Unit1ScienceandScientists高二英语阅读提升（人教版选择性）

Unit1ScienceandScientists单元核心脉络图单元核心脉络图必备知识必备知识核心词汇：1.proofn.证据；证明；检验2.householdn.一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人3.multipleadj.数量多的；多种多样的4.statisticn.[pl.]统计数字；统计资料；统计学5.transformvt.&vi.使改观；使改变形态；改变；转变6.microscopen.显微镜7.abstractadj.抽象的；理性的n.(文献等的)摘要8.initialadj.最初的；开始的；第一的9.proteinn.蛋白质10.conceptn.概念；观念11.astronomern.天文学家12.telescopen.望远镜13.shiftn.改变；转换；轮班vi.&vt.转移；挪动；转向14.vividadj.生动的；鲜明的；丰富的15.virusn.病毒核心语法：表语从句语篇：记叙文表达：熟悉记叙文语篇的特点和组织结构，能够就英语学习问题和方法运用跟主题意义有关的词汇和句式记叙一件事或者一个人。关键能力 关键能力1.以约翰斯诺战胜霍乱的事件和他的优秀品质为依据，举行（模拟）答记者问。2.总结优秀的科学家精神，即不仅要有科学的方法，还要有爱心和社会担当。学科素养通过阅读学科素养理解质疑精神在科学研究中的重要作用，思考科学研究对人类的影响。在模拟组织答记者问得活动中，总结杰出科学家的优秀品质，达到对科学精神的深层理解。核心价值核心价值学生通过本文的学习，体会到英国医生约翰斯诺在霍乱防治邻域的突出贡献和他作为杰出科学家正直的品质和严谨的态度。学会批判性思考，形成自己的观点和看法。坚定文化信念。单元主题导入单元主题导入引言解读Everygreatachievementofscience，areboldfantasyasthestartingpoint。释义:科学的每一项巨大成就，都是以大胆的幻想为出发点的。——杜威启示:必须敢于想象才能在科学方面获得成就。名言名句积累名言名句积累1、追求科学需要特殊的勇敢。——伽利略Thepursuitofscienceneedsspecialcourage。2、运动是一切生命的源泉。——达·芬奇Sportisthesourceofalllife。3、真理可能在少数人一边。——柏拉图Truthmaybeinthesideofafewpeople。4、惊奇就是科学的种子。——爱迪生Surpriseistheseedofscience。5、只有顺从自然，才能驾驭自然。——培根Onlyobeynatural，cancontrolthenature。6、人就像一粒种子，各方面都要健康。——袁隆平Manislikeaseed，variousaspectsarehealthy。7、科学是永无止境的，它是一个永恒之谜。——爱因斯坦Scienceisendless，itisaneternalmystery。8、一旦科学插上幻想的翅膀，它就能赢得胜利。——法拉第Oncethesciencewithwingsoffantasy，itcanwin。9、对搞科学的人来说，勤奋就是成功之母。——茅以升Tomakescientific，diligenceisthemotherofsuccess。10、科学是使人精神变得勇敢的最好途径。——布鲁诺Scienceisthebestwaytomakethepersonspirittobeeso。主题语篇探究主题语篇探究单元主题探究单元主题探究在“人与社会”的主题下,本单元主题介绍科学家英国医生约翰斯诺由霍乱的成因中发现问题、提出假设，选择调查方法、收集和分析数据、寻找支持证据，直到最后得出结论并提出解决方案的整个过程。语篇品读JOHNSNOWDEFEATSKING“CHOLERACholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovere.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobeeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforallIngeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37.38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9Cambridgestreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.WhatismoreinanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwaterpaniesinLondon.SomepaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.ThroughSnow'stirelessefforts,waterpaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,weknowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientiststudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofepidemiology全文翻译”约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱”霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到一位英国医生约翰·斯诺向我们展示了如何才能战胜霍乱。这种疾病会导致严重腹泻、脱水，甚至死亡。19世纪初，欧洲爆发霍乱，数百万人死于霍乱。作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。很快，他成为了一位著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。然而，他从未失去彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。一般来说，当时的医生有两种相互矛盾的理论来解释霍乱是如何传播的。一种理论认为是空气不好导致了这种疾病。另一种说法是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种理论。