfor25%oftheamountofabsorbingforeignFDIfromlocalareaemergingindustrializedcountriesorregions.Duringthe1993-1994theratioincreasedto40%andFDIinthetotalflowinAsiancountries,mostconcentratedinJapanandChina(includingHongKongandTaiwan),SouthKorea,Singaporeinseveralcountries.(Hejazi,W.,&Safarian,A.E.1999)

Whythesedevelopedcountriestendtoconductmutualinvestment?Fromthedevelopmenttrendofinternationalinvestment,wemaygettheconclusionthatindustrialstructureofhigh-gradedevelopmentofdevelopedcountriesalongwiththecapitalinvestmentinthedirectionoftransferingthehightechnologytosomeemergingindustriescontributemosttothistrend.thetrendofincreasinginvestmenttochangethecurrenttechnologyandmarketdemandwillgoalongway.Forforeigninvestmenttendtogetintothethirdindustry,suchasadvertising,consulting,finance,insurance,etc.Thesethirdindustryinvestment,notonlycanquicklyimprovethesoftenvironmentforinvestment,makeallkindsoffacilitiesforinvestmentservicestendtobeready,butalsohelptheupgradingofindustrialstructureofthewholecontury.Thistrendwillbenefitworld’seconomy.

Lastly,iwouldliketodiscussthepastandfutureeconmoicconnectionsbetweeneuropeandafricaandasia.Thefamoussilkroad,referstothewesternhandynasty(202BC-AD8years),developedbyzhangqianwhowenttoconnectthewesternregionswithchang'an(nowxi'an)asacommercialpartner.Silkroadpassthroughgansu,xinjiang,tocentralAsia,westAsia,andconnecttheMediterraneanSealandfromcountrytocountry.Inthemorethan7000kmlongroad,silkandporcelainoriginatedfromChina,whichbecameapowerfulsymbolofcivilizationeastAsia.Silkisnotonlyanimportantluxuryconsumergoodsonthesilkroad,butalsoakindofeffectiveChinesegovernment'spoliticaltool:China'sfriendlyenvoytothewesternregionsandwesterncountriesoftenwillrepresenttwosilkasthefriendship.AndsilkcivilisationisalittlechangedtheimpressionofChinaandwesterncountries,asaresultofthehighpriceofConstantinoplesilkandporcelain,makequitealotofpeoplethinkthatChineseandeveneastAsiaisabundantatrichnaturalresources.Thisimpressionremainedinwesternworlduntilindustrialrevolution.(Wu,F.2001)IntermsofancientIndia,InventedthedigitalsystemwhichisnowcalledArabicnumeralsisthemostsignificantcontributioninancientIndianmathematics.Anothermajorcontributiontoworldcivilization,accordingtotheIndianarchaeologicaldiscoveries,thedigitalsystemwhichiscalledIndiannumbersystemwasintroducedintoEuropeviatheMiddleEastregion.India'snationalmathematicallogicabilityisquiteprominentintheworld.Today,Indiancomputersoftwarecanbeinthebesttimesincethe1990sboom,withmathematicalbackground,thisnationaltraditionhasdeeporiginrelations.The5thcenturyAD,IndianpeoplegotthemostimpressiveachievementinmathematicstocalculatethePI∏approximationof3.1416.InadditionIndiahasalonghistoryintheancientIndianmedicine,suigeneris,occupiesaveryuniqueandimportantpositionintheworldwhicharetraditionaladvantageintheirindustries.

BeforeChinaandtheEuropeanUnionestablishedformaldiplomaticrelation,therearetradeexchangesbetweenChinaandtheeuropeancountriesis,suchasGermany,France,Britainandotherbilateraleconomicandtraderelations.Inmayof1975,ChinaandtheEuropeanUnionestablishedformaldiplomaticrelations,itprovidesthedevelopmentofbilateraleconomicandtraderelationswithimportantpremiseandguarantee.In1985,EuropeUnionsignedasecondoveralladjustmentoftherelationship--bilateralagreements--,“theeconomicandtradecooperationagreement”,tofurtherexpandbilateraleconomicandtradecooperationareas.(Jian-guo,S.L.X.2008)Since2004,theeuhasalwaysbeenChina'slargesttradingpartner,whileChinaistheeu'ssecondlargesttradepartner.China-eutradevolumein2006reached$272.3billion,up25.3%fromayearearlier,inwhichIexport$181.98billion,importedus$90.32billion,year-on-yeargrowthof26.6%and26.6%respectively.Inthefirstquarterof2007tradevolumeof$75.39billion,up30.3%fromayearearlier.TheeuremainsChina'slargesttradingpartnerstatus,andasmyfirstbigexportmarket.(Baldwin1,M.2006).

