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Summary如何写(I)说明文的summary我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例TheProblemofPackaging第一段Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.第二段Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.第三段Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.第四段Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainvigilantanddotheirpart.我们先来把每段的大意理一下:第一段的中心应该就是讲Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。第二段呢?讲了两层意思,一层:垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染;二层:这些包装材料生产过程中,会产生对空气和水的污染。第三段:中心句很清晰啊Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.后面的德国的事情也是举例子,政府啊,制造商啊,个人啊,采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。最后一段了:尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用,但,又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊,我们不能放弃警惕。说明文概要模板现象揭示类:Thisarticlepointsoutthecommorphenomenon-(主题),which….(补充解释)利弊对比类:Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside…,butitmayalso研究显示类:Thestudyrevealsthat…Thepurposeofthereportistoshowt hat…Summary:Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdofrubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproductionandafterendinginIandfills.Thoughtheprogramscarriedouttocombattheproblemaretemporarilysuccessful,theproblemremainsagreatconcern.(50words)Summary如何写(II)Adrivinggoalformostwebsitesisforthatsitetobeeasilyfoundbypeoplelookingfortheproductsorservices.Oneofthewayspeoplemayfindthesesitesisviaasearchengine.Withthisinmind,companiesobviouslywanttheirwebsitestoappealtosearchenginesaswell.( 第一段文字讲网站要让搜索引擎喜欢,那预测下,接下来的文字可能会是, 该怎么让搜索引擎喜欢呢?有什么要注意的要素呢? )Firstofall,websitecontentshouldbeuniqueandtimely. (第一句话是主题句,网站内容要独特新颖且及时) Onlyqualitycontentensuresthatcustomerswillfrequentyourwebsiteandalsorecommendittofriendsvialinksorthroughsocialchannels.Thisactofsharingnotonlygivesyoursitemorechancesofpublicexposurebutitalsohelpstopushupyoursearchenginerankings,whichextendshugepsychologicalimplicationtootherengineusersaspeopletendtofollowsuit.NowfamoussearchenginessuchasGoogleusemobilefriendliness asarankingsignal(这个词出现了,后面几段文字都是在讲搜索引擎会关注的 rankingsignal啊,这个词在summary中必须出现啊) intheirrankingalgorithm( 算法).Therefore,ifyoursiteisnotapplicableformobiledevices,youareoffering alessthanidealexperieneetosomeusersandinresultsearchengineswilltakethedisadvantageintoaccount. (这段文字的主要词眼是mobilefriendlinessAnotherkeyrankingsignalthatGoogleandothersearchenginesweighheavilyispagespeedandoverallsiteperformance.( 又是主题句,关键词是pagespeed和overallsiteperformance)Ifyoursiteisloadedwithtoomanyhigh-resolutionimagesandvideosorotherelements,muchviewingtimewillbecaused.Thesewillmakesluggish,slowloadingthatfrustrateandoftendriveawayvisitors.It'stimetoreducethepagesizeasallthevisitorsappreciatefasterdownload.Someareevenwillingtotradebettervisualexperiencesforhighviewingspeed.Asuserprefereneestandsontopofanysearchengine'slistofpriority,searchengineswilllookveryfavorablyuponthespeedimprovementsofthewebsites.Inaddition,forahotwebsite,appropriateupdatefrequencyisalsovital.