英语词汇学串讲6课件

VIII.IdiomsIdiomsconsistofsetphrasesandshortsentences,whicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestionandloadedwiththenativeculturesandideas.Strictlyspeaking,idiomsareexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningsofindividualelements.Inabroadsense,idiomsmayincludecolloquialisms,catchphrases,slangexpressions,proverbs,etc．出题形式：填空，选择,定义2004(41)idiom20032.Idiomsinthecoursebookareusedina______.A．broadsense B．narrowsense C．figurativesense D．specialsense答案：A8.1CharacteristicsofIdioms8.1.1．SemanticUnity语义的整体性：Beingphrasesorsentences,idiomseachconsistofmorethanoneword,buteachisasemanticunity．Thoughthevariouswordswhichmakeuptheidiomhavetheirrespectiveliteralmeanings,intheidiomtheyhavelosttheirindividualidentity,i.e.theirmeaningsarenotoftenrecognizableinthemeaningofthewholeidiom．likeabreeze（easily）Thesemanticunityofidiomsisalsoreflectedintheillogical

relationshipbetweentheliteralmeaningofeachwordandthemeaningoftheidiom．Manyidiomsaresemanticallyinexplicable．E.g.wearone’sheartuponone'ssleeve8.1.2StructuralStabilityUnlikefreephrases,thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextentunchangeableFirst,theconstituentsofidiomscannotbereplaced．

lipservice

Secondly,thewordordercannotbeinvertedorchanged．

bytwosandthrees

Thirdly,theconstituentsofanidiomcannotbedeletedoraddedto,notevenanarticle．outofthequestion:impossibleoutofquestion(noquestion)Finally,manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalysable．diamondcutdiamond出题形式：填空，选择,定义，简答20065.Thesemanticunityofidiomsisreflectedinthe_________relationshipbetweentheliteralmeaningofeachwordandthemeaningoftheidiomasin“raincatsanddogs”.A.illogical B.logicalC.mutual D.natural答案：A20038.Structuralstabilitymeansthestructureofanidiomisgenerally______.A．movable B．unstableC．unchangeable D．understandable答案：C2006年46.Whatissemanticunityofidioms?8.2ClassificationofIdioms.Inthecoursebook,idiomsareclassifiedaccordingtothecriterionofgrammaticalfunctions.Thedifficultyinusingidiomsappropriatelyliesfirstinthedifficultyofgraspingtheelusiveandfigurativemeaning(隐含义和比喻义)andtheninthedifficultyofdeterminingthesyntacticfunctionsofidioms．(1)IdiomsNominalinNature:Idiomsofthisclasshaveanounasthekeywordineachandfunctionasanouninsentences.E.g.anappleofdiscord(2)IdiomsAdjectivalinNature:idiomsfunctioningasadjectivesbuttheconstituentsarenotnecessarilyadjectives.E.g.aspoorasachurchmouse(3).IdiomsVerbalinNature:

Thestructuresofsuchidiomsarequitecomplexandthuscanbesubdividedintophrasalverbsandotherverbphrases:Phrasalverbsareidiomswhicharecomposedofaverbplusaprepand/oraparticle.E.g.lookintoturnonOtherverbphrases:E.g.makeitfollowone’snose

（4）IdiomsAdverbialinNature:

Thisclasscontainsnumerousprepositionalphrasesandfunctionasadverbial.E.g.throughthickandthin(5)SentenceIdioms:

Asthetermsuggests，allidiomsofthiscategoryarecompletesentences.Theyaremainlyproverbsandsayings，includingcolloquialismsandcatchphrases．Intermsofcomplexitytheycanbefurtherdividedintosimple，compoundandcomplexsentences．E.g.

