2020-2023新冠疫情对全球旅游业的影响-世界旅游组织

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2023Edition

International

TourismHighlights

TheImpactofCOVID-19onTourism(2020–2022)

2InternationalTourismHighlights–2023Edition

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Tableofcontents

Keyinsights3

Tourisminpre-pandemictimes:anengineofgrowthanddevelopment4

2020:Theworstyearonrecordforglobaltourism5

2021:Anotherchallengingyearfortourism6

2022:Strongreboundbackedbyeasingofrestrictions7

Economicimpactofthepandemic9

Regionalresults13

Europe16

AsiaandthePacific16

Americas17

Africa17

MiddleEast18

World’stopdestinations19

Outboundtourism20

Changesinconsumerbehaviourduringthepandemic21

Purposeofvisitandmeansoftransport22

StatisticalAnnex23

Methodologicalnotes30

InternationalTourismHighlights,2023Edition–TheImpactofCOVID-19onTourism(2020–2022)

ISBN(printedversion):978-92-844-2449-8

ISBN(electronicversion):978-92-844-2450-4

DOI:10.18111/978928442450-4

PublishedbytheWorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO),Madrid,Spain.

Copyright:©2023,WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)

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Keyinsights

•Tourismsuffereditsdeepestcrisisinrecorded

historyduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,from2020to2022.

•Internationaltouristarrivals(overnightvisitors)plungedfrom1,465millionin2019to407millionin2020,a72%dropinjustoneyear,impactedbygloballockdowns,widespreadtravelrestrictionsandtheslumpinvisitordemand.

•In2021arrivalsincreasedslightlybutremained

69%below2019levelsastheworldcontinuedtofightthepandemicandmostrestrictionscontinuedinplace.Meanwhile,domestictourismreboundedmoderatelyinmanymarkets.

•Theyear2022sawapartialrecoveryin

internationaltravelfuelledbystrongpent-up

demandandtheeasingofrestrictions,with

arrivalsmorethandoublingcomparedto2021butremaining34%below2019levels.

•Overall,thepandemicgeneratedalossof

2.6billioninternationalarrivalsin2020,2021and2022combined,almosttwicethearrivalsrecordedin2019.

•Exportrevenuesfrominternationaltourism

dropped62%in2020and59%in2021,versus2019(realterms)andthenreboundedin2022,remaining34%belowpre-pandemiclevels.

•ThetotallossinexportrevenuesfromtourismamountstoaUSD2.6trillionforthatthree-yearperiod.Thisisoneandahalftimestherevenuesearnedin2019.

•Theeconomiccontributionoftourism,measuredintourismdirectgrossdomesticproduct(TDGDP)wascutbyhalfduetothepandemic,from4%ofglobalGDPin2019to2%in2020and2021.It

thengrewto2.5%in2022accordingtopreliminaryestimates.Theresultingaggregatelossforthe

threeyearsamountedtoUSD4.2trillion.

Figure1:Impactofcoronaviruspandemicontourism,2020,2021and2022

International

touristarrivals

%change(vs2019)

Exportrevenuesfromtourism1

real%change(vs2019)²

TourismdirectGDP

(TDGDP)

nominal%change(vs2019)

2020

2021

2022

2019

1.5billion

963million

407million456million

-72%-69%

-34%

USD1.8trillion

USD0.7trillion

USD0.8trillionUSD1.3trillion

-62%

-59%

-34%

USD3.3trillion

USD2.5trillion

USD1.5trillionUSD1.7trillion

-24%

-54%-47%

2020,2021and2022

Combinedloss

(vs2019)

▼2.6billion

USD2.6trillion

USD4.2trillion

Source:WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)

¹Revenuesincludeinternationaltourismreceiptsandpassengertransportfares.²Inlocalcurrenciesandconstantprices.

DataasofJune2023

(TDGDPasofAugust2023)

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USD1.8trillioninexportrevenuesfrom

internationaltourismin2019,equivalentto28%oftheworld’stradeinservicesand7%ofoverallexportsofgoodsandservices.

