控烟早期阶段

Early

Steps

in

Tobacco

Control控烟的早期阶段The

Advent

of

Cigarettes香烟的诞生Manufactured

tobacco

products

(cigarettes)

first

producedand

marketed

in

England

and

Australia

in

the

mid-late1800s手工制作的烟草制品（香烟）最先于19世纪中后期在英国和澳大利亚生产并上市Convenient

touse,

widely

available,

relativelyinexpensive方便使用，广泛易得，相对便宜Inthe

early

to

mid

1900s,

advertisements

showed

moviestars,

sporting

heroes

and

doctors

endorsing

cigarettesmoking20世纪初至中叶，烟草广告显示电影明星、运动员和医生支持吸烟Discovering

the

Risks

of

Smoking吸烟危害的发现Noticeable

increase

in

lung

cancer

patients

led

toindependent,

parallel

investigations

in

the

UK

and

USAin

1948.肺癌病人的显著增加，英国和美国独立开展了相关研究Compared

to

pipes,

cigars

and

chewing

tobacco,cigarettes

produced

far

more

disease,

because

offrequency

of

use

and

depth

of

inhalation.与烟斗、雪茄和嚼烟相比，香烟（卷烟）导致更多的疾病，因为香烟使用频率更高，并且吸入的更深。Discovering

the

Risks

of

Smoking吸烟危害的发现Other

forms

of

tobacco

use

were

“as

old

as

historyitself”,

so

the

idea

that

smoking

could

be

causingdisease

“verged

on

the

unthinkable”.其他形式的烟草使用由来已久，因此吸烟导致疾病“令人难以想象”In

1950,

the

first

UK

report

linking

cigarette

smokingwith

lung

cancer

was

published

by

Sir

Richard

Doll

andBradford

Hill.1950年，英国的Richard

Doll和Bradford

Hill

首次报道了吸烟与肺癌有关First

Reports

of

the

Risks

of

Smoking吸烟危害的首次报道Bythe

early

1960s,

the

evidence

that

smoking

was

a

cause

ofdisease

and

death

in

western

society

was

clear.1960年代早期，吸烟是疾病与死亡的原因的证据在西方社会已经很清楚1962-

UKRoyalCollegeofPhysicianspublishedareport

on“Smoking

in

relation

to

Cancer

of

the

Lung

and

Other

Diseases”.1962年，英国皇家医学院发表了“吸烟与肺癌及其他疾病的关系”的报告1964

–

US

Surgeon

General

published

its

first

report

on

smokingand

health.1964年，美国卫生总监发表了他的第一个关于吸烟与健康的报告First

Reports

of

the

Risks

of

Smoking吸烟危害的首次报道In

late

1960s

China,

Dr

Li

Wanxian

conducted

research

intosmoking

and

health20世纪60年代末，LiWanxian在中国开展了吸烟与健康方面的研究Dr

Li’s

research

confirmed

what

had

been

discovered

inother

countries李的研究证实了其他国家的发现Tobacco

was

scarce

at

that

time在那个时期烟草比较缺乏First

Reports

of

the

Risks

of

Smoking吸烟危害的首次报道Inthe

1970s,

access

to

cigarettes

increased

but

awarenessof

healtheffectswas

limited,includingamongdoctors在20世纪70年代，香烟的易得性增大，但是包括医生在内对吸烟的健康效应认识有限In2000,

WHO

estimated

that

61%

of

male

doctors

in

Chinasmoke2000年，世界卫生组织（WHO）估计中国男性医生吸烟率为61%Indicator

of

smoking

prevalence

in

the

wider

community在更大范围内烟草流行的指标Cigarette

Use

–

“A

tragic

accident

of

history”吸烟－－历史的一幕悲剧Health

dangers

discovered

long

after

cigarette

useentrenched

in

the

community香烟在社区根深蒂固很久后，其对健康的危害才被发现Introduction

of

responsible

health

policy

made

difficultby

resistance

from

large,

powerful

companiesdetermined

to

protect

their