Killthegoosethatlaidthegoldenegg．出题形式：选择,填空，定义，简答20066.Idiomsverbalinnatureare_________.A.verbphrases B.phrasalverbsC.verbidioms D.alltheabove答案：D2005(45)phrasalverb

8.3UseofIdioms：Rhetoriccharacteristicsofidioms:stylisticfeatures,rhetoricfeaturestheiroccasionalvariations．8.3.1StylisticFeatures:

Alargeproportionofidiomswerefirstcreatedbyworkingpeoplesuchasseamenonthesea,huntersinthewoods,farmersinthefields,workmenatmills,housewivesandcooksinthekitchenandsoon,usingfamiliartermsthatareassociatedwiththeirowntradesandoccupations.indeepwaterkilltwobirdswithonestonehaveallone’seggsinonebasketnewbroomssweepcleankeepthepotboilingplayfairSuchexpressionswereallcolloquialandinformalandonceconfinedtoalimitedgroupofpeopleengagedinthesametradeoractivity．Buttheyprovedterse，vivid,forcibleandstimulatingsothatlatertheybrokeoutoftheirboundsandgraduallygainedwideacceptance．However，idiomsaregenerallyfelttobeinformalandsomearecolloquialismsandslang，thereforeinappropriateforformalstyle．Occasionally,wefindidiomswhichareextremelyformalandusedonlyinfrozenstyle．However，idiomsaregenerallyfelttobeinformalandsomearecolloquialismsandslang，thereforeinappropriateforformalstyle．Occasionally,wefindidiomswhichareextremelyformalandusedonlyinfrozenstyle．StylisticFeatures:Coloquialisms,Slang,Literaryexpressions8.3.2RhetoricalFeaturesApartfromthestylisticfeatures,idiomsmanifestapparentrhetoricalcoloringinphoneticmanipulationinlexicalmanipulationinfiguresofspeech8.3.2.1Phoneticmanipulation：（1）Alliteration头韵法

mightandmain（allone’spowerandstrength）roughandready（acceptable；simpleandwithoutcomfort）2）Rhyme叠韵

wearandtear（damagefromcontinuoususe）

toilandmoil（workhardandlong；strivelaboriously)byhookandbycrook（byallmeansgoodandfoul)8.3.2.2Lexicalmanipulation：（1）Reiteration(duplicationofsynonyms）同义词复用；

Screamandshout，

cutandcarve（2）Repetition重复；

neckandneckwordforword（3）Juxtaposition（ofantonyms)反义词叠用

Hereandthere,upanddown8.3.2.3Figuresofspeech：

（1）Simile明喻

spendmoneylikewater．（2）Metaphor暗喻

adarkhorse（3）Metonymy转喻

livebyone'spen（4）Synecdoche借代

twoheadsarebetterthanone（5）Personification拟人

Failureisthemotherofsuccess．（6）Euphemism委婉

powderone’snose8.3.3.VariationsofIdioms：Whenidiomsareusedinactualcontext，theydoexperiencegrammaticalchangessuchasdifferentformsofverbs，agreementofpersonalpronounsandnumberandsoon．（1）Replacement替代（2）Additionordeletion添加或删除（3）Position-shifting位移（4）Shortening缩短（5）Dismembering拆散出题形式：选择,填空，定义，搭配。2003（41）avariationofanidiom，2005（2）20067.Theidiom“newbroomssweepclean”wascreatedprobablyby_____.A.seamen B.housewivesC.farmers D.hunters答案：B20044.Theidiom“Jackofalltrades”resultsfrom______.A.addition

B.position-shiftingC.dismembering

D.shortening答案：DIX.DictionaryDictionary：

AbookwhichpresentsinalphabeticalorderthewordsofEnglish,withinformationastotheirspelling,pronunciation,meaning,usage,rulesofgrammar,andinsome,theiretymology.9.1TypesofDictionaries9.1.1．MonolingualandBilingualDictionaries：

Monolingualdictionariesarewritteninonelanguage.Thatistheheadwordorentriesaredefinedandillustratedinthesamelanguage.

Bilingualdictionariesinvolvetwolanguages.ThemainentriesaregenerallydefinedorexplainedinthesamelanguagewithTranslations．9.1.2．LinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesLinguisticdictionariesaimatdefiningwordsandexplainingtheirusagesinthelanguage.Theyusuallycoversuchareasasspelling,pronunciation,meaning,grammaticalfunction,usageandetymology,etcEncyclopedicdictionariescanbefurtherdividedintoencyclopediaandencyclopedicdictionaries.