ForIndia,theyview15EuropeanUnioncountriesasawhole,EUisIndia'slargesttradingpartner,Indianeedfundingandtechnology,viewingtheEuropeanUnion'sasthemostdevelopedeconomyisnotallowtoignore.ThegovernmentofIndiabelieveintheEuropeanUnion'simportantroleintheworldeconomywhichhasafantasticpotential.asforeignministersinha,"vigorouslypromoteingscientificresearchanddevelopment,andalwaysbeinginaleadingposition,allthesemaketheeuwillhavemoreprofoundtheinfluenceoftheglobe."

IndiaiscommittedtopromotingeconomicandtradecooperationwiththeEuropeanUnion,makingfulluseofpoliticalrelationswiththeeu.SuchasonceayearinIndia-eusummit,tendtobedialoguemechanismtoimplementtheeconomicandtradecooperation.Inadditiontothesummit,BrusselsandnewDelhihasalsosentthepermanentrepresentative,beingresponsibleforspecificoperations.(Shaffer,G.2006)

WhenitcomestoAfrica,itisnotthesamecase.Intheancientsociety,inadditiontonorthAfrica,Europeandsub-saharanAfricaarebasicallynocontactandcorrespondence.Afterthe15thcentury,undertheimpetusoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital,westerncolonialistsstartedtostartAfricapenetration,majorEuropeancountrieslauncheda400-year-oldslavetrade.Twoveryobviouscharacteristics:first,theEuropeanpowersalwaystoviolentmeanstobuildtherelationship.Second,themodernEuropeannon-relationalisbasedonviolenceanunequalrelationship.Inthiskindofrelationship,Africabelongstothepartywasforcedtoaccept,theinterestsofbighurt.ColonialismhadabolishedthesovereigntyofAfrica,mostofthecolonialcountriesinitscolonieschangetheruleofEuropeanwaytoreplacetheAfricanpowersystemandadministrativesystem.Sincethen,EuropeandAfricahavebeeninastateofconfrontationforalongtime.Theaccumulationofalargenumberofhistoricalgrievancesmakeit'snotgoodforthedevelopmentofbilateralrelations.TakeGhanaforexample,InEurope,AmericaandothercountriesisamajortradepartnerofGhanainwestAfricaregion.AlthoughEuropeisstilltheGhana'sbiggesttradingpartner,butitsproportionofthetotalamountofimportandexportofGhanahavedeclinedinrecentyears,whileChinaandNigeriaincreasesitsoutputvolume.InJune2009,thecentralbankofGhana,statisticaldatashowthatEuropeisthelargestsourceofimportsinGhana,accountedfor30.4%oftotalimportsofGhana.TheNetherlandsandtheUKisGhana'stwolargestexportdestination,accountsfortheproportionoftotalexportswere10.2%and4.8%respectivelyinGhanawhosemainexportincludingminerals,cocoaandtimber;Mainimportsareoil,automobile,food(rice,wheat),etc.GhanaistheeconomiccommunityofwestAfrica(ECOWAS)members.Thisorganizationwasnotsofriendlytoeurope.Essentially,theyarevigilanttoeuropesincetheykeeptopromotelimitedpolicytooutputtheirnaturalresourceandtrytoecouragememberstostrengthentheirbilateraltradeconnection.However,thispolicyisnotsosuccessfulsincefoodandoilpricesisnotstableintheinternationalmarket,bringECOWASimporttradeandbalanceofpaymentsofuncertainty.(Yeats,A.J.2009)

Conclusion

Inconclusion,globalizationreferstotrendthatacquireresourceallocationintheworldwideanditistypicalcapitalistexpasionway.Globalizationmakeproductionandresourceallocationmoreefficientwhileitposethreattodevelopingcountriesbyenlargethedifferencebetweentherichandthepoorcountries.Sinceglobalizationdevelopssofast,investorstrytofindmorechanceworldwidesotheyareenthusiasticaboutincreaseFDI.Finally,AfricawascoloniesofEuropeancountriessothatithasmorecompalicatedattitudetowardtradebetweenEUcomparedtoAsiawhichhavelongfriendlytradehistorywithEurope.

ReferenceList:

Bretschger,L.,&Hettich,F.