(又是主题句,词眼是updatefrequency)Althoughthecontentiscurrentanduptodatewhenitisfirstlaunched,itwillsoonloseitsfreshnesswiththeexplosionofothervariousonlineresources.Ifthecontentonyourwebsiteshasappearedonothersitesbefore,yourwebsiteissoonerorlatertobedesertedbecauseofhumansfnatureofhavingalowboredomthreshold(门槛).Inturn,yourwebsite'ssearchrankingwilldropdrastically.Finally, don'tlookdownoncustomerexperienee.( 主题句,关键词是customerexperience)Toooftenpeopleignorethebenefitsofcreatingaviewingexperieneethatisenjoyable.Whenassessingyourwebsite'suserfriendliness,understandthateaseofusecomesfirst,butdonotdiscountthebenefitsofaddingabitofdelightintothatexperieneeaswell.整理下思路:该文章主要讲了网站为了迎合搜索引擎,必须要考虑到搜索引擎的一些 rankingsignals,分别是uniqueandtimelycontent,mobilefriendliness,pagespeedandsiteperformanee,appropriateupdatefrequency和enjoyablecustomerexperienee.Summary:Thisarticlefocusesonhowwebsitesmakethemselveseasilyaccessibletousersthroughsearchengines.Therankingsignalstobeeonsideredineludeuniqueandtimelycontent,mobilefriendliness, pagespeedandsiteperformanee,appropriateupdatefrequencyandenjoyablecustomerexperience.(41words)总结语言图式,内容图式,结构图式教师在讲解试卷的过程中,如果只是就题目而分析的话,可能就失去了很多好的机会让学生更立体的了解一段文字,往往我们更多地关注文章的语言图式和内容图式,对结构图式避而不谈,这是“只见树木,不见森林”的做法。如果学生对文章的结构脉络了解清楚的话,对做完形,阅读题都是十分有帮助的,当然,写文章一样。summary很重要的一点就是要看出文章的结构。当然,该文章是说明文,本来结构就比较清楚。Summary如何写(III)--说明文OnEarth,there'snodoubtthattheyhavehighlydevelopedsensestostayaliveandthrive.Butwhilesomeoftheirfeaturesmaybecomparedtotaste,sight,touchandsmellinhumans,haveyoueverwondered--canplantsthink? (这是整篇文章作者想要解决的问题)Onland,thecumulativemassofplantsis1000timeshigherthanthatofanimals.Buttheseplantsareimmobileandcan'tmovearoundintheirenvironment;whichis,seemingly,aprettybigevolutionarydisadvantage.Thishasforcedplantstoadaptinamazingwaysthatoftengounnoticedbythenakedeye.Smellsomethingfunny?Plantsdotoo-andtheyreacttothesechemicalsintheair.Forexample,whenfruitsstarttoripen,theyreleaseachemicalcalledethylene.Andwhenneighboringfruitssensethispheromone,theyripenfaster,sothatallfruitsmatureatthesametime.Plantsalsogiveoffseentswhichattractinsectstospreadtheirpollen.Inparticular,theamazingcarrionflowersgrowtinyhairs,feelwarmandsmelllikerottingfleshinanattempttomimicadeadcorpse.Thisistoattractfliesandbeetlesaspollinators.Ontheotherhand,whenaplantisattackedbyaninsect, animalorpathogen,itknows.Whenacaciatreesaregrazedbyanimals,theyquicklyreactbyproducingchemicalscalledtannins,whichmaketheirleavesunappetizingandtoughtodigest.Someevenproduceenoughtoxintokilltheanimal.Perhapsmoreimpressivearesomecornandcottonplants,whichwheneatenbycaterpillars,releasechemicalsintheairthatattractparasiticwasps,whoflyinandultimatelykilltheinsects. (以上这些文字讲植物会想方设法地解决他们遇到的一些问题。 )Onsomelevel,theycommunicatewiththewasps.Crazyasitseems,evensoundrecordingsofcaterpillarschewingleaves,triggerthisresponse.Withoutanyfromoftouch,theplantsreact,asiftheycanhear.(这段文字讲了植物也会和周围环境中的物种交流感情!这也太神奇了点。)