Anencyclopediaisnotconcernedwiththelanguagepersebutprovidesencyclopedicinformationconcerningeachheadword.Therethereadercannotfindpronunciationormeaningsorusagesbutotherinformation.Encyclopedicdictionarieshavethecharacteristicsofbothlinguisticdictionariesandencyclopedia.9.1.3.Unabridged,DeskandPocketDictionariesAsthenameindicates,anunabridgeddictionaryisanunshortenedone.Theoretically,itisacompleterecordofallthewordsinuse.Deskdictionariesaremedium-sizedonescontainingwordsrangingfrom50,000to150,000.Thesedictionarieshaveabout50,000entriesorfewer.Suchadictionaryprovidesonlythespellingandpronunciationofeachwordwithafewmostcommonmeanings.9.1.4.SpecializedDictionaries:Specialdictionariesconcentrateonaparticularareaoflanguageorknowledge,treatingsuchdiversetopicsasetymology,synonyms,idioms,pronunciation,usagesinlanguage,andcomputer,engineering,literatureandavarietyofothersubjects.出题形式：填空，选择,定义2005(41)encyclopedia2004(44)bilingualdictionary200517.LongmanLexiconofContemporaryEnglishisa___________dictionary.答案：specialized200318.Theheadwordorentriesaredefinedinthesamelanguageina_____dictionary.答案：monolingual9.2UseofDictionaries9.2.1.ChoiceofDictionaries(1)Monolingualorbilingual(2)Generalorspecialized(3)BritishorAmerican.(4)Earlyorlate.Thedateofpublicationmakesabigdifferenceindictionaries.DifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericandictionaries:(1)AmericandictionariescontainmoreencyclopedicinformationinthemainbodythantheBritish,forexample,namesoffamouspeople,placesofhistoricalinterestandthelikewhereasBritishdictionaries,especiallylearner’sdictionaries,includemoregrammaticalinformation.(2)Generallyspeaking,onemayfindBritishusagesinanAmericandictionary.ButasforAmericanusages,usersareadvisedtoconsultAmericandictionariesbecausechancesarethatsuchwordsareexcludedfromageneralBritishone.9.2.2.ContentoftheDictionary:(1)Spelling(2)Pronunciation:BritishdictionariesgenerallyuseInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,AmericanonesemployWebster’ssystems.(3)Definition:definitionsgiveninfullsentencesasinCCELD;SomeuseacontrolledvocabularytomakedefinitionseasytounderstandasinLDCE.(4)Usage.(5)Grammar(6)Usagenotesandlanguagenotes(7)Etymologicalinformation(8)Supplementarymatter9.2.3.UseoftheDictionary(1)Readthecontentspagetofindoutquicklywhatinformationisincludedinthedictionarybecausethispageusuallyprovidesadetailedlistofthecontent,includingsupplementarymatter.(2)Readtheguidetotheuseofthedictionary,wherethecompilersexplainindetailhowtousethedictionary.LDCEisnotedforitselaborategrammarinformation.Ithasagoodsystemofeasy-to-usegrammarcodes出题形式：填空，选择,简答200615.WhichofthefollowingcanbesaidaboutaBritishDictionary?A.ItisalwaysbetterthananAmericandictionary.B.OnecanalwaysexpecttofindAmericanusagesinit.C.OnecanneverexpecttofindAmericanusagesinit.D.Ittendstoincludemoregrammaticalinformation.答案：D200446.Whatfactorsshouldonetakeintoaccountwhenhechoosesadictionary?9.3ThreeGoodGeneralDictionaries9.3.1.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish（LDCE）NewEdition（1987）：famousforitssimpleandcleardefinitionsandforitscontrolled2,000wordsusedtodefinewordsandillustrateusages（1）Cleargrammarcodes（2）Usagenotes（3）Languagenotes9.3.2．CollinsCOBUILDEnglishLanguageDictionary（CCELD）（1987）（1）definition：Firstly,thedefinitionsinthisdictionaryareallinfullsentences；thedefinitionitselfthrowslightonthegrammaticaluseofthewordinquestion.Secondly,CCELDcontainsmoremeaningsandcoversmoreinformationincomparisonwithsomeotherdictionariesofthesamescope.Thirdly,theorderofmeaningsindicatesthesemanticchangesofwords.（2）Extracolumn：anextracolumnarrangedalongsidethedefinitions.Thisiswhereyoufindpartofspeech,usageinstructions,synonyms,antonyms,superordinates,verbpatternsandsoon.（3）Usageexamples：InCCELD,almosteverymea