这是对的，但他还需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦爆发霍乱时，斯诺开始进行调查。他发现有两条街道的霍乱疫情非常严重，十天内有500多人死亡。他决心找出原因。下雪的开始是在地图上标出所有死去的人居住过的确切地点。BroadStreet的水泵附近有多人死亡（尤其是16号、号和40号房子）。但是，有些家庭（如20和21BroadStreet，8和9Cambridge没有死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。他们得到了免费啤酒，所以没有喝水泵里的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵造成的。更糟糕的是，在伦敦的另一个地方，一名妇女和她的女儿在离开布罗德街后死于霍乱。这个女人似乎非常喜欢水泵里的水，所以她每天都要把水送到她家里。作为这一证据的结果，约翰斯诺能够宣布水泵的水携带霍乱病菌。因此，他把泵的手柄取下，使其无法使用。通过这一干预措施，疾病得以遏制。事实是，街上水泵的水已经被垃圾污染了，而且，斯诺后来发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售被未经处理的废水污染的泰晤士河的水。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更容易得霍乱。通过斯诺的不懈努力，自来水公司开始销售清洁水，全球霍乱的威胁也大幅减少。然而，霍乱仍然是一个问题。每年，全世界有数百万人感染霍乱，许多人死于霍乱。幸运的是，多亏了约翰·斯诺的工作，我们知道如何预防霍乱。此外，斯诺在使用地图和统计学的过程中，改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被认为是流行病学之父.词块积累cholera/ˈkɒlərə/n.霍乱severe/sɪˈvɪə(r)/adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的diarrhoea/ˌdaɪəˈrɪə/n.腹泻dehydration/diːhaɪˈdreɪʃn/n.脱水frustrated/frʌˈstreɪtɪd/adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的onceandforall最终地；彻底地contradictory/ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri/adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的infection/ɪnˈfekʃn/n.感染；传染infect/ɪnˈfekt/vt.使感染；传染germ/dʒɜːm/微生物；细菌；病菌subscribe/səbˈskraɪb/vi.认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费）subscribeto同意；赞同proof/pruːf/n.证据；证明；检验multiple/ˈmʌltɪpl/adj.数量多的；多种多样的题源题源研读拓展语篇品读s://uww,wikihow.（高考题源报刊）COVID19ChangedHowtheWorldDoesScience,TogetherByMattApuzzoandDavidD.KirkpatrickWhilepoliticalleadershavelockedtheirborders,scientistshavebeenshatteringtheirs,creatingaglobalcollaborationunlikeanyinhistory.Neverbefore,researcherssay,havesomanyexpertsinsomanycountriesfocusedsimultaneouslyonasingletopicandwithsuchurgency.Nearlyallotherresearchhasgroundtoahalt.Normalimperativeslikeacademiccredithavebeensetaside.Onlinerepositoriesmakestudiesavailablemonthsaheadofjournals.Researchershaveidentifiedandsharedhundredsofviralgenomesequences.Morethan200clinicaltrialshavebeenlaunched,bringingtogetherhospitalsandlaboratoriesaroundtheglobe.Onarecentmorning,forexample,scientistsattheUniversityofPittsburghdiscoveredthataferretexposedtoCovid19particleshaddevelopedahighfever—apotentialadvancetowardanimalvaccinetesting.Underordinarycircumstances,theywouldhavestartedworkonanacademicjournalarticle.“Butyouknowwhat?Thereisgoingtobeplentyoftimetogetpaperspublished,”saidPaulDuprex,avirologistleadingtheuniversity’svaccineresearch.Withintwohours,hesaid,hehadsharedthefindingswithscientistsaroundtheworldonaWHOconferencecall.“Itisprettycool,right?Youcutthecrap,forlackofabetterword,andyougettobepartofaglobalenterprise.”全文翻译新冠病毒改变世界科研，科学家同舟共济当下，一些国家的政治领导人已宣布“锁国”，而与此同时，科学家们正打破他们之间的科研边界，形成了一股前所未有的全球合作态势。研究人员表示，从来没有像现在这样，有这么多国家的专家们如此迫切地同时专注一个课题。几乎所有其他研究都暂停了。如学术成就等往常重要的事情已被搁置一旁。在线信息库让研究论文提前于期刊数月便可供查阅。研究人员已经鉴定并共享了数百个病毒基因组序列。200多项临床试验业已启动，将全球各地的医院和实验室联结在了一起。