Onalargescale,plantsalsoworktogether.Awebofundergroundfungicanconnecttreerootsinforests,allowingthemtoexchangenutrientsandinformation.Usingradioactiveisotopes,scientistsdiscoveredthattreessharewaterandnutrients withothersinneed.Largetreesnourishsmallershadedonesuntiltheyaretallenoughtoreachsunlight,Andtreesthatstaygreenallyearroundsharenutrientswithtreesthatlosetheirleavesinwinter,helpingthemthroughtheseason.Whichisthenrepaidinthesummermonths,likeatransactional exchange.Somescientistrefertothisasthe"wood-wideweb". (这段文字讲了植物也懂得如何共生!合作!)Perhapsthemostshockingfact,isthatsomeplantsseemtohavememory.Mimosapedicabplants,arethoseleafyplantsthatcloseupwhentouched.Thisreflexismeanttoscareawayinsectsthatlandonthem.Inanexperimentonthesereflexes,scientistsnoticethatwhendroppedfrom15cm ,theywouldclosewhentheyhittheground,Notsosurprising.Butafterrepeatingthedrop4or5times,someoftheplantsstoppedclosing ,asthoughtheyhadrealizedthestimuluswasn'tharmful.Iftheywereshakeninstead,theywouldclose,butanytimetheyweredroppedfromthissameheight,theystayedopen.Thiseffectlastedforweeks-theplantshadmemories.(这段文字讲了植物也是有记忆的。“千万别招惹他们,哈哈哈”)Ofcourse,plantsdon'thavebrainsorothercellsandorgansthatwedeemnecessaryforintelligenee.Brainsandneuronsareirreplaceable,butplantsareimmobileandoftenattacked,sotheymustbeabletosurviveafterpartofthemiseaten,ordestroyed.Abrainjustwouldn'twork.Butifyoumeasureintelligeneeorthoughtastheabilitytosolveproblems,interactwithanenvironment,and evenworkingroups,thenplantsareincrediblysmart. (这段文字是总结,最后的一句尤其赞,基本概括好了前文所讲的内容,但有点搞不懂的是为什么对memory这两段文字视而不见呢?)Summary:Thisarticlefocusesonwhetherplantsaresmart.Researchhasshownplantshaveintelligenee becausetheyarecapableofdealingwithproblemstheyencounter,communicatingwiththeenvironment,cooperatingwithotherplantsforsurvivalandthattheyhavememories.Thoughlackingbrainsorothercells,plantsareintelligent.(48words)Summary如何写?写人记叙文(IV)【P1】(Introduction)Theteacherwhodidthemosttoencouragemewas,asithappened,myaunt.ShewasMyrtleC.Manigault,thewifeofmymother 'sbrotherBill.Shetaughtinsecondgradeatall-blackSummeSchoolinCamden,NewJersey.(第一段文字简单介绍文章主角和作者的关系。 然后我同学问,summary该用第几人称写,应该是第二人称吧。)【P2】Duringmychildhoodandyouth,AuntMyrtleencouragedmetodevelopeveryaspectofmypotential,(dominant impression) withoutregardforwhatwasconsideredpracticalorpossibleforblackfemales.(supportingdetails1)Ilikedtosing;shelistenedtomyvoiceandpronounceditgood.Icouldn 'tdance;shetaughtmethebasicdancingsteps.Shetookmetothetheatre,notjustchildren'stheatrebutadultcomediesanddramas—andherfaiththatIcouldappreciateadultplayswasnotdisappointed. (这段文字的第一句话是很重要的,是文章猪脚的dominantimpression,应该也是写summary时可以用的到的。之后,就是具体的支持细节 1,提到了作者唱歌,跳舞,看喜剧的培养,如果提炼一下,应该就是指对作者在艺术art方面的培养。)【P3】(supportingdetails2)Myauntalsotookdownbooksfromherextensivelibraryandsharedthemwithme.Ihadbooksathome,buttheywereallseriousclassics.EvenasachildIhadastronglikingforhumor,andI 'llneverforgetthejoyofdiscoveringDonMarquis'sArchy&Mehitabelthroughher. (这段是第二个支持细节,提到了对作者在文学阅读方面的影响,literarypursuit方面的影响。)【P4】(supportingdetails3)Mostimportant,perhaps,AuntMyrtleprovidedmyfirst opportunitytowriteforpublication.Awriterherselfforoneoftheblacknewspapers,shesuggestedmynametotheeditorasa“youthcolumnist”.Mycolumn,begunwhenIwasfourteen,wassupposedtocoverteenagesocialactivities —anditdid——butitalsogavemethefreedomtowriteonmanyothersubjectsaswellasthehabitofgatheringmaterial,thedisciplineofmeetingdeadlines,and,aftergraduationfromcollegesixyearslater,asolidcollectionofpublishedmaterialthatcarriedmynameandwasmypassporttoaseriesofwritingjobs. (这段是最后个支持细节,提到文章猪脚对作者在写作道路上的影响。)