王佐良《欧洲文化入门》配套题库（含考研真题）

第1章希腊罗马文化一、选择题1._____believedthatthehighestgoodinlifewaspleasure,freedomfrompainandemotionalupheaval.A.SophistsB.CynicsC.SkepticsD.Epicureans【答案】D查看答案【解析】伊壁鸠鲁认为人生中最好的就是快乐，没有痛苦和情绪的波动。2._____issaidtohavetoldthekingofSyracuse:“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”A.ArchimedesB.AristotleC.PlatoD.Euclid【答案】A查看答案【解析】阿基米德告诉锡拉丘兹国王：“给我一个支点，我将能撬动整个地球。”3.IncreasinglytroubledbytheinroadsofnortherntribessuchasGoths,theWestRomanEmpirefinallycollapsedin_____.A.395B.27C.1453D.476【答案】D查看答案【解析】西罗马帝国最终于476年灭亡。4.TheCityofGodwaswrittenby_____,themostimportantofalltheleadersofChristianthought.A.JesusB.AugustineC.ThomasAquinasD.MartinLuther【答案】B查看答案【解析】《上帝之城》是奥古斯丁的杰作。C中，托马斯·阿奎纳所撰写的最知名著作是《神学大全》（SummaTheologica）。马丁·路德是16世纪欧洲宗教改革倡导者，基督教新教路德宗创始人。路德于在1517年10月31日以学术争论的方式在维登堡城堡大教堂的大门上张贴出了“欢迎辩论”的《九十五条论纲》5._____wasapainter,asculptor,anarchitect,amusician,anengineer,andascientist—aRenaissancemaninthetruesenseoftheword.A.MichelangeloB.RaphaelC.ShakespeareD.LeonardoDaVinci【答案】D查看答案【解析】达芬奇是真正意义上的文艺复兴人。A中，米开朗基罗是意大利文艺复兴时期伟大的绘画家、雕塑家、建筑师和诗人，文艺复兴时期雕塑艺术最高峰的代表。B中，拉斐尔是文艺复兴时期意大利著名画家，也是“文艺复兴后三杰”中最年轻的一位，代表了文艺复兴时期艺术家从事理想美的事业所能达到的巅峰。6.In_____,Cervantessatirizedaverypopulartypeofliteratureatthetime,theromanceofchivalry.A.DonQuixoteB.HamletC.LeviathanD.TheLifeandSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe【答案】A查看答案【解析】在《唐·吉诃德》中，米格尔·德·塞万提斯（MigueldeCervantes）讽刺了当时非常流行的一种文学类型，骑士传奇。7.Thebest-knownbookwrittenbyThomasMoreis_____,whichdescribesanidealnon-Christianstatewhereeverybodylivesasimplelifeandsharesthegoodsincommon,possessesagoodknowledgeofLatin,fightsnowarandenjoysfullfreedominreligiousbelief.A.ThePraiseoftheFollyB.AsYouLikeItC.DivineComedyD.Utopia【答案】D查看答案【解析】托马斯·莫尔的杰作是《乌托邦》。A中，ThePraiseoftheFolly是伊拉斯谟最重要也是最具影响的著作。B为莎士比亚的戏剧之一。C是但丁的杰作。8._____,authorofPrince,isregardedas“fatherofpoliticalscience”intheWest.A.MachiavelliB.DanteC.BaconD.Locke【答案】A查看答案【解析】马基雅弗利，《王子》的作者，被认为是政治科学之父。培根被马克思称为“英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖”。9.InTheRevolutionofHeavenlyOrbs,_____putforwardhistheorythatthesun,nottheearth,isthecenteroftheuniverse.A.KeplerB.GalileoC.NewtonD.Copernicus【答案】D查看答案【解析】哥白尼提出了日心说的理论。开普勒发现了行星运动的三大定律，分别是轨道定律、面积定律和周期定律。伽利略发明了摆针和温度计。牛顿发现了万有引力定律。10.Duringthe_____century,themodernscientificmethodbegantotakeshape,whichemphasizedobservationandexperimentationbeforeformulatingafinalexplanationorgeneralization.A.18thB.15thC.16thD.17th【答案】D查看答案【解析】17世纪，现代科学方法开始成形，该方法强调在作出最终解释或概括之前要先进行观察和实验。11._____said,“Knowledgeispower.”A.IsaacNewtonB.FrancisBaconC.JohnLockeD.Marx【答案】B查看答案【解析】“知识就是力量”是培根的名言。12.InFaust,_____drewonanimmensevarietyofculturalmaterial—theological,mythological,philosophical,political,economic,scientific,aesthetic,musical,andliterary.A.GoetheB.DefoeC.RousseauD.Byron【答案】A查看答案【解析】《浮士德》的创作者是歌德。13.Whichofthefollowingisnotregardedasaromanticwriter?A.WordsworthB.ShelleyC.PushkinD.Balzac【答案】D查看答案【解析】巴尔扎克是19世纪法国伟大的批判现实主义作家，欧洲批判现实主义文学的奠基人和杰出代表。