比如，在最近的一个早晨，匹兹堡大学的科学家们发现，一只暴露在新冠病毒颗粒环境中的雪貂出现了高烧症状——这可能是动物疫苗试验的一个进展。通常情况下，他们会开始撰写学术期刊文章。“但是你知道吗？以后有的是时间发表论文，”在该大学领导这一疫苗研究项目的病毒学家保罗·杜普瑞斯说道。他表示，两个小时之内，他就在世界卫生组织的会议上与世界各地的科学家们分享了前述发现。“这件事很酷，对吧？你无需废话，我也找不到更好的词了，就能参与到一项全球事业中。”词块积累1.lock[lɒk]vt.上锁，封闭n.锁2.shatter[ˈʃætə]vt.打破；彻底毁坏，破灭3.collaboration[kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən]n.合作，协作4.simultaneously[ˌsɪməlˈteɪniəsli]adv.同时5.urgency[ˈɜːdʒənsi]n.紧迫，急迫6.imperative[ɪmˈperətɪv]n.重要、紧急的事7.repository[rɪˈpɒzɪt(ə)ri]n.存放库，仓库8.launch[lɔːntʃ]vt.启动9.ferret[ˈferɪt]n.雪貂10.particle[ˈpɑːtɪkəl]n.微小的颗粒11.potential[pəˈtenʃəl]adj.可能的，潜在的12.circumstance[ˈsɜːkəmstɑːns]n.情形13.virologist[vaɪəˈrɒlədʒist]n.病毒学家14.enterprise[ˈentəpraɪz]n.大型的、复杂的项目；语篇拓展阅读语篇拓展阅读Passage1主题语境主题群话题推荐指数人与社会科学技术作为学生应该了解并跟上人工智能发展的一些相关信息。★★★★Duringthepastdecade,artificialintelligencehasbeenrapidlyevolvingandchangingourdailylives.FromvirtualpersonalassistantslikeSiriandAlexatoselfdrivingcars,AIhasnotonlyimprovedourefficiencybutalsocreatednewindustriesandnewpossibilities.Asstudents,it’scriticaltounderstandandkeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentsinartificialintelligence.Let’stakeacloserlook.AIisdefinedastheabilityofmachinestoperformtasksthattypicallyrequirehumanintelligence,suchasvisualperception,speechrecognition,decisionmaking,andlanguagetranslation.Thankstorapidimprovementsinputerhardwareandsoftware,AIhasbeenwidelyappliedtoavarietyofindustries,includinghealthcare,finance,transportation,andeducation.Forexample,AIpoweredmedicaldevicescandetectillnessesandprovidepersonalizedtreatmentremendations.AIalgorithmscanalsohelpfinancialinstitutionstodetectfraudandimproveinvestingdecisions.However,AIisnotwithoutitschallenges.OneoftheprimaryconcernsistheimpactofAIonemployment.AsAIcontinuestoreplacehumanworkers,manyarguethatitcouldleadtojobdisplacementandineinequality.Additionally,therearegrowingconcernsabouttheethicalimplicationsofAI.Forexample,AIalgorithmscouldreinforcesocietalbiasesorbeusedinmaliciousways,suchascybercrimeorwarfare.HowcanweensurethatAIisbeingdevelopedandusedethically?OnesolutionistopromotecollaborativeeffortsbetweenAIdevelopers,policymakers,andthegeneralpublic.TransparencyandopennessinAIdevelopmentcouldhelptomitigatepotentialbiasesandensurethatAIalgorithmsarebeingdevelopedinlinewithsocialvalues.TheriseofAIhasthepotentialforbothpositivesandnegatives.It’scriticalforstudentstostayinformedandcontributetotheconversationontheethicaldevelopmentandusageofAI.1．WhichofthefollowingindustrieshaveundergoneasignificanttransformationthankstotheswiftandpotentadvancementofAI?A．PredominantlythetransportationandtechnologiessectorB．SolelythefinancialsectorandthemedicalfieldC．TheconstructionandhospitalityindustryD．Theautomobileandfashionindustry2．Whatistheparamountapprehensionregardingtheproliferationofartificialintelligence?A．thepotentialimpactofAIontheenvironmentB．thepotentialimpactonthegenerallabormarketandineinequalityC．