【P5】(conclusion)TodayAuntMyrtleisstillanenthusiastic supporterofher“favouriteniece”.Likeadiamond,shehasreflectedabright, multifaceted(多面的)imageofpossibilitiestoeverypupilwhohascrossedherpath. (最后一段是总结性文字。)Summary:Thearticleintroducesthewriter'sauntandmentor,MyrtleC.Manigault,ateacherinanall-blackSummerSchoolinNewJersey.Mytlealwayssupportedthewriterandencouragedhertotapherpotentialinareaslikeart,literatureandwriting.Mytlemadeherpupilsbelievetherewerepossibilitiesinlife.下面是关于summarizing的一些tips。Summarizingatext,ordistillingitsessentialconceptsintoaparagraphortwo,isausefulstudytoolaswellasgoodwritingpractice.Asummaryhastwoaims:toreproducetheoverarchingideasinatext,identifyingthegeneralconceptsthatrunthroughtheentirepiece.toexpresstheseoverarchingideasusingprecise,specificIanguage.Wheryousummarize,youcannotrelyontheIanguagetheauthorhasusedtodevelophisorherpoints,andyoumustfindawaytogiveanoverviewofthesepointswithoutyourownsentencesbecomingtoogeneral.Youmustalsomakedecisionsaboutwhichconceptstoleaveinandwhichtoomit,takingintoconsiderationyourpurposesinsummarizingandalsoyourviewofwhatisimportantinthistext.Herearesomemethodsforsummarizing:First,priortoskimming,usesomeofthepreviewingtechniques.Includethetitleandidentifytheauthorinyourfirstsentence.Thefirstsentenceortwoofyoursummaryshouldcontaintheauthor'sthesis,orcentralconcept,statedinyourownwords.Thisistheideathatrunsthroughtheentiretext--theoneyou'dmentionifsomeoneaskedyou:“Whatisthispiece/articleabout?”Unlikestudentessays,themainideainaprimarydocumentoranacademicarticlemaynotbestatedinonelocationatthebeginning.Instead,itmaybegraduallydevelopedthroughoutthepieceoritmaybecomefullyapparentonlyattheend.Whensummarizingalongerarticle,trytoseehowthevariousstagesintheexplanationorargumentarebuiltupingroupsofrelatedparagraphs.Dividethearticleintosectionsifitisn 'tdoneinthepublishedform.Then,writeasentenceortwotocoverthekeyideasineachsection.Omitideasthatarenotreallycentraltothetext.Don 'tfeelthatyoumustreproducetheauthor 'sexactprogressionofthought.(Ontheotherhand,becarefulnottomisrepresentideasbyomittingimportantaspectsoftheauthor'sdiscussion).Ingeneral,omitminordetailsandspecificexamples.(Insometexts,anextendedexamplemaybeakeypartoftheargument,soyouwouldwanttomentionit).Avoidwritingopinionsorpersonalresponsesinyoursummaries(savetheseforactivereadingresponsesortutorialdiscussions).Becarefulnottoplagiarizetheauthor 'swords.Ifyoudouseevenafewoftheauthor'swords,theymustappearinquotationmarks.Toavoidplagiarism,trywritingthefirstdraftofyoursummarywithoutlookingbackattheoriginaltext.Summary如何写(V)说明文HumanNatureFormostthinkerssincetheGreekphilosophers,itwasself-evidentthatthereissomethingcalledhumannature,somethingthatconstitutestheessenceofwerevariousviewsaboutwhatconstitutesit,buttherewasagreementthatsuchanessenceexists--thatistosay,thatthereissomethingbyvirtueofwhichmanisman.Thusmanwasdefinedasarationalbeing,asasocialanimal,ananimalthatcanmaketools,orasymbol-makinganimal.(第一段文字主要讲述对人性的传统的看法。)Morerecently,thistraditionalviewhasbeguntobequestioned. (这句话是承上启下哦。接下来开始分析传统看法被challenge的原因)Onereasonforthischangewastheincreasingemphasisgiventothehistoricalapproachtoman. (原因之一:主题句,其中关键字眼是historical approach)Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled"humannature."Thehistoricalapproachwasreinforced,particularlyintheUnitedStates,bystudiesinthefieldofculturalanthropology.Thestudyofprimitivepeopleshasdiscoveredsuchadiversityofcustoms,values,feelings,andthoughtsthatmanyanthropologistsarrivedattheconceptthatmanisbornasablanksheetofpaperonwhicheachculturewritesitstext.Anotherfactorcontributingtothetendencytodenytheassumptionofafixedhumannaturewasthattheconcepthassooftenbeenabusedasashieldbehindwhichthemostinhumanactsarecommitted.Inthenameofhumannature,forexample,Aristotleandmostthinkersuptotheeighteenthcenturydefendedslavery.Orinordertoprovetherationalityandnecessityofthecapitalistformofsociety,scholarshavetriedtomakeacaseforacquisitiveness,competitiveness,andselfishnessasinnatehumantraits.Popularly,onereferscynicallyto"humannature"inacceptingtheinevitabilityofsuchundesirablehumanbehaviorasgreed,murder,cheatingandlying.Anotherreasonforskepticismabouttheconceptofhumannatureprobablyliesintheinfluenceofevolutionarythinking.(原因之二:主题句:关键字眼是evolutionarythinking)Oncemancametobeseenasdevelopingintheprocessofevolution,theideaofasubstancewhichiscontainedinhisessenceseemeduntenable.YetIbelieveitispreciselyfromanevolutionarystandpointthatwecanexpectnewinsightintotheproblemofthenatureofman.Summary:ThearticlereviewstworeasonswhytraditionalviewsabouthumannaturebythinkerssincetheGreekphilosophersarebeingchallenged.Onereasonisthathistoricalperspectivesonmanareincreasinglyemphasized,theotherbeingtheinfluenceofevolutionarystandpointonhumannature.写摘要的技巧删除细节。只保留主要观点。把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。避免重复。在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。压缩长的句子。如下列两例:“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion- like.”可以概括为:”Hewasverybraveinbattle.”“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor. ”可以概括为:“Hewasinfinancialdifficulties. ”你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子:“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago. ”可以概括为:”BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettertransportationservices. ”使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”可以概括为:”Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.”使用最短的连接词。比如,可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though,不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如:KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:Youusetoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paul—it'snotgoodforyou! ”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned: ”Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidn'thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful •-likeeatingcardboardorsand•…justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!”Katewaspatient.Shedidn'twanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguisesthetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtlethansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore. ”可以用第三人称概括为:KatesuggestedtoPaulthatheshouldeatlesssalt.ShethoughtthateatingtoomuchsaltwoulddoharmtoPaul'shealthandthatitcouldreducetherealtastesoffood.ButPauldisagreed.Hesaidthatfoodwithoutsaltwouldbetasteless.原文译文:对于自希腊哲学家以来的大多数思想家而言,很明显的一点是,存在一种叫做人的天性的东西,它是构成人之本性的一种东西。对于是什么构成了人的本性的观点有很多,但是大家都一致地认为,这样一种本性是确实存在着的,也就是说,确实有这样一种东西,由于它人才成为其为人。因而,人就被定义为一种理性的生物,一种社会动物,一种能制造工具的动物或者一种会制造符号的动物。最近,这种传统观念开始受到质疑。导致这种变化的原因之—是人们越来越注重通过历史的方法对人类进行考察。对人类历史的考察表明,我们这个时代的人与早先时代的人大不相同,因而如果假定所有时期的人都存在着某种相似的可以称之为。人性的东西似乎是不切实际的。尤其是在美国,这种观点被许多文化人类学领域的研究所证实。对原始民族的研究发发现,风俗、价值观,情感以及思想是如此的多样化,以至于许多人类学家得出这样的概念,即人生下来只是一张白纸,但是每一种文化都在这张纸上写下各自不同的文章。导致人们倾向于否定一成不变的人性假说的另一个因素是,人性这个概念常常被滥用作一块盾牌,在它的保护下,一些最不人道的行为才得以发生。比如说,从亚里士多德直到18世纪,大多数思想家都以人性的名义维护奴隶桃而为了证明资本主义社会形态的合理性及必要性,学者们试图证明贪婪,竞争和自私是人类天生的特点。通常,人们在承认贪婪,凶杀,欺诈和说谎等不良的人类行为不可避免时,时常带着嘲弄的态度把它们称之为“人性”。对人性概念产生怀疑的另一个原因很可能是由于进化论思想的影响,一旦把人类看作是在进化论的过程中不断发展的。那么,这种认为在人性中存在着某种一成不变的东西的想法就站不住脚了。然而我相信,正是从进化论的角度,我们可以对人性这个问题有新的思考。Summary怎么写?(VI)-- 遇到抽疯文章怎么破下面我们来看一篇2014上海高考中的文章,是关于企业社会责任(Corporatesocialresponsibility)Moreandmorecorporationsaretakinganinterestincorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR).CSRismadeupofthreebroadlayers.(主题句 企业社会责任有三个层面构成)Themostbasicistraditionalcorporatecharitywork.(第一层面:传统的企业慈善工作)Companiestypicallyspendabout1%ofpre-taxprofitsonworthyprojects.Butmanyfeelthatsimplywritingchequestocharitiesisnolongerenough.Insomecompanies,shareholderswanttoknowthattheirmoneyisbeingputtogooduse,andemployeeswanttobeactivelyinvolvedingoodworks.Moneyaloneisnottheanswerwhencompaniescomeunderattackfortheirbehavior.HencethesecondlayerofCSR,whichisabranchofriskmanagement.(第二层面:风险管控)Startinginthe1980s,withenvironmentaldisasterssuchastheexplosionatBhopalandtheExxonValdezoilspill,industryafterindustryhassufferedblowstoitsreputation.So,companiesoftenrespondedbytryingtomanagetherisks.Theytalktonon-governmentalorganisations(NGOs)andtogovernments,createcodesofconductanddevotethemselvestomoretransparencyintheiroperations.Increasingly,too.they,alongwiththeircompetitors,setcommonrulestospreadrisks.Allthisislargelydefensive,buttherearealsoopportunitiesforthosethatgetaheadofthegame.TheemphasisonopportunityisthethirdlayerofCSR:theideathatitcanhelptocreatevalue.(第三层面:强调机遇能创造价值)Ifapproachedinastrategicway,CSRcouldbecomepartofacompany'scompetitiveadvantage.Thatisjustthesortofthingchiefexecutivesliketohear.Theideaof"doingwellbydoinggood"hasbecomepopular.Nevertheless,thebusinessoftryingtobegoodisbringingdifficultquestionstoexecutives.CanyoumeasureCSRperformance?ShouldyoubecooperatingwithNGOsandyou 'reyourcompetitors?Isthereanyreallycompetitiveadvantagetobehadfromagreenstrategy?Corporatesocialresponsibilityisnowseenasamainstream.Bigcompanieswanttotelltheworldabouttheirgoodcitizenshipwiththeirdevotiontosocialresponsibilities.Donebadly,CSRisoftenjustwindow-dressingandcanbepositivelyharmful.Donewell,though,itisnotsomeseparateactivitythatcompaniesdoontheside,acornerofcorporatelifereservedforvirtue :itisjustgoodbusiness.(最后一段,强调了企业社会责任对企业的重要性。)Summary:Thearticlediscussesthethreemainlayersofcorporatesocialresponsibility,towhichbigcompaniesarecommitted.Specifically,thethreelayersincludetraditionalcorporatecharitywork,managingrisksbysettingcommonrulesandtheemphasisonopportunitytocreatevalue.Asamainstream,CSRcanmakeorbreakcompanies.Summary常用句式Thispaperdealswith..Thisarticlefocusesonthetopicsof(that,having,etc).Thisessaypresentsknowledgethat...Thisthesisdiscusses...Thisthesisanalyzes...Thispaperprovidesanoverviewof...Thispaperelaborateson..Thisarticlegivesanoverviewof...Thisarticlecompares...andsummarizeskeyfindings.Thispaperincludesdiscussionsconcerning...ThispaperpresentsupThisarticlecoverstheroleofchemicalsin...Thispaperaddressesimportanttopicsincluding...Thispapertouchesupon...Thispaperstronglyemphasizes..Thisarticlenotonlydescribes...butalsosuggests...Thispaperconsiders...Thispaperprovidesamethodof...Thispaperintroducesanapplicableproceduretoanalyze...Thispaperoffersthelatestinformationregarding...Thispaperisdevotedtoexaminingtheroleof...Thisarticleexplores...Thispaperexpressesviewson...Thispaperreflectsthestateoftheartin...Thispaperexplainstheproceduresfor...Thispaperdevelopsthetheoryof..Thisarticlereviewsthetechniquesusedin...Thispaperinvestigatesthetechniquesandproceduresto...Thisarticleisabout...Thisessayisrelatedto...Thispaperconcerns...Thispapergivesanaccountof...Thisarticletellsof...Thispapertriestodescribe...Thispaperprovidesananalysisof...Thispaperreportsthelatestinformationon..Theauthorofthisarticlereviews..Thewriterofthispaperdiscusses...Thewriterofthisessaytriestoexplore...Theaimofthispaperistodetermine..Thepurposeofthisarticleistoreview...Theobjectiveofthispaperistoexplore...Theauthorofthisarticlereviews(or:discusses,describes,summarizes,examines)somethingconcerns)Thisarticlereviews(or:reports,tellsof,isabout,something concerns)Thisarticlehasbeenprepared(or:designed,written) Thepurposeofthisarticleistodeterminesomething 48) TheproblemofsomethingisdiscussedSummary如何写(VIII)问题解决型文章WhyMcDonald'sSalesareFalling?EconomistMCDONA'LDSrestaurantsstandamongAmericancapitalism 'sgreatestsuccessstories.Startingoutwithjustoneburgerstallin1948,thefast- foodchain'semphasisonquickserviceandastandardisedmenuhashelpedittogrowtomorethan35,000outletsacrosstheworld.Ithasbeenprofitable:afterawobblyperiodintheearly2000s,thefirm'ssharepricewentfrom$12in2003tomorethan$100attheendof2011.ButnowMcDonald'shaslostitssizzle.GlobalsaleshavebeendecliningsinceatleastlastJuly.WhenthecompanyannouncesitsannualresultsonJanuary23rd,analyststhinkitwillrevealitsfirstfull-yearfallinlike-for-likerevenuessince2002.What 'sgonewrong?(通过一些数据表明麦当劳的销量在下降,为什么会出现此现象呢? 提出问题)SomeofMcDonald'sproblemsstemfromoperationalmishapsacrosstheworld.(原因之一:海外的麦当劳店出现的灾难性问题)Inparticular,itsbusinessinAsia—whereitmakesnearlyaquarterofitsglobalrevenues—hasbeenhitbyseveralhealthscares.SalesinChinafellsharplyafteroneofitssupplierswasdiscoveredlastJulytobeusingexpiredandcontaminatedchickenandbeef.Morerecently,severalJapanesecustomershaverep

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