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大学英语四级真题试卷及答案(三套全)大学英语四级真题试卷及答案(三套全)第第#页共34页I"vemadecountlessbabyblankets,sweaters,scarves,hats,capsfornewborns.Itakeaknittingprojectwithmeeverywhere,especiallywhenIhavetositstillandlisten.AsIdiscoveredincollege,whenmyhandsarebusy,mymindstaysfocusedonthehereandnow.Itseems,too,thatI"mpartofanationalrenewalofinterestinneedleandotherhandicrafts(手工艺).TheCraftYarnCouncilreportsthatathirdofwomenages25-35nowknitorcrochet.Evenmenandschoolchildrenareswellingtheranks,amongthemmyfriend"sthreesmallgrandsons.LastApril,thecouncilcreatedaStitchAwayStress”campaigninhonorofNationalStressAwarenessMonth.Dr.HerbertBenson,apioneerinmind/bodymedicineandauthorofTheRelaxationResponse,saysthattherepetitiveactionofneedleworkcaninducearelaxedstatelikethatassociatedwithmeditation(沉思)andyoga.Onceyougetbeyondtheinitiallearningcurve,knittingandcrochetingcanlowerheartrateandbloodpressure.[E]Butunlikemeditation,craftactivitiesresultintangibleandoftenusefulproductsthatcanenhanceself-esteem.Ikeepphotosofmysingularaccomplishmentsonmycellphonetoboostmyspiritswhenneeded.[F]Sincethe1990s,thecouncilhassurveyedhundredsofthousandsofknittersandcrocheters,whoroutinelyliststressreliefandcreativefulfillmentastheactivities"mainbenefits.Amongthemisthefatherofaprematurelyborndaughterwhoreportedthatduringthebaby5sfiveweeksintheintensivecareunit,“learninghowtoknitinfanthatsgavemeasenseofpurposeduringatimethatIfeltveryhelpless.It"sahobbythatI"vestuckwith,anditcontinues;tohelpmecopewithstressatwork,provideasenseoforderinhecticJ忙舌L的)days,andallowmybraintimetosolveproblems.""Arecentemailfromtheyarn(纺纱)companyRedHearttitled“HealthBenefitsofCrochetingandKnitting”promptedmetoexplorewhatelsemightbeknownaboutthehealthvalueofactivitieslikeknitting.Myresearchrevealedthattherewardsgowellbeyondreplacingstressandanxietywiththesatisfactionofcreation.[H]Forexample,KarenHayes,alifecoachinToronto,conductsknittingtherapyprograms,includingKnittoQuittohelpsmokersgiveupthehabit,andKnittoHealforpeoplecopingwithhealthcrises,likeacancerdiagnosisorseriousillnessofafamilymember.Schoolsandprisonswithcraftprogramsreportthattheyhaveacalmingeffectandenhancesocialskills.Andhavingtofollowinstructionsoncomplexcraftprojectscanimprovechildren"smathskills.[I]Somepeoplefindthatcraftworkhelpsthemcontroltheirweight.Justasit"schallengingtosmokewhileknitting,whenhandsareholdingneedlesandhooks,there,slesssnackingandmindlesseatingoutofboredom.I"vefoundthatmyhandiworkwithyamhashelpedmyarthritic(患关节炎的)fingersremainmoredexterous(灵巧的)asIage.AwomanencouragedtotryknittingandcrochetingafterdevelopinganautoimmunediseasethatcausedalotofhandpainreportedontheCraftYamCouncilsitethatherhandsarenowlessstiffandpainful.A2009UniversityofBritishColumbiastudyof38womenwithaneatingdisorderwhoweretaughttoknitfoundthatlearningthecraftledtosignificantimprovements.Seventy-fourpercentofthewomensaidtheactivitylessenedtheirfearsandkeptthemfromthinkingabouttheirproblem.BetsanCorkhill,awellnesscoachinBath,England,andauthorofthebookKnitforHealth&Wellness,establishedawebsite,Stitchlinks,toexplorethevalueofwhatshecallstherapeuticknitting.Amongherrespondents,54percentofthosewhowereclinicallydepressedsaidthatknittingmadethemfeelhappyorveryhappy.Inastudyof60self-selectedpeoplewithpersistentpain,Ms.Corkhillandcolleaguesreportedthatknittingenabledthemtoredirecttheirfocus,reducingtheirawarenessofpain.Shesuggestedthatthebraincanprocessjustsomuchatonce,andthatactivitieslikeknittingandcrochetingmakeitharderforthebraintoregisterpainsignals.Perhapsmostexcitingisresearchthatsuggeststhatcraftslikeknittingandcrochetingmayhelptokeepoffadeclineinbrainfunctionwithage.Ina2011study,researchersledbyDr.YonasGedaattheMayoClinicinRochesterinterviewedarandom随机的)sampleof1,321peopleages70-89,mostofwhomwerecognitively(在认知方面)normal,aboutthecognitiveactivitiestheyengagedinlateinlife.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofNeuropsychiatry&ClinicalNeurosciences,foundthatthosewhoengagedincraftslikeknittingandcrochetinghadadiminishedchanceofdevelopingmildcognitivedisorderandmemoryloss.Althoughitispossiblethatonlypeoplewhoarecognitivelyhealthywouldpursuesuchactivities,thosewhoreadnewspapersormagazinesorplayedmusicdidnotshowsimilarbenefits.Theresearchersspeculatethatcraftactivitiespromotethedevelopmentofnervepathwaysinthebrainthathelptomaintaincognitivehealth.Insupportofthatsuggestion,a2014studybyDeniseC.ParkoftheUniversityofTexasatDallasandcolleaguesdemonstratedthatlearningtoknitordodigitalphotographyenhancedmemoryfunctioninolderadults.Thosewhoengagedinactivitiesthatwerenotintellectuallychallenging,eitherinasocialgrouporalone,didnotshowsuchimprovements.Giventhatsustainedsocialcontactshavebeenshowntosupporthealthandalonglife,thosewishingtomaximizethehealthvalueofcraftsmightconsiderjoiningagroupoflike-mindedfolks.Iforonetrynottomissasingleweeklymeetingofmyknittinggroup.注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Whentheauthorwasacollegestudent,shefoundthatknittinghelpedherconcentrate.Knittingcanhelppeoplestayawayfromtobacco.Evenmenandchildrenarenowjoiningthearmyofknitters.Beingamemberofacraftsgroupenhancesone"shealthandprolongsone"slife.Knittingdivertspeople9sattentionfromtheirpain.Theauthorlearnttoknitasateenager,butitwasnotuntilshewasmucholderthatshebecamekeenlyinterested.Whenpeopleareknitting,theytendtoeatfewersnacks.Surveyfindingsshowthatknittingcanhelppeoplerelievestress.Accordingtoastudy,knittersandcrochetersarelesslikelytosuffermildcognitivedamage.Theproductsofknittingcanincreaseone"ssenseof self-respect.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.NobodyreallyknowshowbigLagosis.What"sindisputableisthatit"sgrowingveryquickly.Betweennowand2050,theurbanpopulationofAfricacouldtriple.Yetcitiesinsub-SaharanAfricaarenotgettingricherthewaycitiesintherestoftheworldhave.MosturbanAfricansliveinslums(贫民窟);migrantsareoftennotmuchbetteroffthantheywereinthecountryside.Why?Theimmediateproblemispoverty.MostofAfricaisurbanisingatalowerlevelofincomethanotherregionsoftheworlddid.Thatmeansthere"slittlemoneyaroundforinvestmentthatwouldmakecitiesliveableandmoreproductive.Withoutupgradesandnewcapacity,bridges,roadsandpowersystemsareunabletocopewithexpandingpopulations.WiththeexceptionofSouthAfrica,theonlylightrailmetrosysteminsub-SaharanAfricaisinAddisAbaba,Ethiopia.Trafficjamleadstoexpenseandunpredictability,thingsthatkeepinvestorsaway.Inotherpartsoftheworld,increasingagriculturalproductivityandindustrialisationwenttogether.Moreproductivefarmersmeanttherewasasurplusthatcouldfeedcities;inturn,thatcreatedapooloflabourforfactories.ButAfricancitiesaredifferent.Theyaretoooftenbuiltaroundconsumingnaturalresources.Governmentisconcentratedincapitals,soisthemoney.MosturbanAfricansworkforasmallminorityoftherich,whotendtobeinvolvedineithercronyish(有裙带关系的)businessesorpolitics.SinceAfricanagricultureisstillbroadlyunproductive,foodisimported,consumingaportionofrevenue.Sowhatcanbedone?ThroughAfricancountriesarepoor,notallAfricancitiesare.InLagos,foreignoilworkerscanpayasmuchas$65,000peryearinrentforamodestapartmentinasafepartoftown.Ifthatincomewerebettertaxed,itmightprovidetherevenueforbetterinfrastructure.Ifcityleadersweremoreaccountabletotheirresidents,theymightfavourprojectsdesignedtohelpthemmore.Yetevenasnewroadsarebuilt,newpeoplearrive.Whenacity"spopulationgrowsby5%ayear,itisdifficulttokeepup.