AIpromisingnationalsecuritymeasuresD．theeffectsofAIonpublichealthcare3．Artificialintelligenceisbestdefinedaswhichofthefollowing?A．Thecapabilityofmachinestoperformtasksthatrequirerobustmanuallabor.B．Thecapabilityofmachinestoperformcreativetasks.C．Thecapabilityofmachinestoperformefficientteamwork.D．Thecapabilityofmachinestoprocessandanalyzedatainordertogeneratepredictionsanddecisions.【答案】1．A2．B3．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是作为学生应该了解并跟上人工智能发展的一些相关信息。1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thankstorapidimprovementsinputerhardwareandsoftware,AIhasbeenwidelyappliedtoavarietyofindustries,includinghealthcare,finance,transportation,andeducation.Forexample,AIpoweredmedicaldevicescandetectillnessesandprovidepersonalizedtreatmentremendations.(随着计算机硬件和软件的快速发展，人工智能已广泛应用于医疗、金融、交通、教育等多个行业。例如，人工智能医疗设备可以检测疾病并提供个性化治疗建议。)”可知，人工智能在交通以及医疗、教育等方面取得了重大的转变，医疗、教育等行业属于技术部门，由此可知，人工智能主要在交通以及技术领域取得了重大的转变。故选A项。2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“OneoftheprimaryconcernsistheimpactofAIonemployment.AsAIcontinuestoreplacehumanworkers,manyarguethatitcouldleadtojobdisplacementandineinequality.(其中一个主要问题是人工智能对就业的影响。随着人工智能继续取代人类工人，许多人认为它可能会导致工作转移和收入不平等。)”可知，人工智能的扩散会导致人工智能继续取代人类劳动力，从而会导致工作转移和收入不平等问题，由此可知，人工智能的扩散可能会影响一般劳动力市场和收入不平等。故选B项。3．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“AIisdefinedastheabilityofmachinestoperformtasksthattypicallyrequirehumanintelligence,suchasvisualperception,speechrecognition,decisionmaking,andlanguagetranslation.(人工智能被定义为机器执行通常需要人类智能的任务的能力，如视觉感知、语音识别、决策和语言翻译。)”以及“AIalgorithmscanalsohelpfinancialinstitutionstodetectfraudandimproveinvestingdecisions.(人工智能算法还可以帮助金融机构发现欺诈行为，并改善投资决策。)”可知，人工智能定义为需要人类智能完成任务的机器能力，它能够帮助做出预测和改善投资决策，由此可知，人工智能最佳的定义为一种机器处理和分析数据以产生预测和决策的能力。故选D项。Passage2主题语境主题群话题推荐指数人与社会科学精神作者通过上即兴交流课，学会了“yes,and”方法，让自己更善于倾听，并给自己的科学研究带来了好处。★★★Learningtosay“yes,and”WhenIfirstheardabouttheimprovisation(即兴交流．,soitseemedlikeaperfectchancetolearnhowtospeakandmunicatewithotherseffectively.Isignedup,knowingtheexperiencewouldgivemehelp.Duringourfirstclass,welearnedanimportantconceptofimprovisation:“yes,and.”Itmeansthat,asimprovisers,we’dbetteracceptwhatfellowperformerssay.Ifsomeonesaysthatrhinos(犀牛)arelibrarians,forexample,thenrhinosarelibrarians.Wedonotquestionthelogic;wesay“yes”andthencontinuewiththesceneasifnothingiswrong.Thefirstfewsceneswerehard,butasweeksturnedintomonths,Ibecamemorefortableandevenstartedtoenjoyourclasses.Ibecamebetteratlistening,relatingtomyconversationpartners,andmunicatingclearlyinthemoment.OncewhenIwasgivingapresentationaboutmyscience,anaudiencemembersurprisedmewithaquestionthatdidn’tgrowoutoftheinformationI’dpresented.Insteadofgettingconfusedandnervous,Itookthe“yes,and”approach—acceptingthequestionandlettingmymindfocusonwhyitwasasked.Thathelpedmefindanappropriateanswer.Igotprettyexcitedaboutit.Thebenefitsofimprovisationgobeyondmunication.Beforeattendingtheclass,Iwouldgetstuckwhenmyexperimentsproducedunexpecteddata,thinkingthatIhadmadeamistake.Butnow,insteadofgettingdiscouraged,Iwillstayopentothepossibilitythattheresultsarereal,keepexploringthedataandendupidentifyinganewtypeofcell—onethatisn’tbehavingasexpected.Ithinkallscientistscanbenefitfromthislesson.Ifthedatasayrhinosarelibrarians,thenit’sworthfindingoutwhetherrhinosare,infact,librarians.Asscientists,ourjobisn’ttochallengedatathatsupport,apreconceivedstory,buttosay“yes,and.”4．Whydidtheauthorattendtheimprovisationclass?A．Togetadifferentexperience.B．．atuniversity.C．Togiveupherjobasasciencemunicator.D．Toimproveherspeakingandmunicatingability.5．Whatwastheauthor’schangeafterattendingtheimprovisationclass?A．Sheformedherownideaquickly.B．Shecameupwithlotsofcreativeresponses.C．Shepaidmoreattentiontothelogicofanswers.D．Shebecameagoodlistenerbeforegivinganopinion.6．Theauthormentionsapplyingthe“yes,and”approachtoherscientificexperimentsto________.A．explaintheprocessofusingthemethodB．provethebenefitsoftheimprovisationclassC．shareherownresearchexperienceswithreadersD．attractfellowscientiststoattendtheimprovisationclass7．Whatcanbeinferredaboutscientistsfromthelastparagraph?A．Theyshouldattendtheimprovisationclass.B．Theyshouldquestionallpreconceivedideas.C．Theyshouldcarryonresearchbyadmittingearlierdata.D．Theyshouldtrytoimprovetheiracademicknowledge.【答案】4．D5．D6．B7．C【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍了作者通过上即兴交流课，学会了“yes,and”方法，让自己更善于倾听，并给自己的科学研究带来了好处。4．细节理解题。根据第一段关键句“Asaquietandshygirl,Ifearedimprovisinginfrontofstrangers.However,IknewIwantedtoworkasasciencemunicatorafterfinishingmyPh.D.,soitseemedlikeaperfectchancetolearnhowtospeakandmunicatewithotherseffectively.Isignedup,knowingtheexperiencewouldgivemehelp.”（作为一个安静害羞的女孩，我害怕在陌生人面前即兴交流。然而，我知道我想在完成博士学位后成为一名科学交流者，因此，这似乎是一个学习如何有效地与他人交谈和沟通的绝佳机会。我报名了，因为我知道这段经历会给我帮助）可知，因为作者打算的完成博士学位后成为一名科学交流者，需要提高与他人交谈和沟通的能力，但她一个安静害羞的女孩，她参加即兴交流课是想要提高自己的交谈和沟通的能力，由此可知，作者参加即兴交流课是为了提高她的交谈和沟通能力。故选D项。5．细节理解题。根据第三段关键句“Thefirstfewsceneswerehard,butasweeksturnedintomonths,Ibecamemorefortableandevenstartedtoenjoyourclasses.Ibecamebetteratlistening,relatingtomyconversationpartners,andmunicatingclearlyinthemoment.”（最初的几个场景很难，但随着上了几个月课后，我变得更舒服了，甚至开始享受我们的课程。我变得更善于倾听，更善于与我的谈话伙伴交流，也更善于在这一刻清晰地沟通）可知，在上了几周课后，作者变得更善于倾听，更善于与谈话伙伴交流，也更善于清晰地沟通，由此可知，作者参加即兴交流课后的变化是：在发表意见之前，她成了一个很好的倾听者。故选D项。6．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段关键句“Beforeattendingtheclass,Iwouldgetstuckwhenmyexperimentsproducedunexpecteddata,thinkingthatIhadmadeamistake.Butnow,insteadofgettingdiscouraged,Iwillstayopentothepossibilitythattheresultsarereal,keepexploringthedataandendupidentifyinganewtypeofcell—onethatisn’tbehavingasexpected.”（在上课之前，当我的实验产生意想不到的数据时，我会被卡住，觉得自己犯了一个错误。但是现在，我不会灰心，而是会对结果是真实的可能性保持开放态度，继续探索数据，最终发现一种新类型的细胞——一种不符合预期的细胞）和最后一段关键句“Ithinkallscientistscanbenefitfromthislesson.”（我认为所有的科学家都能从这个课中受益）可知，运用了“yes,and”方法，让作者在进行科学实验的过程中受益，她会对意想不到的结果持开放态度，继续研究，最终有了意想不到的科学发现，她认为所有的科学家都能从这个课中受益，由此可知，作者提到在她的科学实验中运用“yes,and”的方法是为了证明即兴交流课的好处。故选B项。7．推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“Ifthedatasayrhinosarelibrarians,thenit’sworthfindingoutwhetherrhinosare,infact,librarians.Asscientists,ourjobisn’ttochallengedatathatsupport,apreconceivedstory,buttosay“yes,and.””（如果数据显示犀牛是图书管理员，那么就有必要了解犀牛是否是图书管理员。作为科学家，我们的工作不是去挑战支持一个事先形成的描述的数据，而是说“yes,and”）可知，作者认为面对之前的科学数据，我们的工作并不是去挑战它，而是要接受它，并继续研究，探索真伪，由此可知，从最后一段可以推断出科学家应该通过接受早期数据进行研究。故选C项。Passage3主题语境主题群话题推荐指数人与社会科学精神论述了毫不费力的思考的危害以及当代世界迫切需要批判性思维这一话题。★★★★InaclassicepisodeofTheSimpsons,Homer’sclassreunionendsinshamewhenoneofHomer’sguiltysecretsisexposed:henevergraduatedfromhighschool.Togethisdiploma,hemustpassasciencetest.Ashesitsdowntoretaketheexam,heholdsoneofhistrademarkdialogueswithhisbrain.“Allright,brain.Youdon’tlikemeandIdon’tlikeyou.Butlet’sjustdothisandIcangetbacktokillingyouwithbeer.”Manyatruewordisspokenasajoke.HomerSimpson’sEverymancharacterreallyisanEveryman.Formostpeople,engaginginthekindofeffortfulthinkingthatisrequiredtopassasciencetestfeelstoomuchlikehardwork.Itissomucheasiertoquitandletthebrain’sautopilottakeover.Andnowonder.Evolutionhasblessedthehumanbrainwithallkindsofmentalshortcutsthatmakelifemanageable.Ifwehadtothinkabouteveryactionorweighupeverydecision,wewouldbreakdown.Asaresult,certainideasandmodesofthinkingenaturallytous,suchaseffortlessthinking.Butathugecost.Ourmentalshortcutsworkfineatthelevelofindividualsandsmallscalesocieties,butinanincreasinglyinterconnectedandglobalizedworld,theyareadangertosociety.Effortlessthinkingisattherootofmanyofthemodernworld’smostseriousproblems:terrorism,hatred,inequalityandreligiousextremism.Allarecausedbypeopledisengagingtheircriticalthinkingandgoingwiththeirgut(非理性的)feeling.Everybodyiscapableofgutfeeling,butalsoofthecriticalthinking.Boththinkingstylesareneededtomaketheworldgoround.Unfortunately,thelatterrequirestrainingthatisunavailableorunappealingtomanypeople.Oneofthebrightspotsin2017wasthestartofamovementcalledtheMarchForScience.Thosewhobelieveinthepowerofscienceneedtokeeponmarching,orgivemorepowertopeoplewhodon’tmuchliketheirownbrains—orotherpeople’s.8．WhatdoestheauthorwanttoconveythroughHomer’sstory?A．Feelingisveryimportant.B．Drinkingbeerisharmfultoone’sbrain.C．Highschoolseniorsshouldworkhard.D．MostpeoplehateeffortfulthinkinglikeHomer.9．Howdoyoureadbetweenthelinesoftheunderlinedsentenceaccordingtothepassage?A．Mostpeoplewouldrathertelljokesthantellthetruth.B．Mostpeopledon’twanttotoilthroughscientifictests.C．Mostpeoplewouldlovetohavetheirbrainscontrolledbyapilot.D．MostpeoplelikeSimpson’sordinarycharacterarewillingtothinksimple.10．Whatisthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?A．Ourmentalshortcutsfunctionwell.B．Effortlessthinkingisexpensiveforpeople.C．Effortlessthinkingisdangeroustosociety.D．Peopleprefereffortlessthinkingtocriticalthinking.11．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofcriticalthinking?A．Itmakestheworldgoround.B．Itneedsnecessarytraining.C．Itworksfineatthelevelofpersonalaffairs.D．ItleadstotheMarchForSciencein2017.12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．CriticalThinkingIsUrgentlyNeededB．EffortlessThinkingIsOutofDateC．WeNeedtoMarchTowardsScienceD．ThinkingContributestoSocialProblems【答案】8．D9．D10．C11．B12．A【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章以电影《辛普森一家人》中荷马失败的同学会开始，揭露出大部分人不喜欢进行需要花费努力的批判性思维，论述了毫不费力的思考的危害以及当代世界迫切需要批判性思维这一话题。8．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“HomerSimpson’sEverymancharacterreallyisanEveryman.Formostpeople,engaginginthekindofeffortfulthinkingthatisrequiredtopassasciencetestfeelstoomuchlikehardwork.(荷马·辛普森饰演的普通人真的是普通人。对大多数人来说，为了通过科学考试而进行的那种费力的思考感觉太辛苦了)”可推知，作者想通过荷马的故事说明大多数人像荷马一样讨厌像费力的思考。故选D项。9．词句猜测题。根据第二段中画线句下文的“Formostpeople,engaginginthekindofeffortfulthinkingthatisrequiredtopassasciencetestfeelstoomuchlikehardwork.对大多数人来说，从事那种通过科学考试所需的轻松思考，感觉太像是艰苦的工作)”可推知，划线句子想要表达的意思是荷马·辛普森饰演的普通人真的与普通人十分相似，即大多数像辛普森一样平凡的人都愿意简单地思考。故选D项。10．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“Butathugecost.Ourmentalshortcutsworkfineatthelevelofindividualsandsmallscalesocieties,butinanincreasinglyinterconnectedandglobalizedworld,theyareadangertosociety.Effortlessthinkingisattherootofmanyofthemodernworld’smostseriousproblems:terrorism,hatred,inequalityandreligiousextremism.(但代价是巨大的。我们的思维捷径在个人和小规模社会的水平上运行良好，但在一个日益相互联系和全球化的世界中，它们对社会是一种危险。毫不费力的思考是当今世界许多最严重问题的根源：恐怖主义、仇恨、不平等和宗教极端主义)”可知，第四段主要是关于毫不费力的思考对社会是危险的。故选C项。11．推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句话“Unfortunately,thelatterrequirestrainingthatisunavailableorunappealingtomanypeople.(不幸的是，后者需要的培训对许多人来说是不可能或没有吸引力的)”可推知，作者认为批判性思维需要进行一些必要的培训。故选B项。12．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“Formostpeople,engaginginthekindofeffortfulthinkingthatisrequiredtopassasciencetestfeelstoomuchlikehardwork.(对大多数人来说，从事那种通过科学考试所需的轻松思考，感觉太像是艰苦的工作)”及第四段中的“Effortlessthinkingisattherootofmanyofthemodernworld’smostseriousproblems:terrorism,hatred,inequalityandreligiousextremism.(毫不费力的思考是当今世界许多最严重问题的根源：恐怖主义、仇恨、不平等和宗教极端主义)”可知，本文主要介绍了现在多数人不喜欢批判性思维，即理性思维，而当今世界一些严重问题的根源在于人们缺乏理性思维。由此可知，A项“CriticalThinkingIsUrgentlyNeeded(批判性思维迫切被需要)”适合作文章最佳标题。故选A项。教材语篇研读教材语篇研读I.教材语篇梳理THEFRESHMANCHALLENGEWhatisthetexttypeofthepassage?narrationMainideaofeachparagraphParagraph1:WhatisKingCholera? WhoisJohnSnow?Paragraph2&3:HowdidJohnSnowdefeatKingCholera?Paragraph4:What'sthetruthofKingCholera?Paragraph5:WhatarethecontributionsandsignificanceofJohnSnow'swork?MainideaofthetextThetextismainlyaboutJohnSnowand____how__hedefeatsKingCholeraII.课文语法填空JohnSnowwasapioneerintheuseofmapsandstatisticswhen1.（study）cholera.Snowbegantheinvestigationbymarkingonamaptheexactplaces2.allthosewhodiedhadlived.Thereweremultiple3.（dead）nearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet4.noonediedinsomehouseholds.Thesurvivors5.（give）freebeerandhadnotdrunkthepumpwater.Anotherwomanawayfromthewaterpumphadthewater6.（deliver）toherhousesothatsheaswellasherdaughterdiedofcholera.Asaconsequence7.theevidence，Snowannouncedthewaterpumpwas（blame）.His9.（intervene）ofremovingthepumphandlestoppedthediseaseinitstracks.Snowalsoshowedalinkbetweencholeraandwaterpanies，10.（make）themsellcleanwater.Therefore，thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.答案详解1.studying考查状语从句的省略。此处是省略形式，完整形式是whenhewasstudyingcholera。当主句和从句主语一致且从句谓语部分含有be动词时，从句的主语和be动词可以同时省略。2.where考查定语从句。此处是一个定语从句，先行词是places，where是关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语。3.deaths考查名词。此处需要一个名词，dead的名词形式是death，根据前面were可知造成了很多人死亡，所以用复数。4.while考查连词。while此处表示对比。5.hadbeengiven考查动词的时态和语态。and后面用了过去完成时，根据语境可知此处也应该用过去完成时。6.delivered考查固定搭配。havesth.done让某事被做。7.of考查介词。asaconsequenceof由于。8.toblame考查动词。betoblame负有责任，blame用主动形式表被动含义。9.intervention考查名词。在形容词性物主代词his后面需用名词。10.making考查现在分词。making...是现在分词短语作结果状语。课文语法填空(2)Perhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpact1.China’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen.BorninHangzhouin1911，QianattendedschoolsinBeijingandenteredShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitytostudyRailwayMechanicalEngineering.However，heswitchedhismajortoaviation2.（advance）China’saerospaceaftertheSonghuBattlebrokeout.AfterfinishinghisgraduatestudiesintheUnitedStates，QianbecameapioneerinAmericanjetandrockettechnologyandfoundedtheJetPropulsionLaboratorywithseveralotherpeople.QianreturnedtoChinain1955afterhe3.（overe）somedifficultiesandwasputinchargeofnotonly4.（develop）China’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.UnderQian’sleadership，Chinamademany5.（breakthrough）inaerospace.Thereforeheearnedthenameof“6.fatherofChina’saerospace”.Qianwas7.（extreme）knowledgeable，especiallyintheareaoffrontierscienceresearch.8.mighthavemadehimsooutstandingandcreativewasprobablyhisextensiveinterests.Hisdeep9.（appreciate）forartoftengavehiminspirationinhisscientificresearch.Thewholecountry10.（sad）byQian’sdeathin2009andpeoplehonouredandrememberedhimindifferentways.答案详解1.on考查介词。haveanimpacton对……有影响。2.toadvance考查非谓语动词。他转专业的目的是发展中国的航空事业，故用动词不定式作目的状语。3.overcame考查时态。这是过去发生的事情，用一般过去时。4.developing考查非谓语动词。of是介词，介词后面接动名词。5.breakthroughs考查名词。many后用可数名词复数。6.the考查冠词。他被尊称为“中国航天之父”。7.extremely考查副词。修饰形容词knowledgeable用副词。8.What考查主语从句。这是what引导的主语从句，what在主语从句中作主语。9.appreciation考查名词。形容词后面用名词，appreciate的名词形式是appreciation。10.wassaddened考查动词的时态和语态。句意：2009年，钱学森去世，举国上下悲痛不已，人们用不同的方式纪念他。sad的动词形式是sadden，由介词by可以断定，应用被动语态，由in2009可知用一般过去时，故此处应用一般过去时的被动语态。教考衔接演练教考衔接演练阅读微技能1.Skim略读Youcanfindmainideasbyfirsttakingaquicklookatthetitle,picture(s),keywordsandphrases,andtopicsentences.2.Findthetopicsentence找主题句Thetopicsentenceisnormally,butnotalways,thefirstsentenceofaparagraph.Itgivesthemainideaoftheparagraph.Passage1主题语境主题群话题推荐指数人与社会科学技术中国的“小麦之母”张道荣和她的团队努力拼搏培育新小麦品种的事迹。★★★★★AstheChinesesayinggoes,aseedcanchangetheworld;avarietycanbenefitanati