Revenuesfromtourismrepresentover

50%oftotalexportsinsomesmallislanddevelopingstates(SIDS).

•

•

Tourisminpre-pandemictimes:

anengineofgrowthanddevelopment

Inthedecadesleadingupto2019,tourismsawcontinuedexpansionanddiversificationdespiteoccasionalshocks,tobecomeoneofthelargestandfastest-growingeconomicsectorsintheworld.

•

•

Rapidgrowthininternationaltouristarrivals

Average5%growthperyearbetween2009and2019,or64%onaggregate.

1.5billionarrivalsworldwideby2019,upfromnearly900millionin2009,followingadecadeofuninterruptedgrowth.

•

Majorsourceofforeignrevenuesfordevelopingcountries

Tourismisamajorsourceofforeign

revenuesandoftenthemainexportcategoryformanydevelopingcountries,especially

SIDS,creatingmuchneededemploymentandopportunitiesfordevelopment.

→Amajorexportcategoryandsourceofforeignexchange

Sustainsmillionsoflivelihoodsandsmallbusinesses

•Employmentandopportunitiesforwomenandyoungpeople.

•Womenmakeup54%ofthetourismworkforce1.

•About80%oftourismbusinessesare

micro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(MSMEs).

$

Akeyeconomicsector

•

TourismoutputamountedtoUSD3.5trillion

in2019,or4%ofworldGDP,measured

intourismdirectgrossdomesticproduct

(TDGDP).

1UNWTO(2019),GlobalReportonWomeninTourism–SecondEdition,UNWTO,Madrid.DOI:

/10.18111/9789284420384

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2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Globalecon.crisis(2009)

+USD51billion(-2%)1963

-3million(-0.4%)

SARS(2003)1031

638

559

456

2020:Theworstyearonrecordforglobaltourism

•Thismassivedeclinebyfarexceededthe4%dropduringtheglobaleconomiccrisisin2009andputthenumberofcross-bordertravellersatlevelsof30yearsago.

•Theworldfacedamajorhealth,socialand

economiccrisiswiththeCOVID-19pandemicin2020.

•StartinginMarch2020,thepandemiccausedanunprecedenteddisruptiontotourism,resultinginamassivedropininternationaltravelfollowingagloballockdownandplungeindemand,amidwidespreadtravelrestrictionsputinplaceto

containthespreadofthecoronavirus.

•Internationaltouristarrivals(overnightvisitors)plungedfrom1.5billionin2019to400million

in2020,a72%dropresultingin1billionfewer

internationaltouristsandmaking2020theworstyearonrecord.

•Internationaltourismreceiptsdropped63%

in2020whileexportrevenuesfromtourism

(includingpassengertransport)fell62%resultinginalossofUSD1.1trillion.

•Differentsortsoftravelrestrictionsincluding

borderclosure,quarantines,curfewsand

mandatorytestingwereimplementedbymost

destinations,severelydisruptingcross-border

mobilityintheabsenceofaCOVID-19vaccine.

Lackofcoordinationamongcountriesintermsofhealthsafetyprotocolsandrestrictionsaddedtotheuncertaintyandweakdemand.

•Tourismwasoneofthemostaffectedsectorsbythepandemic,withbusinesses,employmentandlivelihoodsaroundtheworldseverelyimpactedbythecrisis.

Figure2:Internationaltouristarrivalsandtourismreceipts,2000–2022

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

COVID-19(2020)

Int.touristarrivals(millions)

Int.tourismreceipts(USDbillions)

-1.1billion(-72%)

-USD930billion(-63%)1

1494

1465

-37million(-4%)

-USD78billion(-4%)1

407

Source:WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)

DataasofJune2023

¹Changeinrealterms(localcurrencies,constantprices)

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(monthlychange,%)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

+20

+10

+0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

6InternationalTourismHighlights–2023Edition

2021:Anotherchallengingyearfortourism

•Internationaltourismexperienceda12%increasein2021toreach456millionarrivals,49millionmorethanin2020,butstill69%lessthanthe

pre-pandemiclevelsof2019(1,465million).