14.ThemostfrequentthemesofRomanticismincludeallofthefollowingexcept_____.A.thepowerofreasonB.individualfreedomC.spontaneityD.loveofnature【答案】A查看答案【解析】浪漫主义时代的主题是个人自由，对自然的热爱以及诗歌的随意性。A是启蒙运动的主题。15.“Ifwintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?”istheendinglineof“OdetotheWestWind”by_____.A.WordsworthB.KeatsC.PushkinD.Shelley【答案】D查看答案【解析】“冬天来了，春天还会远吗”是雪莱的著作《西风颂》里的话。16.ThecomposerofSwanLakewas____,ageniusinsymphonicmusic.A.TchaikovskyB.ChopinC.BeethovenD.Mozart【答案】A查看答案【解析】天鹅湖的作曲家是柴可夫斯基，俄国人。17.ThenaturalistschoolfoundedbyZolainlate19thcenturyintended_____.A.toattacktheindustrialinjusticeandurbanevilsB.togivefullplaytotheimaginationofindividualsC.toupholdtheclassicalvaluessuchasharmony,balance,proportionandrestraintD.todemonstratethelawofhumanconductbyascientificstudyof“asliceoflife”【答案】D查看答案【解析】19世纪末左拉创立的自然主义学派希望通过科学研究“人人小站”来展示人类的行为法则。18.WhichofthefollowingnovelswasnotwrittenbyTolstoy?A.ResurrectionB.WarandPeaceC.CrimeandPunishmentD.AnnaKarenina【答案】C查看答案【解析】《罪与罚》的作者是FyodorDostoyevsky。19.Inhispoems,WaltWhitmansangpraisesofallofthefollowingvalueexcept_____.A.democracyB.thedignityoftheindividualC.theidyllicwayoflifeD.thebrotherhoodofman【答案】C查看答案【解析】惠特曼歌颂了民主，个人尊严以及人类的兄弟情谊，而没有说到田园般地生活方式。20.Modernismwascharacterizedby_____.A.aconsciousrejectionofestablishedrules,traditionsandconventionsB.theexplorationoftheinnerlifeoftheindividualandthepsychopathologyofhumanrelationsC.itsintenseinterestinthebizarre,themysterious,theunpredictableandtheformlessD.alloftheabove【答案】D查看答案【解析】现代主义的特点是：对既定的规则、传统和习俗有意识的拒绝；对个人内在生活的探索和人际关系的精神病理学；对怪异、神秘、不可预知、无形的事物报以浓厚的兴趣。21.Whichculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.?A.GreekcultureB.RomancultureC.ChinesecultureD.Egyptianculture【答案】A查看答案【解析】公元前5世纪，希腊文化的发展达到了顶峰。22.WhichisPlato’sbelief?A.Theworldismatterandactivity.B.MenhaveknowledgebecauseofexperienceC.Mindandmatterarecompletelyapartfromeachother.D.Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”.【答案】D查看答案【解析】柏拉图认为，人们拥有知识是因为某些普遍“观念”的存在。23.WhobroughtaboutthebeginningofOlympicGames?A.IndiansB.RomansC.GreeksD.Egyptians【答案】C查看答案【解析】奥林匹克运动会发源于两千多年前的古希腊，因举办地在奥林匹亚而得名。故选C。二、填空题1.The“Iliad”isanamazingtaleofheroesandheroines,godsandgoddesses.Butmostofallitisthestoryof_____,ofhisangeranddetermination,andofhisslayingofthe_____heroHector.（人大2001研）【答案】Achilles；Trojan查看答案【解析】《伊利亚特》是由古希腊诗人所作的一部叙述性史诗，主要记述特洛伊之战中英勇的阿喀琉斯（Achilles）如何战胜赫克托耳（Hector）。2.ThefirstproseliteratureintheformofhistoryentitledhistorywasanaccountofthePersianWarwrittenby_____,knownas“Thefatherofhistory”,andThucydides,anotherfamousGreekhistorianwasthewriterofthe_____War.（人大2001研）【答案】Herodotus;Peloponnesian查看答案【解析】在古希腊时代，希罗多德（Herodotus）被誉为“历史之父”；另一位著名的希腊历史学家修昔底德（Thucydides）主要记述了《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》（PeloponnesianWar）。3.TheRomansenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelastingtwohundredyears,aremarkablephenomenoninhistoryknownasthe_____.（人大2001研）【答案】PaxRomana查看答案【解析】罗马人曾经拥有200多年的和平时期，这段时期十分著名，被称为“罗马和平时期”。