《语言学》构词法 Blend

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Blend

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Forotheruses,seeBlend(disambiguation.

""Blending"redirectshere.Foralphablending,sAlphacompositin.

Inlinguistics,ablendisawordformedfrompartsoftwootherwords.

Thesepartsaresometimes,butnotalways,morphemes

Contents

[hide]

.1Linguistics

o1.1Formation

1.1.1Blendingoftworoots

1.1.2LexicalSelection

.2Use

.3Seealso

.4References

建[edit]Linguistics

Blendsdealwiththeactionofabridgingandthencombiningvariouslexemestoformanewword.However,theprocessofdefiningwhichwordsaretrueblendsandwhicharenotismorecomplicated.Thedifficultycomesindeterminewhichpartsofanewwordare"recoverable"(itsrootcanbedistinguished).tn

Therearemanytypesofblends,basedonhowtheyareformed.Algeo,alinguist,proposeddividingblendsintothreegroups^:

PhonemicOverlap:asyllableorpartofasyllableissharedbetweentwowords

Clipping:theshorteningoftwowordsandthencompoundingthem

PhenomicOverlapandClipping:shorteningoftwowordstoasharedsyllableandthencompounding

However,classificationoftypesofblendsisnotstandardamongalllinguists.

[edit]Formation

Mostblendsareformedbyoneofthefollowingmethods:

Thebeginningofonewordisaddedtotheendoftheother(seeportmanteauword.Forexample,brunchisablendofbreakfastandlunch.Oneofthetwomaybeawholewordifitisshort.Thisisthemostcommonmethodofblending.Amonosyllabicwordisdividedintoitsonsetandrimeifnecessary.Ablendofthistypetypicallyhasthesamenumberofsyllablesasthesecondword.

obroccoli(3)+cauliflower(4)fbroccoflower(4)

obreakfast⑵+lunch(1)fbrunch(1)

ocamera(3)+recorder(3)fcamcorder(3)

oeducation(4)+entertainment(4)fedutainment(4)

oinformation(4)+commercial(3)finfomercial(4,exception)

omotor(2)+hotel(2)fmotel(2)

osimultaneous(5)+broadcast(2)fsimulcast(3,exception)

osmoke(1)+fog(1)fsmog(1)

ospoon(1)+fork(1)fspork(1)

ostagnation(3)+inflation(3)fstagflation(3)

Thebeginningsoftwowordsarecombined.Forexample,cyborgisablendofcyberneticandorganism

Twowordsareblendedaroundacommonsequenceofsounds.Forexample,thewordCalifornicatio,fromasongbytheRedHotChiliPeppers,isablendofCaliforniaandfornication

Multiplesoundsfromtwocomponentwordsareblended,whilemostlypreservingthesounds'order.PoetLewisCarrollwaswellknownforthesekindsofblends.Anexampleofthisisthewordslithy,ablendoflitheandslimy.ThismethodisdifficulttoachieveandisconsideredasignofCarroll'sverbalwit

Whentwowordsarecombinedintheirentirety,theresultisconsideredacompoundwordratherthanablend.Forexample,bagpipeisacompound,notablend,ofbagandpipe.

[edit]Blendingoftworoots

Blendingcanalsoapplytorootsratherthanwords,forinstanceinIsraeliHebrew."IsraeliF汕7dakhpor‘bulldozer'hybridizes(MishnaicHebrew〉〉)IsraeliomVdhp‘push'and(BiblicalHebrew>>)Israelirm仃Vhpr‘dig'[...]IsraeliUIU^QshiltUt‘zapping,surfingthechannels,flippingthroughthechannels'derivesfrom(i)(Hebrew〉)Israelishalat‘remotecontrol',anellipsis-likeEnglishremote(butusingthenouninstead)—ofthe(widelyknown)compoundpimshalatrakhOk-cf.theAcademyoftheHebrewLanguag6sU^Qpmshalatrdkhakand(ii)(Hebrew〉)IsraeliUIUQshitUt‘wandering,vagrancy'.IsraeliUIU^QshiltUtwasintroducedbytheAcademyoftheHebrewLanguagein[...]1996.Synchronically,itmightappeartoresultfromreduplicationofthefinalconsonantofshalat‘remotecontrol'.AnotherexampleofblendingwhichhasalsobeenexplainedasmerereduplicationisIsraelin'F^巾gakhlilit‘fire-fly,glow-fly,Lampyris'.ThiscoinagebyHayyimNahmanBialikblends(Hebrew〉)Israeli巾gakhelet‘burningcoal'with