•Exportrevenuesfrominternationaltourismalso

reboundedslightlyin2021toreachUSD761billion(+9%)butremained59%below2019levels.

•Afteraweakfirsthalfof2021whenmany

countriesintroducedstrictertravelrestrictions

duetheworseningofthepandemic,internationaltourismreboundedmoderatelyinthesecondhalf.Theupliftindemandwasdrivenbyincreased

travelerconfidenceamidrapidprogressof

vaccinationsandtheeasingofentryrestrictionsinmanydestinations,especiallyduringthesummerseasonintheNorthernHemisphere.

•Increasedcross-bordercoordinationandsafetyprotocolsreflectedininitiativessuchastheEUDigitalCOVIDCertificatehelpedtorestoresafetravelinsomepartsoftheworld.

•However,thepaceofrecoveryremainedslow

andunevenacrossworldregionsduetovaryingdegreesofmobilityrestrictions,vaccinationratesandtravelerconfidence.

•Despitetheeasingofrestrictionsandpent-up

demandfortravelduringtheNorthernHemispheresummerseason,thesurgeoftheOmicron

variantinlateNovemberweighedonconfidencelevelstowardstheendof2021andledtothe

re-introductionoftravelbansinmanycountries.Thiscameontopofachallengingeconomic

environmentduetothespikeinoilprices,risinginflationanddisruptioninsupplychains.

•Domestictravelreboundedfasterthaninternationaltourismandhelpedtherecoveryoftheoverall

tourismsector,especiallyinlargedomestic

markets2.However,itdidnotcompensateforthedropininternationaltourismindestinationsthatarelargelydependentoninternationaldemand.

Figure3:Internationaltouristarrivals(monthlychange,%)

2019

2020

+1

2021

(over2019)

+2+1+2+1

+2+2

+0.1

+6+5

+1+1

-0.3

-15

-65

-74

-77-77

-82

-86-85

-90-89-90

-54

-58-57-57-59

-62

-78

-87-86

-86-85-83

Source:WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)

DataasofJune2023

2UNWTO(2020),UNWTOBriefingNote–TourismandCOVID-19,Issue3.UnderstandingDomesticTourismandSeizingitsOpportunities,UNWTO,Madrid.DOI:

/10.18111/9789284422111

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(monthlychangeover2019,%)

InternationalTourismHighlights–2023Edition7

2022:Strongreboundbackedbyeasingofrestrictions

•Internationaltourismshowedresilience

throughout2022despitemajorheadwindssuchastheemergenceoftheOmicronvariantattheendof2021,theRussianinvasionofUkraineandachallengingeconomicenvironment,especiallyhighinflation.

•Some963milliontouriststravelledinternationallyin2022,morethandoublethosein2021,though34%fewerthanin2019,meaning66%of

pre-pandemicvisitorswererecovered.

•Thereboundwasdrivenbylargepent-updemandandtheliftingorrelaxationoftravelrestrictionsinalargenumberofcountries3.

•Internationaltourismreceiptsalsoreboundedstronglyin2022tohitUSD1.0trillion,a50%increaseover2021(realterms),though36%belowpre-pandemiclevels,accordingto

provisionaldata.

•Totalexportrevenuesfromtourism(whichincludepassengertransportfares)reachedUSD1.25

trillion,a52%increasefrom2021but34%below2019.

•Resultswereparticularlystrongduringthe

NorthernHemispheresummerseason,withmoremoderategrowthinthelastfewmonthsofthe

year.Thecontinuedimprovementinairtravelcontributedtothesepositiveresults.

Figure4:Internationaltouristarrivals(monthlychangeover2019,%)

+10 +0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90-100

2020

+1

2021

(over2019)

2022

(over2019)

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-15

-65

-74

-77-77

-82

-86-85

-90-89-90

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-54

-58-57-57-59

-62

-78

-83

-86-87-85-86

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-25-27-26-25-26-24

-33

-37

-43

-51

-57

-65

Source:WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)

DataasofJune2023

3Atotalof122destinationshadliftedallCOVID-19travelrestrictionsbyDecember2022,accordingtotheUNWTO/IATADestinationTravel–EasyTravelplatform,availableonlineat:

/tourism-data/unwto-iata-destination-tracker-easy-travel

[27-12-2022]

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8InternationalTourismHighlights–2023Edition

Photocredits:DariusKrause

Didyouknow?

150+

destinationsclosedbyMay2020

WhentheWorldHealth

Organization(WHO)

declaredthecoronavirus

outbreakapandemicon

11March2020,travelcametoapracticallycomplete

haltinAprilandMay2020.

Atotalof156destinations(75%ofworlddestinations)4,closedtheirbordersbyMay2020,representingover80%oftheworld’sinternationalarrivals.

Shareoftourismin

globalexportsfellfrom

7%to3%

Revenuesfrominternational

tourismaccountedfor7%

ofglobalexportsin2019.

Thepandemiccausedthat

proportiontodropto3%

in2020and2021,before

reboundingto4%in2022.

The2020lossin

tourismrevenueswas

11times

thatofthe2009

economiccrisis

TheUSD1.1trillionloss

inexportrevenuesfrom

tourismrepresents44%

ofthegloballossin

internationaltradein

2020.Itisalso11times

therevenuelossduringthe

2009globaleconomicand

financialcrisis(calculatedin

USdollars).

Theoveralllossintourism

revenuesfromthepandemic

wasUSD2.6trillion

between2020and2022.

4UNWTO(2023),TheEndofCOVID-19-relatedTravelRestrictions–SummaryoffindingsfromtheCOVID-19-relatedTravelRestrictionsreports,UNWTO,Madrid.

DOI:/10.18111/978

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Passengertransportfares

Internationaltourismreceipts

Exportrevenues

0.2

1.0

1.8

0.1

0.6

1.3

0.1

0.6

0.8

0.7

Economicimpactofthepandemic

USD2.6trillionlostintourismrevenuesin2020–2022

•Exportrevenuesfrominternationaltourism

(internationaltourismreceiptspluspassengertransportfares)5plungedfromUSD1.8trillionin2019to0.7trillionin2020,impactedbythepandemicandgloballockdowns,alossof

USD1.1trillion,or62%declineinrealterms(localcurrencies,constantprices).

•In2021revenuesfrominternationaltourismgrew9%toreachUSD761billionbutremained59%

below2019levels.

•Asmanydestinationsreopenedin2022,travel

reboundedandrevenuesclimbedtoUSD1.3

trillion,a52%increasefrom2021,thoughstill34%below2019levels.

•ThetotallossininternationaltourismrevenuesisestimatedatUSD2.6trillionfortheyears2020,2021and2022.Internationaltourismreceipts

(revenuesexcludingpassengertransportfares)followedasimilartrend,droppingfrom

USD1.5trillionin2019toUSD0.6trillionin2020,a63%decline.Receiptsremained59%below

pre-pandemiclevelsin2021,and36%in2022.

Figure5:Exportrevenuesfrominternationaltourism(USDtrillions)*

0.3

1.5

2019202020212022

Source:WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)

DataasofJune2023

*Revenuesconsistofinternationaltourismreceiptsandpassengertransportfares.Figuresarerounded.

5Thesecorrespondtothe‘travel’and‘passengertransport’itemsintheBalanceofPayments.

