四川外国语大学翻译学院《211翻译硕士英语》专业硕士历年考研真题及详解

2010年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingsentenceswiththeappropriatewordsderivedfromthewordsgiveninparenthesesattheendofthesentences.(20ps.)1．Thereismuch_____thatDickenswasacknowledgedamongthelowerclassesasafriendofthepoorman.(evident)【答案】evidence查看答案【解析】句意：有证据表明，狄更斯受到下层阶级的认可，被视为穷人的朋友。thereis后面接名词，所以用evidence。2．ThefrequenttavernscenesinThackerayassumetheirsignificance_____inrelationtothequestionofgenderandthegentleman.(precision)【答案】precisely查看答案【解析】句意：萨克雷作品中时常出现的小酒馆场景恰到好处地反映了关于性别和绅士的问题。precisely副词修饰动词assume。3．Theredefinedcategoryofthegentlemaninthenineteenth-centuryinfusedclasswithvirtue,providingfor_____anddifferenceamoralargumentthatwasneverthelessfinallyelusive.(distinctive)【答案】distinction查看答案【解析】句意：19世纪对绅士的重新定义将阶级与品德结合在一起，其中体现的道德观点和之前相比是不同的，但令人难以捉摸。and连接前后两词，形式应保持一致。所以用distinctive的名词形式distinction。4．He_____himselfbyhisknowledge,hisabilitytoapplyit,andhiswillingnesstoactonit.(differ)【答案】differentiates查看答案【解析】句意：他因自己的知识、应用知识的能力和将知识付诸实践的意愿而与众不同。differ是不及物动词，表示不同，后面不能跟宾语himself。differentiate使……区别于别人。5．Thefeelingsthefiguresallowhimtoexperience_____theirnarrativeandmoraljustification.(constituent)【答案】constitute查看答案【解析】句意：书中人物带给他的感受构成了他们叙事及道义上的理由。本句缺动词，所以用constitute，表示组成，构成。6．Inthemostfamousofthe_____tales,forinstance,“TheTaleoftheSpaniard”AlonzodeMonçadatellsthestoryofhisownincarcerationatthehandsoftheInquisition.(interpolate)【答案】interpolated查看答案【解析】句意：在最著名的插入故事，如在《西班牙传说》中，莫宁蒙卡讲述了自己被关在宗教裁判所里的故事。interpolate（在文章中）插入，添加内容。它与tale是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。7．NotonlycantheBritishnolongerpreservetheordertheytakeasa_____fortheirrule;theyarethemselvesresponsibleforitsdestruction.(justifiable)【答案】justification查看答案【解析】句意：英国再也无法维护被他们视为统治国家的正当理由的社会秩序。他们自己应该为国家的消亡负责。justifiable是形容词，意为“有理由的，正当的”。而不定冠词a后面跟名词，所以填justifiable的名词形式justification。8．Withregardtoliteraryhistory,Smollettwasthefirstofthemajoreighteenth-centuryBritishnoveliststodescantfreelyonthe_____betweenmetropolitanaridprovincialvalues.(dialectical)【答案】dialect查看答案【解析】句意：说到文学史，斯莫利特是第一位自由穿插使用城市和乡村方言的18世纪英国小说家。这里需要填名词dialect，表示“城市和乡村方言”。9．Iwouldliketoseeifwecan,by_____thesecomments,restoretheirroughnessofsurfaceandmakethemusefulagain.(highlight)【答案】highlighting查看答案【解析】句意：我想试一下，通过强调这些评论，能否恢复它们的本来面目，让它们再次变得有用。by是介词，表示“以……方式”，后面接v-ing形式。10．Thenovel—eitherbecauseofitsformalfreedom,orbecauseofthekindofaudienceitattracted,orbecausetheerawasincreasinglyshapedbyamercantilecastofmind,orbecauseofthefortuitouscombinationofallthesefactors—allowedforwhatwemightcallthe_____ofpersonality.(commodify)【答案】commodification查看答案【解析】句意：无论是因为形式上的自由、它吸引的读者，还是因为这个被商业洗脑的时代，或是这些因素的偶然结合——小说允许我们的所谓人格商业化。这里意思是“人格的商业化”，of前应该用名词形式。11．WhenhegoestoAmericatofightinthewaragainstthecolonies,heisimmediatelycapturedand—ina_____ofthepopularracistandsexistAmericancaptivitynarratives—caredbyanobleIndianchief.(subversive)【答案】subversion查看答案【解析】句意：他去美国参加对抗殖民地的战争，随即被捕并由一名高贵的印第安酋长照顾，这是对流行的带有种族主义、性别偏见的美国战俘文学的颠覆。不定冠词a一般修饰名词，所以应该填名词形式subversion。12．