智慧型运输系统课件

IntroductionTheplanningaspectsoftransportengineeringrelatetourbanplanning,andinvolvetechnicalforecastingdecisionsandpoliticalfactors.Humanfactorsareanaspectoftransportengineering,particularlyconcerningdriver-vehicleinterfaceanduserinterfaceofroadsigns,signals,andmarkings.IntroductionTheplanningaspecTechnicalforecastingofpassengertravelusuallyinvolvesanurbantransportationplanningmodel,requiringtheestimationoftripgeneration

(howmanytripsforwhatpurpose),tripdistribution(destinationchoice,whereisthetravelergoing),modechoice(whatmodeisbeingtaken),androuteassignment(whichstreetsorroutesarebeingused).TechnicalforecastingofpasseMoresophisticatedforecastingcanincludeotheraspectsoftravelerdecisions,includingautoownership,tripchaining(thedecisiontolinkindividualtripstogetherinatour)andthechoiceofresidentialorbusinesslocation(knownaslanduseforecasting).Transportationengineering,aspracticedbycivilengineers,primarilyinvolvesplanning,design,construction,maintenance,andoperationoftransportationfacilities.MoresophisticatedforecastingOperationsandmanagementinvolvetrafficengineering,sothatvehiclesmovesmoothlyontheroadortrack.Oldertechniquesincludesigns,signals,markings,andtolling.Newertechnologiesinvolveintelligenttransportationsystems(ITS),includingadvancedtravelerinformationsystems

(suchasvariablemessagesigns),advancedtrafficcontrolsystems

(suchasrampmeters),andvehicleinfrastructureintegration.OperationsandmanagementinvoITS(Intelligenttransportationsystem)ITSreferstoeffortstoaddinformationandcommunicationstechnologytotransportinfrastructure

andvehiclesinanefforttomanagefactorsthattypicallyareatodds(不一致)witheachother,suchasvehicles,loads,androutestoimprovesafetyandreducevehiclewear,transportationtimes,andfuelconsumption.ITScomesfromtheproblemscausedbytrafficcongestion(擁塞)andasynergy(協同增效作用)ofnewinformationtechnologyforsimulation,real-timecontrol,andcommunicationsnetworks.ITS(IntelligenttransportatioWhat

is

ITS?智慧型運輸系統

(ITS,IntelligentTransportationSystem)乃是應用先進的電子、通信、資訊與感測等技術，以整合人、路、車的管理策略，提供即時(real-time)資訊以增進運輸系統的安全、效率及舒適性，同時也減少交通對環境的衝擊。6WhatisITS?智慧型運輸系統

(ITS,Inte77ITS概念模式8ITS概念模式8Congestion

reducesefficiencyoftransportationinfrastructureandincreasestraveltime,airpollution,andfuelconsumption."Roadoperators,infrastructure,vehicles,theirdriversandotherroaduserswillcooperatetodeliverthemostefficient,safe,secureandcomfortablejourney.Thevehicle-vehicleandvehicle-infrastructureco-operativesystemswillcontributetotheseobjectivesbeyondtheimprovementsachievablewithstand-alonesystems."Congestionreducesefficiency為什麼要發展ITS交通擁擠交通事故能源消耗空氣汙染10運輸需求大幅增加，道路建設緩不濟急，交通擁擠造成運輸機動性與經濟生產力的降低。車禍死傷嚴重，造成龐大的社會成本與負擔。公路運輸過度消耗石油能源，造成國家整體資源分配的不均衡。大量的汽、機車排放廢氣，威脅大自然與環境的永續發展。為什麼要發展ITS交通擁擠10運輸需求大幅增加，道路建設緩不ITS目標增進交通安全(減少交通事故，提昇行車安全)降低環境衝擊(減少空氣、噪音污染，提高能源使用效率)改善運輸效率(降低交通擁擠，提高運輸機動性)提昇經濟生產力(促進相關產業發展，增加就業機會)11ITS目標增進交通安全(減少交通事故，提昇行車安全)11

Factorsforbothmotorizationandurbanization:industrialeconomyreplacedtheagriculturaleconomy.Populationtomovefromrurallocationsintourbancenters.motorizationwascausingcitiestoexpand.

Suburbs(近郊住宅區)providedareasonablecompromisebetweenpopulationdensityandaccesstoemployment,goods,andservices.suburbaninfrastructurecouldbebuiltquickly,supportingarapidtransitionfromarural/agriculturaleconomytoanindustrial/urbaneconomy.FactorsforbothmotorizatFurther,ITScanplayaroleintherapidmassevacuation

ofpeopleinurbancentersafterlargecasualtyeventssuchasaresultofanaturaldisasterorthreat.MuchoftheinfrastructureandplanninginvolvedwithITSparallelstheneedforhomelandsecuritysystems.Inthedevelopingworld,themigrationofpeoplefromruraltourbanizedhabitatshasprogresseddifferentlyandsupportedbyamultimodalsystemofwalking,bicycletransportation,motorcycles,

buses,andtrains.Further,ITScanplayarolei1414ITS的技術骨幹

資訊收集：感測技術資訊處理：電腦技術資訊傳輸：通信技術15ITS的技術骨幹

資訊收集：感測技術15九大服務領域16九大服務領域16執行架構17執行架構17ThesuccessofITSisheavilydependentontheavailabilityoftimelyandaccurateestimatesoftrafficconditions.Theneededsystemistoutilizeadvancedtrafficmodelstoanalyzedata,especiallyreal-timetrafficdata,fromdifferentsourcestoestimateandpredicttrafficconditionssothatproactive(前瞻性)AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems(ATMS)andAdvancedTravelerInformationSystems(ATIS)strategiescanbeimplementedtomeetvarioustrafficcontrol,management,andoperationobjectives.ThesuccessofITSisheavily先進交通管理系統

(AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems,

ATMS)ATMS為智慧型運輸系統(ITS)的核心與基礎。利用偵測、通訊及控制等技術，將交通監控所得之交通狀況，經由通訊網路傳輸到控制中心，制定及評估交通控制策略，執行整體性的交通管理。相關資訊傳送給用路人與相關道路管理單位，以達到運輸效率最大化及運輸安全之目的。19先進交通管理系統

(AdvancedTrafficMaActivetrafficmanagement(ATM),alsoknownasmanagedlanesorsmartlanes,isaschemeforimprovingtrafficflowandreducingcongestiononmotorways.Ithasbeenimplementedinseveralcountries,includingGermany,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStates.Itmakesuseofautomaticsystemsandhumaninterventiontomanagetrafficflowandensurethesafetyofroadusers.Activetrafficmanagement(ATM交通管理功能與其他各功能間的關係

21交通管理功能與其他各功能間的關係21ATMS之涵蓋範圍22有效改善交通擁擠問題提高交通服務水準交通資訊需求管理高速公路匝道控制幹道號誌控制ATMS之涵蓋範圍22有效改善交通擁擠問題提高交通服務水準交ATMS之相關技術電腦交通號誌匝道儀控事件自動偵測動態交通預測自動車輛定位可變訊息標誌地理資訊系統行進間測重自動車輛分類電子式自動收費自動車輛辨識最佳路線導引23ATMS之相關技術電腦交通號誌232424IntelligenttransportationapplicationsElectronictollcollection(ETC)makesitpossibleforvehiclestodrivethroughtollgatesattrafficspeed,reducingcongestionattollplazasandautomatingtollcollection.MostETCsystemswerebasedonusingradiodevicesinvehiclesthatwoulduseproprietary(專利的)protocolstoidentifyavehicleasitpassedunderagantryovertheroadway.IntelligenttransportationappManyETCsystemsusetransponderslikethisonetoelectronicallydebittheaccountsofregisteredcarswithouttheirstoppingNorwaynowhas25tollroadsoperatingwithelectronicfeecollection(EFC),astheNorwegiantechnologyiscalled(seeAutoPASS).In1995,Portugalbecamethefirstcountrytoapplyasingle,universalsystemtoalltollsinthecountry,ManyETCsystemsusetranspond電子式自動收費

27電子式自動收費

27AutomatedvehicleidentificationSomeearlyAVI(Automatedvehicleidentification)systemsusedbarcodesaffixedtoeachvehicle,tobereadopticallyatthetollbooth.Opticalsystemsprovedtohavepoorreadingreliability,especiallywhenfacedwithinclementweatheranddirtyvehicles.MostcurrentAVIsystemsrelyonradio-frequencyidentification,whereanantennaatthetollgatecommunicateswithatransponderonthevehicleviaDedicatedShortRangeCommunications(DSRC).AutomatedvehicleidentificatiHighoccupancytolllanesHighoccupancytolllanes(HOTlanes)isaroadpricingschemethatgivesmotoristsinsingle-occupantvehiclesaccesstohigh-occupancyvehiclelanes(or"HOVlanes").Typically,thesetollsincreaseastrafficdensityandcongestionwithinthetolledlanesincreases,apolicyknownascongestionpricing.Thegoalofthispricingschemeistominimizetrafficcongestionwithinthelanes.HighoccupancytolllanesHighCordonzoneswithcongestionpricingThemainobjectiveofthischargeistoreducetrafficcongestionwithinthecordonarea.Thisfeeortollischargedautomaticallyusingelectronictollcollectionorautomaticnumberplaterecognition,sincestoppingtheusersatconventionaltollboothswouldcauselongqueues,longdelays,andevengridlock(市區交通大堵塞).CordonzoneswithcongestionpCongestionpricinggantryatNorthBridgeRoad,Singapore.Cordonzones(管制區)havebeenimplementedinSingapore,Stockholm,andLondon,whereacongestionchargeorfeeiscollectedfromvehiclesenteringacongestedcitycenter.CongestionpricinggantryatNVariablespeedlimitsVariablespeedlimitswhichchangewithroadcongestionandotherfactors.Typicallysuchspeedlimitsonlychangetodeclineduringpoorconditions,ratherthanbeingimprovedingoodones.ExamplevariablespeedlimitsignintheUnitedStates.VariablespeedlimitsVariableEmergencyvehiclenotificationsystemsThein-vehicleeCallisanemergencycallgeneratedeithermanuallybythevehicleoccupantsorautomaticallyviaactivationofin-vehiclesensorsafteranaccident.Whenactivated,thein-vehicleeCalldevicewillestablishanemergencycallcarryingbothvoiceanddatadirectlytothenearestemergencypoint.Theminimumsetofdatacontainsinformationabouttheincident,includingtime,preciselocation,thedirectionthevehiclewastraveling,andvehicleidentification.EmergencyvehiclenotificationCooperativesystemsontheroadCommunicationcooperationontheroadincludescar-to-car,car-to-infrastructure,andviceversa.Dataavailablefromvehiclesisacquiredandtransmittedtoaserverforcentralfusion(結合)andprocessing.Thisdatacanbeusedtodetecteventssuchasrain(wiperactivity)andcongestion(frequentbrakingactivities).Thegoalofcooperativesystemsistouseandplancommunicationandsensorinfrastructureinordertoincreaseroadsafety.Cooperativesystemsontheroa先進用路人資訊系統

(AdvancedTravelerInformationSystems,

ATIS)ATIS係藉由先進資訊、通訊及其他相關技術，提供旅行者必要之資訊。使其能於車內、家裡、辦公室、車站等地點方便地取得所需之資訊，作為旅次產生、運具與路線選擇之決策參考，以順利到達目的地。35先進用路人資訊系統

(AdvancedTravelerIATIS之相關技術可變訊息標誌公路路況廣播全球衛星定位系統地理資訊系統車內顯示系統最佳路線導引無線電通訊電視路況報導、電傳視訊旅行服務資訊整體服務數位網路36ATIS之相關技術可變訊息標誌最佳路線導引36可變訊息標誌

(ChangeableMessageSigns,CMS)可變訊息標誌乃是一種可程式化的交通管理設施，其透過文字或圖形符號來傳達各項動態的控制或警告訊息給道路使用者，藉以增進道路使用率，並減低意外事故。當其應用於高速公路時，主要在顯示前方交通管制或警告、一般狀況以及宣導等訊息。37可變訊息標誌

(ChangeableMessageSigCMS常見顯示內容38CMS常見顯示內容38CMS常見顯示內容39CMS常見顯示內容39先進公共運輸系統

(AdvancedPublicTransportationSystems,APTS)先進大眾運輸系統(APTS)係將先進交通管理系統(ATMS)、先進用路人資訊系統(ATIS)與先進車輛控制及安全系統(AVCSS)之技術應用於公共運輸，以改善公共運輸服務品質，提高營運效率，增加公共運輸之吸引力。

APTS服務項目:路徑中大眾資訊大眾運輸系統管理個人大眾運輸大眾運輸旅行安全40先進公共運輸系統

(AdvancedPublicTranAPTS之相關技術包括自動車輛監視（AutomaticVehicleMonitoring,AVM）自動車輛定位（AVL）雙向無線電通訊電子式自動付費（ElectronicFarePayment,EFP）最佳路線導引公車電腦排班公車電腦輔助調度車內顯示系統41APTS之相關技術包括自動車輛監視（AutomaticVeAPTS系統架構圖優先號誌資訊查詢站˙同質單位：北市交控中心˙異質單位：公車、鐵路、捷運、飛航管理單位TMIC之公車營管中心交通資訊站TCIS路側子系統¡]RSU¡^2.廣域WAN1.區域LAN信號柱無線通訊業者車輛子系統(OBC)聯外子系統(ISP)中心子系統3.短距無線通訊DSRC3.短距無線通訊DSRC4.長距無線通訊WAC4.長距無線通訊WAC2.廣域WAN5.廣域WAN公司、家戶DesktopWAPPDA聯外子系統其他用路人子系統智慧型公車站牌公車車載電腦定位承載率行車記錄交通資訊接收到站訊息交通資料庫優先號誌策略資料融合資料交換定位資料WEB伺服42APTS系統架構圖優先號誌資訊查詢站˙同質單位：北市交控中心APTS運作示意簡圖

43APTS運作示意簡圖

43目前應用APTS通訊系統之規劃公車站牌動態資訊顯示車上資訊顯示公車定位輔助車隊運作與管理大眾運輸旅行安全系統44目前應用APTS通訊系統之規劃公車站牌動態資訊顯示44先進車輛控制及安全系統

(AdvancedVehicleControlandSafetySystems,AVCSS)AVCSS係結合感測器、電腦、通訊、電機及控制技術應用於車輛及道路設施上，協助駕駛人駕駛，以提高行車安全，增加道路容量，減少交通擁擠。本系統之主要特色係利用感測器協助人類感官功能之不足，減少危險之發生；提高自動控制之程度，從事更安全、準確、可靠之控制，彌補駕駛人因判斷錯誤及技術不佳所造成的疏失與危險。45先進車輛控制及安全系統

(AdvancedVehicle