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(%change)

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

+10

+9

+7

+6+6

+5

+5

+5

+5

+2+3

+3+3

+3

+1

202020212022

Shareofinternationaltourismdroppedfrom7%to3%ofglobalexports

•

•

Followingtheplungeininternationaltravel,theshareoftourisminglobalexportsofgoodsandservicesdroppedfrom7%in2019to3%inboth2020and

2021,beforereboundingmodestlyto4%in2022(calculatedinUSdollars).

Theweightoftourisminserviceexportsalso

declined,from28%in2019to13%in2020and12%in2021,beforeclimbingto17%in2022withthe

resumptionofinternationaltravel.

•

Thisisexplainedbythelargerdropsintourismrevenues(-62%and-59%in2020and2021)

comparedtotradeinservices,whichfell18%and

3%respectively(versus2019).Tourismrevenuesin2022remained34%belowpre-pandemiclevelswhileoverallservicesgrew14%abovethoselevels.

Figure6:Internationaltourismandworldservicesexports(%change)*

+14

2016201720182019

-3

-18

-34

Servicesexports(nominal%change)

Exportrevenuesfrominternationaltourism(real%change)

-59

-62

201220132014

2015

-5

%changeover2019

Source:WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)

DataasofJune2023

*Internationaltourismconsistsofinternationaltourismreceiptsandpassengertransportfares.ChangecalculatedinUSdollars.

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Tourismfellfrom3rdto9thplaceasaglobalexportcategory

•Tourismwastheworld’s3rdlargestexportcategoryin2019,afterFuelsandChemicals,butdroppedto9thplacein2021duetotheplungeinrevenues,

behindComputerandofficeequipment(8th),

Textilesandclothing(7th)andothercategories.(Datafor2022isstillunavailable).

Averagespendingpertripincreasedduringthecrisis

•Despitethelossinearnings,averagespending

pertrip(internationalreceiptsperarrival)actuallyincreasedduringthepandemic,fromabout

USD1,000in2019,toUSD1,375in2020and

USD1,400in2021,partlyduetolongerperiodsof

stayandthewillingnessbytravelerstospendmoreintheirdestination.In2021itwasalsotheresultofinflation.

•In2022spendingpertripfellbacktoUSD1,100,withtherelativenormalizationoftravel,whichishigherthanthepre-pandemicratioofUSD1,000,but4%

lowerinrealtermsduetotheeffectofinflation.

Figure7:Top10exportcategoriesbyearnings(USDtrillions)

2021

2019

Fuels

Chemicals

Internationaltourism

FoodAutomotiveproducts

Textilesandclothing

Miningproducts*

Integratedcircuitsandelectroniccomponents

Computerandofficeequipment

Transportequipment

2.4

2.2

1.8

Chemicals

Fuels

Food

2.8

2.5

1.8

1.5

1.5

Automotiveproducts

Miningproducts*

Integratedcircuitsandelectroniccomponents

Textilesandclothing

Computerandofficeequipment

Internationaltourism

Telecommsequipment

1.5

1.1

0.80.70.7

0.7

0.7

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

Source:WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)

DataasofJune2023

*Otherthanfuels

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1.5

1.0

0.5

Totalloss

-2.6

Int.tourismrevenues(USDtrillions)

LossofUSD4.2trillionintourismdirectGDPfromthepandemic

•ThedirectcontributionoftourismtoglobalGDP

fellfromUSD3.3trillionin2019toUSD1.5trillionin2020andUSD1.7trillionin2021.TourismdirectGDP(TDGDP)thenreboundedtoUSD2.5trillionin2022accordingtopreliminaryestimates6.

•TheCOVID-19pandemiccausedthelargestlossintourismrevenuesandeconomicoutputinrecordedhistory,impactingmillionsofjobs,smallbusinessesandlivelihoodsalloverworld,particularlyin

emergingeconomydestinationssuchassmallislanddevelopingstates(SIDS)8wheretourismismorelabourintensiveandamajorpartofthebalanceofpayments.