business

interests强大的烟草公司为了保护其商业利益，阻止负责任的健康政策Beginnings

of

Tobacco

Control

in

the

UK英国控烟的开始The

UK

Royal

College

of

Physicians

report

concludedthat:英国皇家医学院的报告做出以下结论：

“it

is

necessary

for

the

health

of

the

people

of

Britainthat

any

measures

that

are

practicable

and

likely

toproduce

beneficial

changes

in

smoking

habits

shall

betaken

promptly”.“为了英国人的健康，应该马上采取任何切实可行的、能在吸烟习惯上产生有益改变的措施”Early

Tobacco

Control

Strategies

–

UK早期的控烟策略－－英国TheUK

report mended

some

key

actions

by

Government,

including:英国的这份报告建议政府采取以下关键措施：More

education

of

the

public

and

especially

school

childrenconcerningthe

hazards

of

smoking针对公众特别是学龄儿童开展更多的关于吸烟危害的教育More

effective

restrictions

on

the

sale

of

tobacco

to

children更有效的向儿童销售香烟的限制措施Restriction

of

tobacco

advertising烟草广告的限制Early

Tobacco

Control

Strategies

–

UK早期的控烟策略－－英国Wider

restriction

of

smoking

in

public

places公共场所对吸烟的广泛限制An

increase

of

tax

on

cigarettes提高香烟税收Investigating

the

value

of

anti-smoking

clinics

to

helpthose

who

find

difficulty

in

giving

up

smoking.研究戒烟门诊在帮助戒烟有困难者戒烟过程中的价值WHO

and

the

International

Union

against

Cancer世界卫生组织和国际癌症协会In

1980,

the

World

Health

Organization

(WHO)

and

theInternational

Union

against

Cancer

(UICC)

mendedthe

following

interrelated

measures

to

reduce

tobaccoconsumption

levels:1980年，世界卫生组织（WHO）和国际癌症协会（UICC）建议采取以下手段降低烟草消费水平Health

warnings

on

tobacco

packs香烟包装上的健康警语Increased

taxation提高税收WHO

and

the

International

Union

against

Cancer世界卫生组织和国际癌症协会Restrictions

on

smoking

opportunities对吸烟机会的限制Support

for

the

rights

of

non-smokers支持非吸烟者的权力Information

and

education

programs健康教育活动Regulatory

Developments法规的制定和发展In

1964,

the

UK

and

New

Zealand

banned

cigaretteadvertising

on

television.1964年，英国和新西兰禁止在电视上播放香烟广告In

1972,

Australia

mandated

health

warnings

oncigarette

packs.1972年，澳大利亚要求在香烟包装上标出健康警语From

1973-1976

Australia

phased

out

direct

advertisingin

the

broadcast

media.从1973年到1976年，澳大利亚使直接的烟草广告退出了广播媒体Regulatory

Developments法规的制定和发展In

the

1980s

and

1990s,

most

remaining

forms

of

tobaccoadvertising

and

promotion

were

banned

across

Australia.20世纪80年代和90年代，大多数保留的各种烟草广告和促销在整个澳大利亚被禁止Inthe1980s

Australia’s

federalgovernment

introducedsmokefree

policies

in

federal

workplaces

and

on

domesticaircraft.20世纪80年代，澳大利亚联邦政府在联邦工作场所和国内飞机上引入了无烟政策Inthe

mid-1990s

Australia

introduced

significant,

real

taxincreases20世纪90年代中期，澳大利亚开始显著的提高烟草税收Other

Developments

–

Changes

in

PublicSentiment其他发展－－公共舆论的转变Early

on,

in

Australia,

New

Zealand,

Canada,

the

UKand

the

USA,

the

free

press

also

reported

the

dangersof

smoking在早期，澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大、英国和美国的媒体也报道了吸烟的危害There