ThevoiceremindsthereaderthatChartistdisturbances_____disprovetheideathatsomelastinggoodhascomeoutofpastactions.(constancy)【答案】constantly查看答案【解析】句意：这个声音提醒读者们，宪章派一直不赞同“过去的行为带来了一些好结果”，并由此引发骚乱。constantly副词形式修饰动词disprove。13．Thequestionsthey_____askhauntthehistoryofthenovel,urgingustorememberhowuneasyEnglishfictionhasbeenwithwhatdoesnotexist.(repeat)【答案】repeatedly查看答案【解析】句意：他们反复提出的问题贯穿小说史，督促我们牢记英国小说的出现是多么不易。副词repeatedly（反复地）修饰动词ask。14．_____unusuallyforanovelist,Bennettwasinterestedinthewaypeopleremaininignoranceofthemselves,andinthewaysuchignorancecreatesanidentity.(much)【答案】Most查看答案【解析】句意：班涅特对人们的自我忽视和这种忽视产生的自我认同很感兴趣，这对一个小说家来说很不寻常。这里用最高级表示不寻常的程度，更有强调效果。15．Realismisnotprimarilyamatterofconfiningastorytotherealmofthepossibleoreventheprobable;rather,itinvolvesaparticular_____position.(philosopher)【答案】philosophical查看答案【解析】句意：现实主义的首要特征不是将一个故事锁定到现实范围里，而是包含了特定的哲学定位。position为名词，应该用形容词修饰，所以填philosophical（哲学的）。16．Thedemandthatartservethecauseofsocialreformorrevolutionhasattimesseemedundeniableinthiscenturyofunprecedented_____brutality.(institutionalize)【答案】institutional查看答案【解析】句意：在这个制度上的暴行已经是司空见惯的世纪，有时似乎无法否认一种需求——艺术是为社会改革或革命服务的。brutality（暴行）为名词，所以要用形容词形式institutional来修饰。17．JosephConradisnotonlyoneofthegreatest_____whohaswritteninEnglish,butheisparticularlyimportantforunderstandingtwentieth-centuryBritishculture.(novel)【答案】novelist查看答案【解析】句意：约瑟夫·康拉德不仅是最伟大的英语小说家之一，对人们了解20世纪英国文化也有重要意义。由who引导的定语从句可知先行词是人，所以填novelist。18．TodaythenovelsofD.H.Lawrenceoccupya_____tenuouspositioninthecanonofEnglishliteraturethantheydidagenerationago.(much)【答案】more查看答案【解析】句意：与之前一代人比起来，如今D·H·劳伦斯小说的地位已经没有那么重要了。more…than固定搭配，表示两者间的比较。19．_____themostsignificantanddemandingnovelsinthe1930s,JamesJoyce’sFinnegan’sWakeandVirginiaWoolf’sTheWaves,indifferentways,seektoextendthelinguisticandformalpossibilitiesoffiction.(argue)【答案】Arguing查看答案【解析】句意：谈起20世纪30年代最重要、最著名的小说，詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《芬尼根守灵夜》和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《海浪》通过不同的方式，试图扩展小说的语言和形式。现在分词形式做伴随状语。20．Wordsdonotimplywhattheymean,eventsaredistortedbyfaultyrecall,andappearancesbecomerealitywith_____speed.(frighten)【答案】frightening查看答案【解析】句意：文字没有隐含它们的意义，事件被带有偏差的回忆扭曲，表象以惊人的速度变成了现实。speed（速度）表示物，应该用frightening修饰，意为“惊人的”。II.Vocabulary(l0ps)Directions:Thereare20incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.1．IthinkthatIcommitteda_____inaskingherbecausesheseemedveryupsetbymyquestion.A.blunderB.revengeC.reproachD.scandal【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：我犯了大错，因为我的问题看起来让她心烦意乱。blunder（因为无知、疏忽犯下的）愚蠢的错误。revenge报复。reproach责备。scandal丑闻。故选A。2．Evenwhentextbooksare_____throughaschoolsystem,methodsofteachingmayvarygreatly.A.commonplaceB.standardizedC.competitiveD.generalized【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：尽管学校的课本是统一标准化的，但教学方式可能大相径庭。standardized统一的；标准化的。commonplace普通的；平庸的。competitive竞争的。generalized全面的；广泛的。故选B。3．Theyhaveregardedamanof_____andfairnessasareliablefriend.A.robustnessB.temperamentC.integrityD.compactness【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：人们认为一个正直公平的人是可靠的朋友。integrity正直；诚实。robustness稳健性；健壮性。