•ThetotallossinTDGDPfortheyears2020,2021

•

Anestimated100milliondirecttourismjobswereputatriskorlostduringthepandemic,manyof

theminmicro,smallandmediumsizedenterprises(MSMEs)whichemployahighshareofwomenandyoungpeople.

and2022wasUSD4.2trillion(basedonprovisional

data),roughlythevalueofGermany’seconomyin

20217.

Figure8:Internationaltouristarrivals,tourismrevenuesandtourismdirectGDP

2018

2019202020212022

2.0

1.5

1.4

1.5

Totalloss-2.6

Int.touristarrivals(billions)

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.0

1.71.8

2.0

1.3

0.8

0.7

0.0

3.33.3

3.5

3.0

Totalloss-4.2

2.5

2.5

TourismdirectGDP(USDtrillions)*

2.0

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

DataasofJune2023(TDGDPasofAugust2023)

Source:WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)

*TourismdirectGDPdatafor2022ispreliminary

6Basedonthemodellingworkin:UNWTO(2021),TheEconomicContributionofTourismandtheImpactofCOVID-19,UNWTO,Madrid,DOI:

/10.18111/9789284423200

7Germany’sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)wasUSD4.26trillionin2021accordingtoIMF’sOctober2022WorldEconomicOutlook(WEO).

/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2022/10/11/world-economic-outlook-october-2022

8UNWTO(2020),UNWTOBriefingNote–TourismandCOVID-19,Issue2.TourisminSIDS–ThechallengeofsustaininglivelihoodsintimesofCOVID-19,UNWTO,Madrid,DOI:

/10.18111/9789284

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2020

2021

2022

2020

2021

2022

2020

2021

2022

2020

2021

2022

2020

2021

2022

2020

2021

2022

Regionalresults

EuropeandtheAmericassawthestrongestreboundin2021

Allregionssufferedmassivedeclinesinarrivals

in2020

•AsiaandthePacific,thefirstregiontosuffertheimpactofthepandemicandtheonewiththe

strongesttravelrestrictionsinplacesuffered

thelargestdeclineinrelativeterms,withan84%decreaseininternationalarrivalsin2020.Theregionsawabout300millionfewerarrivalsthanin2019.

•Europerecordeda68%decreaseinarrivalsin

2020,despiteasmallandshort-livedrevivalinthesummerof2020.Theregionsufferedthelargestdropinabsoluteterms,withover500fewer

internationaltouristsin2020.

•ArrivalsintheAmericasdeclinedby68%,representing150millionfewerinternationaltourists.InboththeMiddleEastandAfricaarrivalsfellby73%.

•Allworldsubregionssawdropsof70%to90%inarrivals,withtheexceptionofWesternEurope,NorthAmericaandtheCaribbean,wherearrivalsfelllessthan70%in2020.

•In2021,EuropeandtheAmericasrecordedthe

bestresultsbyregioncomparedto2020,with

arrivalsup27%and17%respectively,thoughtheyremained59%and63%below2019levels.

•Africasawa5%increasein2021comparedto2020,thougharrivalsremained72%below2019levels.IntheMiddleEastarrivalsdeclined26%comparedto2020and66%over2019.

•InAsiaandthePacific,arrivalsdropped58%from2020levelsand93%whencomparedtopre-

pandemicvalues,asmanydestinationsremainedclosedtonon-essentialtravel.

•Bysubregion,theCaribbeansawthebest

performancein2021,withinternationalarrivalsup40%over2020,though45%below2019,

withsomeislanddestinationscomingclose

to,orexceedingpre-pandemiclevels.Southern

MediterraneanEuropeandCentralAmericaalsoenjoyedasignificantrebound.

Figure9:Internationaltouristarrivals(%changeover2019)

World

Europe

Americas

Asia

Pacific

Africa

Middle

East

-10%

-20%

-29%

-33%

-34%

-63%-68%

-66%

-73%

-69%-72%

-59%

-68%

-72%-73%

-72%

-84%

-93%

Source:WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)

DataasofJune2023

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