注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutcitiesinsub-SaharanAfrica?Theyhavemoreslumsthanothercitiesintheworld.Theyaregrowingfastwithoutbecomingricher.Theyareasmodernisedasmanycitieselsewhere.Theyattractmigrantswhowanttobebetteroff.Whatdoestheauthorimplyabouturbanisationinotherpartsoftheworld?Itbenefitedfromthecontributionofimmigrants.Itstartedwhenpeople*incomewasrelativelyhigh.Itbenefitedfromtheacceleratedriseinproductivity.Itstartedwiththeimprovementofpeople*livelihood.Whyissub-SaharanAfricaunappealingtoinvestors?Itlacksadequatetransportfacilities.Thelivingexpensestherearetoohigh.Itisonthewholetoodenselypopulated.Thelocalgovernmentsarecorrupted.InwhatwaydoestheauthorsayAfricancitiesaredifferent?Theyhaveattractedhugenumbersoffarmlabourers.Theystillrelyheavilyonagriculturalproductivity.Theyhavedevelopedattheexpenseofnature.Theydependfarmoreonforeigninvestment.WhatmightbeasolutiontotheproblemsfacingAfricancities?Loweringofapartmentrent.Bettereducationforresidents.Morerationaloverallplanning.Amoreresponsiblegovernment.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forthepastseveraldecades,itseemsthere"sbeenageneralconsensusonhowtogetaheadinAmerica:Getacollegeeducation,findareliablejob,andbuyyourownhome.ButdoAmericansstillbelieveinthatpath,andiftheydo,isitattainable?ThemostrecentNationalJournalpollaskedrespondentsabouttheAmericandream,whatittakestoachievetheirgoals,andwhetherornottheyfeltasignificantamountofcontrolovertheirabilitytobesuccessful.Overwhelmingly,theresultsshowthattoday,theideaoftheAmericandream—andwhatittakestoachieveit一looksquitedifferentthanitdidinthelate20thcentury.Byandlarge,peoplefeltthattheiractionsandhardwork—notoutsideforces—werethedecidingfactorinhowtheirlivesturnedout.Butrespondentshaddecidedlymixedfeelingsaboutwhatactionsmakeforabetterlifeinthecurrenteconomy.Inthelastsevenyears,Americanshavegrownmorepessimisticaboutthepowerofeducationtoleadtosuccess.Eventhoughtheyseegoingtocollegeasafairlyachievablegoal,amajority—52percent—thinkthatyoungpeopledonotneedafour-yearcollegeeducationinordertobesuccessful.MiguelMaeda,42,whohasamaster'sdegreeandworksinpublichealth,wasthefirstinhisfamilytogotocollege,whichhasallowedhimtoachieveasenseoffinancialstabilityhisparentsandgrandparentsneverdid.Whilesome,likeMaeda,emphasizedthevalueofthedegreeratherthantheeducationitself,othersstillseecollegeasawaytogainnewperspectivesandlifeexperiences.Sixty-year-oldWillFendley,whohadasuccessfulcareerinthemilitaryandneverearnedacollegedegree,thinks“personaldrive”isfarmoreimportantthanjustgoingtocollege.ToFendley,asenseofdriveandpurpose,aswellasaneffectivehigh-schooleducation,andbasiclifeskills,likebalancingacheckbook,arethenecessaryingredientsforasuccessfullifeinAmerica.注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。ItusedtobecommonlyacknowledgedthattosucceedinAmerica,onehadtohave.anadvancedacademicdegreeanambitiontogetaheadafirmbeliefintheirdreamasenseofdriveandpurposeWhatisthefindingofthelatestNationalJournalpollconcerningtheAmericandream?MoreandmoreAmericansa
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