was

little

similar

reporting

in

the

eastern

bloccountries在东方国家类似的报道很少Other

Developments

–

Changes

in

PublicSentiment其他发展－－公共舆论的转变Wide

publicity

in

Australia

in

the

1980s

about

tobaccobeing

the

number

one

drug

killer

and

causing

massivehealth

costs19世纪80年代，烟草是第一位的药物杀手并且消耗了大量的卫生资源的事实被广泛公开Tobacco

companies’

denial

of

the

link

betweensmoking

and

disease

led

to

reduced

credibility

andpublic

support烟草公司否认吸烟与疾病的关系导致了信誉度和公众支持率的下降Other

Developments

-

Environmental

Tobacco

Smoke其他发展－－环境烟草烟雾1970s:

Evidence

of

dangers

of

environmental

tobaccosmoke

to

infants

emerges

in

the

UK19世纪70年代：英国出现了环境烟草烟雾对婴儿危害的证据1985:

Evidence

of

dangers

of

environmental

tobaccosmoke

to

adults

emerges

in

Australia

and

the

USA1985年：澳大利亚和美国出现了环境烟草烟雾对成年人危害的证据Result:

Concern

about

the

health

dangers

of

smokingceases

to

be

exclusive

to

smokers结果：关注吸烟不止是对吸烟者有害Changes

in

Prevalence

Rates吸烟率的改变Smoking

prevalence

in

Australia:澳大利亚的吸烟率1945:Males-72%,Females-26%1945年：男性72%，女性26%(Source:

Winstanley

et

al)2004:

Males

–

18.6%,

Females

–

16.3%

(Source:

AustralianInstitute

of

Health

and

Welfare)2004年：男性18.6%，女性16.3%Changes

in

Prevalence

Rates吸烟率的改变Smoking

prevalence

in

the

UK:英国的吸烟率：1960:

Males

-

61%,

Females

-

42%Smoking

and

Health,

Forty

Fatal

Years)1960年：男性61%，女性42%(Source:

Action

on1998:

Males

-

28%,

Females

- 26%

(Source:

WHO,

Thetobacco

atlas,

2000)1998年：男性28%，女性26%Impact

of

TobaccoControl

Campaignson

Prevalencein

theUS控烟活动对美国吸烟率的影响The

Californian

Tobacco

Program

prompted

reductions

intobacco

consumption

50%

greater

than

the

rest

of

theUnited

States加利福尼亚控烟项目使得其烟草消费量比美国其他州少50%In

New

York

City,

significant

tax

increases,

workplacesmoking

bans

and

improved

treatment

services

for

smokerscoincided

with

an

11%

reduction

in

smoking

rates

between2002

and

2003在纽约，税收的显著提高、工作场所禁烟以及针对吸烟者的治疗使得2002年和2003年间吸烟率下降了11%World

Health

Assembly

Resolutions:

“Tobacco

or

Health”世界卫生大会决议：烟草或健康World

Health

Assembly

Resolution

39.14,

adopted

May

1986:世界卫生大会39.14号决议（1986年5月）Called

for

global

public

health

approach

and

immediate

actionto

combat

the

tobacco

pandemic号召全球采取公共卫生策略和行动遏制烟草流行“DEPLORES

all

direct

and

indirect

practices

the

aim

of

whichis

to

promote

the

use

of

tobacco,

as

this

product

is

addictiveand

dangerous

even

when

used

as

promoted”“谴责各种直接和间接的烟草促销，因为烟草是成瘾和危害健康的，即使是按照（烟草公司）宣传的那样使用。World

Health

Assembly

Resolutions:

“Tobacco

or

Health”世界卫生大会决议：烟草或健康Urged

Member

States

to

adopt,

as

a

minimum,

a

9-point

tobacco

control

strategy敦促成员国至少采取9点控烟策略The

9-point

strategy

included

“measures

leading

to

theprogressive

elimination

of

those

socioeconomic,behavioural

and

other

incentives

which

maintain

andpromote

the

use

of

tobacco”这9点策略包括“导致逐步消除坚持和促进烟草使用的社会经济、行为和其他因素”World

Health

Assembl