半翅目hemiptera(英文)简介

半翅目hemiptera(英文)简介第一页，共10页。Order-HEMIPTERA

(Greek,hemi=half;pteron=wing)

CommonNames:bugs,leafhoppers,cicadas,aphids,scaleinsects.

Distribution:Cosmopolitan

Suborders:Sternorrhyncha,Auchenorrhyncha,Heteroptera

第一页第二页，共10页。CharacteristicsTheforewingsofmanyhemipteranswhicharehardenednearthebase,butmembranousattheends.Thesewingsaretermedhemelytra(singular:hemelytron),byanalogywiththecompletelyhardenedelytraofbeetles.Theymaybeheld"roofwise"overthebody,orheldflatontheback,withtheendsoverlapping.Thehindwingsareentirelymembranousandareusuallyshorterthantheforewings.第二页第三页，共10页。CharacteristicsTheantennaeinHemipteraaretypicallyfive-segmented,althoughtheycanstillbequitelong,andthetarsiofthelegsarethree-segmentedorshorter

[4].

TheonlyorderswithmouthpartsmodifiedinasimilarmanneraretheThysanopteraandsomePhthiraptera,andthesearegenerallyeasytorecognizeasnon-hemipteranforotherreasons.Asidefromthemouthparts,variousinsectscanbeconfusedwithhemipterans,includingcockroachesandpsocids,bothofwhichhavelongermany-segmentedantennae,andsomebeetles,butthesehavefully-hardenedforewingswhichdonotoverlap第三页第四页，共10页。Lifecycle

Hemipteransarehemimetabolous,meaningthattheydonotundergometamorphosisbetweenalarvalphaseandanadultphase.Instead,theiryoungarecallednymphs,andresembletheadultstoalargedegree,thefinaltransformationinvolvinglittlemorethanthedevelopmentoffunctionalwings(iftheyarepresentatall)andfunctioningsexualorgans,withnointerveningpupalstageasinholometabolousinsects.Hemipteraisthelargestinsectorderthatishemimetabolous;theorderswithmorespeciesallhaveapupalstage第四页第五页，共10页。LifecycleNymph

Bugsemergefromeggsaswinglessminiaturesoftheadults(nymphs)andmaturebysuccessivemoults.Somemembersareviviparous(givebirthtoliveyoung-aphids),whileothershaveextendednymphallivesofupto17years(somespeciesofcicada).

第五页第六页，共10页。Habitat

Becausethisorderissodiverse,thehabitatsarewidelyvaried,Hemipteraincludesterrestrialandaquaticinsects,andmembersoftheordermaybefoundonplantsandanimals.Theyareabundantworldwide.第六页第七页，共10页。Distribution

Thisisaverysuccessfulgroupofinsects,withabout80,000species,andfoundinterrestrialandaquaticenvironments,includingtheonlyknownmarine-pelagicinsects.AmonggroupsincludedinHemipteraarecicadas,aphids,planthoppers,leafhoppers,shieldbugs,assassinbugs,bedbugs,andothers.Whilemanyfeedonsapandotherplantmaterial,somefeedonanimalsources,suchasthehemolymphofotherarthropodsandthebloodofmammalsandbirds.第七页第八页，共10页。EconomicsignificanceHemipteransarevitallyimportantaspartoffoodchains,beingconsumedbycountlessvertebratesandinvertebrates.Andasoneofthefewandperhapsthemostimportantinsectgroupthathasadaptedtoaquaticenvironments,theyprovideanimportantsourceoffoodforfish,and,beingvoraciouspredators,helptocontrolmosquitoesduringthemosquito'saquaticlarvalstage.Whilemanyhe