(Hebrew〉)Israelin^'^layla‘night'.Comparethiswiththeunblendedn'^'^^nkhakhlilit‘(black)redstart,Phfflnicurus'(〈〈BiblicalHebrew‘dullred,reddish').Synchronicallyspeakingthough,mostnativeIsraeli-speakersfeelthatgakhlilitincludesareduplicationofthethirdradicalofTniVghl.ThisisincidentallyhowErnestKlein。]explainsgakhlilitSinceheisattemptingtoprovideetymology,hisdescriptionmightbemisleadingifoneagreesthatHayyimNahmanBialikhadblendinginmind.〃E"TherearetwopossibleetymologicalanalysesforIsraeliHebrew^曲kaspar‘bankclerk,teller'.Thefirstisthatitconsistsof(Hebrew〉)Israeliqonkesef‘money'andthe

(International/Hebrew>)Israeliagentivesuffixr--ar.Thesecondisthatitisaquasi-portmanteauwordwhichblendsqonkesef‘money'and(Hebrew〉)IsraelirooVspr‘count'.IsraeliHebrewroodkasparstartedasabrandnamebutsoonenteredthecommonlanguage.Evenifthesecondanalysisisthecorrectone,thefinalsyllabler--arapparentlyfacilitatednativizationsinceitwasregardedastheHebrewsuffixr--ar(probablyofPersianpedigree),whichusuallyreferstocraftsmenandprofessionals,forinstanceasinMendeleMocherSforim'scoinageruiur^Osmartutdr‘rag-dealer'.%][edit]LexicalSelection

Blendingmayoccurwithanerrorinlexicalselection,theprocessbywhichaspeakeruseshissemanticknowledgetochoosewords.LewisCarroll'sexplanation,whichgaverisetotheuseof'portmanteau'forsuchcombinations,was:

HumptyDumpty'stheory,oftwomeaningspackedintoonewordlikeaportmanteau,seemstometherightexplanationforall.Forinstance,takethetwowords"fuming"and"furious."Makeupyourmindthatyouwillsaybothwords...youwillsay""frumious."[6]

Theerrorsarebasedonsimilarityofmeanings,ratherthanphonologicalsimilarities,andthemorphemesorphonemesstayinthesamepositionwithinthesyllabled.

[edit]Use

Somelanguages,likeJapanese,encouragetheshorteningandmergingofborrowedforeignwords(asingairaigo),becausetheyarelongordifficulttopronounceinthetargetlanguage.Forexample,karaoke,acombinationoftheJapanesewordkara(meaningempty)andtheclippedformokeoftheEnglishloanword""orchestra""(J.okesutora才一),is

aJapaneseblendthathasenteredtheEnglishlanguage.(Fromthearticlegairaigo.)

Manycorporatebrandnames,trademarks,andinitiatives,aswellasnamesofcorporationsandorganizationsthemselves,areblends.Forexample,Wiktionary,oneofWikipedia'ssisterprojects,isablendofwikianddictionar.Also,NabiscoisablendoftheinitialsyllablesofNationalBiscuitCompany.

[edit]Seealso

LookupBlendin

Wiktionary,thefreedictionary.

.Amalgamation(names)

.Clipping(morphology)

.Compound(linguistics)

.Contr