temperament气质，性情。compactness简洁；紧密。integrity与fairness表达相应概念。故选C。4．Allindividualsarerequiredto_____tothelawsmadebytheirgovernments.A.obeyB.conformC.concedeD.observe【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：每个人都必须遵守政府制定的法律。conformto遵循；遵守。obey也表示“遵循；遵守”，但后面不需要接介词to。concede出让，容许；承认。observe遵守（法规）；及物动词，后面直接加名词。故选B。5．Thebasiccausesareunknown,althoughcertainconditionsthatmayleadtocancerhavebeen_____.A.identifiedB.guaranteedC.notifiedD.conveyed【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：尽管已经发现部分导致癌症的原因，但根本原因尚不明确。identify识别出；发现。guarantee保证；担保。notify通知；公布。convey表达。故选A。6．ItisverystrangebutIhadan_____thattheplanewouldcrash.A.inspirationB.intuitionC.imaginationD.incentive【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：尽管听起来很奇异，但我确实觉得飞机会撞毁。intuition直觉。inspiration灵感；鼓舞人心的（事物）。imagination想象力；幻想物。incentive刺激；诱因。故选B。7．Thechangingimageofthefamilyontelevisionprovides_____intochangingattitudestowardthefamilyinsociety.A.insightsB.presentationsC.revelationsD.specifications【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：电视中家庭形象的转变使人们了解社会中家庭观的转变。insight了解；洞察力。provideaninsightinto固定搭配，意为“看透；充分了解”。presentation介绍；陈述。revelation显示；揭露。specification规格；说明书；详述。故选A。8．Thetownplanningcommissionsaidthattheirfinancialoutlookforthenextyearwasoptimistic.Theyexpectincreasedtax_____.A.efficiencyB.revenuesC.privilegesD.validity【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：这个镇的计划委员会说明年的经济前景相当乐观，预期税收会增加。taxrevenue税收。efficiency效率。privilege特权。validity有效性；合法性。故选B。9．Billisanexampleofaseverelydisabledpersonwhohasbecome_____atmanysurvivalskills.A.proficientB.persistentC.consistentD.sufficient【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：在精通多种求生技能的残疾人当中，比尔是个典范。proficient精通的；常与skill搭配使用，表示娴熟的技术。persistent固执的；坚持的。consistent一致的；坚持的。sufficient足够的；充分的。故选A。10．Thetiesthatbindustogetherincommonactivityareso_____thattheycandisappearatanymoment.A.trivialB.fatalC.tentativeD.feeble【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：连接我们的纽带是如此脆弱，随时都有可能断裂。feeble脆弱的；易损的。trivial琐细的；微不足道的。fatal致命的。tentative试验性的；试探的。故选D。11．Duringtheconstructionofskyscrapers,cranesareusedto_____buildingmaterialstotheupperfloors.A.tossB.towC.hoistD.hurl【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：在建设摩天大楼期间，人们用起重机将建筑材料吊起到高层。hoist吊起；举起；提升。toss突然抬起；使……上下摇动。tow拖；牵引；拽。hurl猛投；猛掷。故选C。12．Diamondshavelittle_____valueandtheirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.A.extinctB.permanentC.surplusD.intrinsic【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：钻石本身没有什么价值，它们价格昂贵几乎完全是因为物以稀为贵。intrinsic本质的；固有的。extinct灭绝的。permanent永久的。surplus过剩的。故选D。13．Thekitchenwassmalland_____sothatthedisabledcouldreacheverythingwithoutdifficulty.A.conventionalB.compactC.compatibleD.concise【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：这间厨房小巧紧凑，残疾人可以方便取物。compact小巧的；紧凑的。conventional传统的。compatible合拍的；协调的。concise简洁的。故选B。14．Hewill_____resigninviewofthecompletefailureoftheresearchproject.A.doubtfullyB.adequatelyC.presumablyD.reasonably【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：鉴于此次调研项目完全失败了，他很有可能会辞职。presumably据推测；大概；可能。doubtfully怀疑地。adequately充足地；合适地。reasonably合理地；理性地。故选C。15．Thegoalistomakehighereducationavailabletoeveryonewhoiswillingandcapable_____hisfinancialsituation.A.withrespecttoB.inaccordwithC.regardlessofD.intermsof【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：我们的目标是让每个愿意学习、有学习能力的人接受高等教育，无论其家境如何。regardlessof无论；不管。withrespectto关于；至于。inaccordwith同……相符合；与……一致。intermsof依据；按照；在……方面。故选C。16．Theoriginalelectionsweredeclared_____bytheformermilitaryruler.A.voidB.vulgarC.surplusD.extravagant【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：前军事独裁者宣布原先的选举无效。void无效的。vulgar粗俗的。surplus过剩的。extravagant奢侈的；挥霍的。故选A。17．Theystoodgazingatthehappy_____ofchildrenplayinginthepark.A.perspectiveB.viewC.landscapeD.scene【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：他们站在那凝视着孩子们在公园里玩耍这一幸福场景。scene场景；情景；现场。perspective看法；想法。view风景；观点；想法。landscape风景。B、C和D三个选项都有“景色；风景”的意思，但只有scene还表达“场景；情景”的含义。故选D。18．Anobviouschangeofattitudeatthetoptowardswomen’sstatusinsocietywill_____throughthecurrentlawsysteminJapan.A.permeateB.probeC.violateD.grope【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：上层社会对妇女社会地位的态度发生了明显的变化，这种变化将会渗透到对日本现行的法律体系。permeate渗透进；穿透；常与介词through搭配使用。probe调查；探测。violate违反；侵犯。grope摸索；探索。故选A。19．Whenherealizedhehadbeen_____tosignthecontractbyintrigue,hethreatenedtostartlegalproceedingstocanceltheagreement.A.elicitedB.excitedC.deducedD.induced【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：当他意识到他在诡计诱骗下签署了这份合同，他扬言要付诸法律取消这一合约。induce诱骗；哄骗。elicit抽出；引出；引起。excite激起；刺激……，使……兴奋。deduce推论；推断；演绎出。故选D。20．Theseareasrelyonagriculturealmost_____,havingfewmineralresourcesandaminimumofindustrialdevelopment.A.respectivelyB.extraordinarilyC.incrediblyD.exclusively【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：这些地区矿产资源贫乏，工业发展滞后，几乎完全依赖农业发展。exclusively排外的；专有的。respectively分别地；各自地。extraordinary非凡的；特别的。incredibly难以置信地；非常地。故选D。III.ReadingComprehension(40ps)ReadingPassage1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.LET’SGOBATSA.Batshaveaproblem:howtofindtheirwayaroundinthedark.Theyhuntatnightandcannotuselighttohelpthemfindpreyandavoidobstacles.Youmightsaythatthisisaproblemoftheirownmaking,onethattheycouldavoidsimplybychangingtheirhabitsandhuntingbyday.Butthedaytimeeconomyisalreadyheavilyexploitedbyothercreaturessuchasbirds.Giventhatthereisalivingtobemadeatnight,andgiventhatalternativedaytimetradesarethoroughlyoccupied,naturalselectionhasfavoredbatsthatmakeagoofthenight-huntingtrade.Itisprobablethatthenocturnaltradesgowaybackintheancestryofallmammals.Inthetimewhenthedinosaursdominatedthedaytimeeconomy,ourmammalianancestorsprobablyonlymanagedtosurvive-atallbecausetheyfoundwaysofscrapingalivingatnight.Onlyafterthemysteriousmassextinctionofthedinosaursabout65millionyearsagowereourancestorsabletoemergeintothedaytimeinanysubstantialnumbers.B.Batshaveanengineeringproblem:howtofindtheirwayandfindtheirpreyintheabsenceoflight.Batsarenottheonlycreaturestofacethisdifficultytoday.Obviouslythenight-flyinginsectsthattheypreyonmustfindtheirwayaboutsomehow.Deep-seafishandwhaleshavelittleornolightbydayorbynight.Fishanddolphinsthatliveinextremelymuddywatercannotseebecause,althoughthereislight,itisobstructedandscatteredbythedirtinthewater.Plentyofothermodernanimalsmaketheirlivingintheconditionswhereseeingisdifficultorimpossible.C.Giventhequestionsofhowtomaneuverinthedark,whatsolutionsmightanengineerconsider?Thefirstonethatmightoccurtohimistomanufacturelight,tousealanternorasearchlight.Firefliesandsomefish(usuallywiththehelpofbacteria)havethepowertomanufacturetheirownlight,buttheprocessseemstoconsumealargeamountofenergy.Firefliesusetheirlightforattractingmates.Thisdoesn’trequireaprohibitiveamountofenergy:amale’stinypinprickoflightcanbeseenbyafemalefromsomedistanceonadarknight,sincehereyesareexposeddirectlytothelightsourceitself.However,usinglighttofindone’sownwayaroundrequiresvastlymoreenergy,sincetheeyeshavetodetectthetinyfractionofthelightthatbouncesoffeachpailofthescene.Thelightsourcemustthereforebeimmenselybrighterifitistobeusedasaheadlighttoilluminatethepath,thanifitistobeusedasasignaltoothers.Inanyevent,whetherornotthereasonistheenergyexpense,itseemstobethecasethat,withthepossibleexceptionofsomeweirddeep-seafish,noanimalapartfrommanusesmanufacturedlighttofinditswayabout.D.Whatelsemighttheengineerthinkof?Well,blindhumanssometimesseemtohaveanuncannysenseofobstaclesintheirpath.Ithasbeengiventhename‘facialvision’,becauseblindpeoplehavereportedthatitfeelsabitlikethesenseoftouch,ontheface.Onereporttellsofatotallyblindboywhocouldridehistricycleatgoodspeedroundtheblocknearhishome,usingfacialvision.Experimentsshowedthat,infact,facialvisionisnothingtodowithtouchorthefrontoftheface,althoughthesensationmaybereferredtothefrontoftheface,likethereferredpaininaphantomlimb.Thesensationoffacialvision,itturnsout,reallygoesinthroughtheears.Blindpeople,withoutevenbeingawareofthefact,areactuallyusingechoesoftheirownfootstepsandofothersounds,tosensethepresenceofobstacles.Beforethiswasdiscovered,engineershadalreadybuiltinstrumentstoexploittheprinciple,forexampletomeasurethedepthoftheseaunderaship.Afterthistechniquehadbeeninvented,itwasonlyamatteroftimebeforeweaponsdesignersadapteditforthedetectionofsubmarines.BothsidesintheSecondWorldWarreliedheavilyonthesedevices,undersuchcodenamesasAsdic(British)andSonar(American),aswellasRadar(American)orRDF(British),whichusesradioechoesratherthansoundechoes.E.TheSonarandRadarpioneersdidn’tknowitthen,butalltheworldnowknowsthatbats,orrathernaturalselectionworkingonbats,hadperfectedthesystemlensofmillionsofyearsearlier,andtheir‘radar’achievesfeatsofdetectionandnavigationthatwouldstrikeanengineerdumbwithadmiration.Itistechnicallyincorrecttotalkaboutbat‘radar’,sincetheydonotuseradiowaves.Itissonar.Buttheunderlyingmathematicaltheoriesofradarandsonarareverysimilar,andmuchofourscientificunderstandingofthedetailsofwhatbatsaredoinghascomefromapplyingradartheorytothem.TheAmericanzoologistDonaldGriffin,whowaslargelyresponsibleforthediscoveryofsonarinbats,coinedtheterm‘echolocation’tocoverbothsonarandradar,whetherusedbyanimalsorbyhumaninstruments.Questions1-5ReadingPassage1hasfiveparagraphs,A-E.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-E,onyouranswersheet.(NB.Youmayuseanylettermorethanonce.)1．examplesofwildlifeotherthanbatswhichdonotrelyonvisiontonavigateby2．howearlymammalsavoideddyingout3．whybatshuntinthedark4．howaparticulardiscoveryhashelpedourunderstandingofbats5．earlymilitaryusesofecholocation【答案与解析】1．B 根据B段可知，生活在海洋深处的鱼和鲸鱼白天和晚上几乎见不到光，生活在浑水中的鱼和海豚由于水中污泥的阻碍也看不到东西。没有光，所以这些动物一定不是通过视觉确定猎物位置的。所以题干信息对应的是B段。2．A 根据A段后半部分，过去恐龙主导白天的时候，我们的哺乳动物祖先只能晚上出现，通过一些方法谋生。只有在6500万年前恐龙神秘地大规模灭绝之后，我们的祖先才得以出现在白天。所以这一部分内容讲的是早期哺乳动物如何逃脱了灭绝的命运。所以题干信息对应的是A段。3．A 根据A段前半部分，蝙蝠黑夜才出来捕食的原因是白日被其他生物（如鸟类）所主导，自然选择使得蝙蝠只能在晚上出来捕食以求生存。所以题干信息对应的是A段。4．E E段中“Buttheunderlyingmathematicaltheoriesofradarandsonarareverysimilar,andmuchofourscientificunderstandingofthedetailsofwhatbatsaredoinghascomefromapplyingradartheorytothem”明确提出我们如今对蝙蝠的理解是来自于雷达技术的发现。所以题干信息对应的是E段。5．D 根据D段最后一句可知，echolocation指的是用声呐和雷达技术来确定事物位置。D段最后一句说到，二战中两方都在很大程度上依赖声呐和雷达设备。所以题干信息对应的是D段。Questions6-9Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswerWriteyouranswersonyouranswersheet.FAC1ALVISIONBlindpeoplereportthatso-called‘facialvision’iscomparabletothesensationoftouchontheface.Infact,thesensationismoresimilartothewayinwhichpainfroma6.______armorlegmightbefelt.Theabilityactuallycomesfromperceiving7._____throughtheears.However,evenbeforethiswasunderstood,theprinciplehadbeenappliedinthedesignofinstrumentswhichcalculatedthe8._____oftheseabed.Thiswasfollowedbyawartimeapplicationindevicesforfinding9._____.【答案与解析】6．phantom（D段中“Experimentsshowedthat,infact,facialvisionisnothingtodowithtouchorthefrontoftheface,althoughthesensationmaybereferredtothefrontoftheface,likethereferredpaininaphantomlimb”表明：“面感视觉”就像幻肢一样。phantomlimb幻肢。limb意思是“肢；臂”，也就是空格后的arm和leg。）7．obstacles（D段中“Blindpeople,withoutevenbeingawareofthefact,areactuallyusingechoesoftheirownfootstepsandofothersounds,tosensethepresenceofobstacles”，表明盲人实际上是通过听脚步声和其他声音来判断障碍物的存在的。）8．depth（D段中“Beforethiswasdiscovered,engineershadalreadybuiltinstrumentstoexploittheprinciple,forexampletomeasurethedepthoftheseaunderaship”指出，这一原理可以用来测量船下海水的深度。）9．submarines（D段倒数第二句提到之前武器设计者曾利用（通过声音感知的）原理才探测潜艇。）Question10-13Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseONEMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.10．Longbeforetheinventionofradar,_____hadresultedinasophisticatedradar-likesysteminbats.11．Radarisaninaccuratetermwhenreferringtobatsbecause_____arenotusedintheirnavigationsystem.12．Radarandsonararebasedonsimilar_____.13．Theword‘echolocation’wasfirstusedbysomeoneworkingasa_____.【答案与解析】10．naturalselection（E段第一句“bats,orrathernaturalselectionworkingonbats,hadperfectedthesystemlensofmillionsofyearsearlier”表明，是自然选择使得蝙蝠拥有了像雷达一样的、复杂的系统。）11．radiowaves（E段中“Itistechnicallyincorrecttotalkaboutbat‘radar’,sincetheydonotuseradiowaves”说到，从技术角度来看，蝙蝠“雷达”是不正确的说法，因为蝙蝠并不使用无线电波。）12．mathematicaltheories（E段中“theunderlyingmathematicaltheoriesofradarandsonarareverysimilar”表明，雷达和声呐技术基于相同的数学理论。）13．Americanzoologist（E段最后一句指出，echolocation这个词是由美国动物学家DonaldGriffin创造出来的。）ReadingPassage2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.Questions14-26ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphs,A-H.ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsAandC-Hfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-xi,onyouranswersheet.14．ParagraphA15．ParagraphC16．ParagraphD17．ParagraphE18．ParagraphF19．ParagraphG20．ParagraphHMAKINGEVERYDROPCOUNTA.Thehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.Astownsgraduallyexpanded,waterwasbroughtfromincreasinglyremotesources,leadingtosophisticatedengineeringeffortssuchasdamsandaqueducts.AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwell-builtsewers,suppliedtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.B.Duringtheindustrialrevolutionandpopulationexplosionofthe19thand20thcenturies,thedemandforwaterrosedramatically.Unprecedentedconstructionoftensofthousandsofmonumentalengineeringprojectsdesignedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwatersupplies,andprovidewaterforirrigationandhydropowerbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsofpeople.Foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationsmainlybecauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.Nearlyonefifthofalltheelectricitygeneratedworldwideisproducedbyturbinesspunbythepoweroffallingwater.C.Yetthereisadarksidetothispicture:despiteourprogress,halfoftheworld’spopulationstillsuffers,withwaterservicesinferiortothoseavailabletotheancientGreeksandRomans.AstheUnitedNationsreportonaccesstowaterreiteratedinNovember2001,morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater;sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,000childreneveryday,andthelatestevidencesuggeststhatwearefallingbehindineffortstosolvetheseproblems.D.Theconsequencesofourwaterpoliciesextendbeyondjeopardizinghumanhealth.Tensofmillionsofpeoplehavebeenforcedtomovefromtheirhomes—oftenwithlittlewarningorcompensation—tomakewayforthereservoirsbehinddams.Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.Certainirrigationpracticesdegradesoilqualityandreduceagriculturalproductivity.GroundwateraquifersarebeingpumpeddownfasterthantheyarenaturallyreplenishedinpartsofIndia,China,theUSAandelsewhere.Anddisputesoversharedwaterresourceshaveledtoviolenceandcontinuetoraiselocal,nationalandeveninternationaltensions.E.Attheoutsetofthenewmillennium,however,thewayresourceplannersthinkaboutwaterisbeginningtochange.Thefocusisslowlyshiftingbacktotheprovisionofbasichumanandenvironmentalneedsastoppriority—ensuringsomeforall,insteadofmoreforsome.Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities,whichisincreasinglyconsideredtheoptionoflast,notfirst,resort.Thisshiftinphilosophyhasnotbeenuniversallyaccepted,anditcomeswithstrongoppositionfromsomeestablishedwaterorganizations.Nevertheless,itmaybetheonlywaytoaddresssuccessfullythepressingproblemsofprovidingeveryonewithcleanwatertodrink,adequatewatertogrowfoodandalifefreefrompreventablewater-relatedillness.F.Fortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted.Asaresult,thepressuretobuildnewwaterinfrastructureshasdiminishedoverthepasttwodecades.Althoughpopulation,industrialoutputandeconomicproductivityhavecontinuedtosoarindevelopednations,therateatwhichpeoplewithdrawwaterfromaquifers,riversandlakeshasslowed.Andinafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.G.Whatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.Throughoutthefirstthree-quartersofthe20thcentury,thequantityoffreshwaterconsumedperpersondoubledonaverage;intheUSA,waterwithdrawalsincreasedtenfoldwhilethepopulationquadrupled.Butsince1980,theamountofwaterconsumedperpersonhasactuallydecreased,thankstoarangeofnewtechnologiesthathelptoconservewaterinhomesandindustry.In1965,forinstance,Japanusedapproximately13milliongallonsofwatertoproduce$1millionofcommercialoutput;by1989thishaddroppedto3.5milliongallons(evenaccountingforinflation)—almostaquadruplingofwaterproductivity.IntheUSA,waterwithdrawalshavefallenbymorethan20%fromtheirpeakin1980.H.Ontheotherhand,dams,aqueductsandotherkindsofinfrastructurewillstillhavetobebuilt,particularlyindevelopingcountrieswherebasichumanneedshavenotbeenmet.Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.Andeveninregionswherenewprojectsseemwarranted,wemustfindwaystomeetdemandswithfewerresources,respectingecologicalcriteriaandtoasmallerbudget.【答案与解析】15．ParagraphC→vii（段落C的主要内容是：在快速发展的同时，世界上有一半的地区饱受污染困扰，部分地区缺少干净的饮用水及卫生设施，并且因水污染疾病导致的死亡人数数量巨大，这些问题急需解决。疾病对应选项vii中的health（健康），故选vii。）16．ParagraphD→v（段落D的主要内容是：修建水库、大坝等政策导致了一系列的问题，如：鱼类受威胁、生态系统和土壤被破坏、农业产量减少等，这些都是水资源短缺对环境的影响，故选v。）17．ParagraphE→i（段落的E主要内容是：水资源规划者们认为水资源的利用方式正在发生改变，要更有效地使用现有的基础设施，这将有助于解决干净饮用水短缺、农业用水短缺、水污染疾病等问题。水资源规划者、改变用水方式等与选项i中的revisionofpolicy（调整政策）相对应，故选i。）18．ParagraphF→ix（段落F的主要内容是：幸运的是，人们对水的需求并没有像一些人预测的那样迅速上升。在过去二十年里，建造新的水基础设施的压力减少。虽然人口、工业产出和经济生产力在发达国家继续飙升，但人们从含水层、河流和湖泊抽水的速度减缓。在世界的一些地区，需求实际上已经下降。选项ix符合段意，故选ix。）19．ParagraphG→ii（段落G的主要内容是：人们对水的需求量下降，其中有两大原因，一个原因是人们已经知道如何更有效地使用水，另一个原因是大众正在重新思考他们用水的优先次序。后文便是对这两个原因的解释，只有选项ii有原因、解释的含义，故选ii。）20．ParagraphH→x（段落H的主要内容是：在部分地区，特别是在没有满足人们基本需要的发展中国家必须建造水坝、引水渠和其他类型的基础设施。但是，这些项目必须建立在更高规格的基础上，并对当地人民及其环境承担起比以往更多的责任。即使在看来需要新项目的地区，我们必须找到办法，用更少的资源、尊重生态的标准和更小的预算来满足要求。由此可见，本段重点强调了基础设施的建设要有高的标准，承担起社会责任，故选x（提高标准的需要）。）Questions21-26DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Onyouranswersheet,write:21．WateruseperpersonishigherintheindustrialworldthanitwasinAncientRome.22．Feedingincreasingpopulationsispossibledueprimarilytoimprovedirrigationsystems.23．ModernwatersystemsimitatethoseoftheancientGreeksandRomans.24．Industrialgrowthisincreasingtheoveralldemandforwater.25．Moderntechnologieshaveledtoareductionindomesticwaterconsumption.26．Inthefuture,governmentsshouldmaintainownershipofwaterinfrastructures.【答案与解析】21．NO（根据段落A的最后一句话“AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwell-builtsewers,suppliedtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday”，即：在罗马帝国的鼎盛时期，九条主干系统，加上新型管道布局以及内置下水道，使其人均供水量和今天的工业化国家一样多。题目里所给的higher（高于）和asmuchas（和……一样多）不符，因此本句话与作者的意思相矛盾，填No。）22．YES（根据段落B可知，“Foodproduc