4.TheRomanswerefineengineersandroadbuilders,butinart,literature,and_____theyhadbarelymadeastartwhentheycameintocontactwiththeadvancedGreekcivilizationintheseareastheRomansbecameeagerstudents.andastheRomanpoet_____putit“CaptiveGreecetookRomecaptive.”（人大2001研）【答案】philosophy；Horace查看答案【解析】虽然罗马人征服了希腊，并善于建造各种建筑，修缮道路，但是在艺术、文学和哲学上，罗马人都为希腊人灿烂辉煌的文化所折服；因此古罗马诗人和评论家贺瑞斯（Horace）写到：“被俘的希腊人却征服了罗马人”。5.PartoftheHomericpoemsdealswiththeallianceofthecitystalesofthemainlandGreece,ledby_____intheirwaragainstthecity,ofTroy.TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideand_____andOdysseusontheGreekside.（人大2005研）【答案】Agamemnon；Achilles查看答案【解析】《荷马史诗》相传为古希腊盲诗人荷马所创作，包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，其中一部分以特洛伊战争为主题；阿伽门农，特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅；赫克托耳，特洛伊第一勇士，在决斗中被希腊勇士阿喀琉斯杀死；奥德修斯，伊塞卡国王，献木马计。6.InancientGreecetherewasaphilosophicalschoolknownasthe_____,whoweresonamedbecauseoneoftheirexemplarsDiogenesdecidedtolivelikeadogandrejectedallconventions.Astoryistoldofhow_____theGreatvisitedhimandaskedifhewantedanyfavor.“Onlytostandoutofmylight,”hereplied.（人大2005研）【答案】Cynics；Alexander查看答案【解析】戴奥真尼斯（公元前412～323），古希腊犬儒哲学学派（Cynics）代表人物；他住在桶里，认为除了人的必要需求，其他诸如财富、地位都不重要；当时他非常著名，甚至亚历山大大帝都去拜访他。7.AncientGreeksconsidered_____tobetheauthoroftheirepics.【答案】Homer查看答案【解析】古希腊人认为荷马是其史诗的作者。8.Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,allGreecewasbroughtundertheruleof_____.【答案】Alexander查看答案【解析】公元前4世纪后半叶，整个希腊都在亚历山大大帝的统治之下。9.Inthe5thandthe4thcenturyB.C.inancientGreece,therewerethreegreatphilosopherswhohaveexertedgreatinfluenceuponEuropeanthinking.Theywere_____,_____and_____.【答案】Socrates；Plato；Aristotle查看答案【解析】公元前5世纪和公元前4世纪的古希腊有三位伟大的哲学家，他们对欧洲的思想产生了重大影响。这三位哲学家分别是苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德。三、术语解释1.Iliad【答案】ItisoneofthetwogreatancientGreekepicsbyHomer.ItdealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroyprobablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideandAchillesandOdysseusontheGreekside.Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.查看答案2.Herodotus【答案】HerodotusisoneofgreatancientGreekhistorians.Heisoftencalled“FatherofHistory”.HewroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.Hisworks,fullofanecdotesanddigressionsandlivelydialogue,iswonderfullyreadable.Hisobjectinwritingwas“thatthegreatandwonderfuldeedsdonebyGreeksandPersiansshouldnotlackrenown.”查看答案3.Socrates【答案】HewasthephilosopherofancientGreeceinthe5thto4thcenturyB.C.HewasconsideredoneofthethreegreatestnamesinEuropeanphilosophy.Heheldthatphilosophytooktheaimtoreachtheconclusionofoneselfandvirtuewasknowledge.HisthoughtswererecordedinDialoguesbyPlato.Hedevisedthedialecticalmethod.查看答案4.Dialecticalmethod【答案】ItwasdevisedbyancientGreekphilosopherSocrates.Itisamethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers.查看答案5.Plato【答案】HewasthegreatestphilosopherofancientGreece,pupilofSocrates.HisDialoguesareimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalwritingbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.OftheDialogueshewrote,27havesurvived,including:theApology,SymposiumandtheRepublic.Platobuiltupacomprehensivesystemofphilosophy.Hisphilosophyiscalledidealism.查看答案6.Diogenes【答案】HewasoneoftheCynic’sleadersinancientGreece,whodecidedtolivelikeadog.Theword“cynic”means“dog”inGreek.Herejectedallconventions,advocatedself-sufficiencyandextremesimplicityinlife.查看答案7.Stoics【答案】ItwasoneoffourancientGreekschoolsofphilosophersinthe4thcenturyB.C.Tothem,themostimportantthinginlifewas“duty”.Itdevelopedintothetheorythatoneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.ThechiefStoicwasZeno.查看答案8.DoricStyle【答案】ItisoneofthreeancientGreekarchitecturestyles.Itisalsocalledthemasculinestyle.Itissturdy,powerful,severe-lookingandshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.TheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned.查看答案9.PaxRomana【答案】Intheyear27B.C.OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetileofAugustus.Twocenturieslater,theRomanEmpirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy—thefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknownasPaxRomana.查看答案10.Virgil【答案】HewasthegreatestofLatinpoets.Hewrotethegreatepic,theAeneid.Thepoemopenedouttothefuture,forAeneasstoodattheheadofaraceofpeoplewhoweretofoundthefirsttheRomanrepublicandthentheRomanEmpire.查看答案11.TheDarkAgeinBritain（人大2007研）【答案】The“DarkAges”startedwhentheRomansleftBritainandfinishedwhentheSaxonsruledthewholeofEngland,fromaboutAD410toAD710,duringwhichtheBritishwererulingbythemselveswithoutRomanhelp.Thisperiodofhistoryiscalled“Dark”because,inthepast,historiansknewverylittleaboutit.Nowsomepeoplecallit“Post-Roman”or“Sub-Roman”times.查看答案12.AlexandertheGreatofMacedon（人大2001研）【答案】AlexandertheGreatofMacedonisaGreekkingwhohadcreatedavastempireincludesthemainlandGreece,EgyptandpartofAsiaMinor.HehadreceivedaclassicalGreekeducationwithAristotleashistutor.HeencouragedtheconstructionoflibrariesandhelpedtospreadtheancientGreekcultureintotheEast.Hewasalsoagreatmilitarycommander.查看答案四、简答题1.Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece?【答案】(1)Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.(2)Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.2.WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished?(WhydowesayPlato’sphilosophysystemwasidealistic?DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensivesystemofphilosophy?)【答案】(1)Itdealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever-changingworld,menweretoattainknowledge.(2)Thefirstcaseandphysicalworldshouldtakethesecondarycase.(3)Idealisticofphilosophy.(4)ManyofPlato’sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.3.What’sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)?【答案】(1)Foronething,Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking.(2)Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcreteindividualre