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VIII.IdiomsIdiomsconsistofsetphrasesandshortsentences,whicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestionandloadedwiththenativeculturesandideas.Strictlyspeaking,idiomsareexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningsofindividualelements.Inabroadsense,idiomsmayincludecolloquialisms,catchphrases,slangexpressions,proverbs,etc.出题形式:填空,选择,定义2004(41)idiom20032.Idiomsinthecoursebookareusedina______.A.broadsense B.narrowsense C.figurativesense D.specialsense答案:A8.1CharacteristicsofIdioms8.1.1.SemanticUnity语义的整体性:Beingphrasesorsentences,idiomseachconsistofmorethanoneword,buteachisasemanticunity.Thoughthevariouswordswhichmakeuptheidiomhavetheirrespectiveliteralmeanings,intheidiomtheyhavelosttheirindividualidentity,i.e.theirmeaningsarenotoftenrecognizableinthemeaningofthewholeidiom.likeabreeze(easily)Thesemanticunityofidiomsisalsoreflectedintheillogical
relationshipbetweentheliteralmeaningofeachwordandthemeaningoftheidiom.Manyidiomsaresemanticallyinexplicable.E.g.wearone’sheartuponone'ssleeve8.1.2StructuralStabilityUnlikefreephrases,thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextentunchangeableFirst,theconstituentsofidiomscannotbereplaced.
lipservice
Secondly,thewordordercannotbeinvertedorchanged.
bytwosandthrees
Thirdly,theconstituentsofanidiomcannotbedeletedoraddedto,notevenanarticle.outofthequestion:impossibleoutofquestion(noquestion)Finally,manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalysable.diamondcutdiamond出题形式:填空,选择,定义,简答20065.Thesemanticunityofidiomsisreflectedinthe_________relationshipbetweentheliteralmeaningofeachwordandthemeaningoftheidiomasin“raincatsanddogs”.A.illogical B.logicalC.mutual D.natural答案:A20038.Structuralstabilitymeansthestructureofanidiomisgenerally______.A.movable B.unstableC.unchangeable D.understandable答案:C2006年46.Whatissemanticunityofidioms?8.2ClassificationofIdioms.Inthecoursebook,idiomsareclassifiedaccordingtothecriterionofgrammaticalfunctions.Thedifficultyinusingidiomsappropriatelyliesfirstinthedifficultyofgraspingtheelusiveandfigurativemeaning(隐含义和比喻义)andtheninthedifficultyofdeterminingthesyntacticfunctionsofidioms.(1)IdiomsNominalinNature:Idiomsofthisclasshaveanounasthekeywordineachandfunctionasanouninsentences.E.g.anappleofdiscord(2)IdiomsAdjectivalinNature:idiomsfunctioningasadjectivesbuttheconstituentsarenotnecessarilyadjectives.E.g.aspoorasachurchmouse(3).IdiomsVerbalinNature:
Thestructuresofsuchidiomsarequitecomplexandthuscanbesubdividedintophrasalverbsandotherverbphrases:Phrasalverbsareidiomswhicharecomposedofaverbplusaprepand/oraparticle.E.g.lookintoturnonOtherverbphrases:E.g.makeitfollowone’snose
(4)IdiomsAdverbialinNature:
Thisclasscontainsnumerousprepositionalphrasesandfunctionasadverbial.E.g.throughthickandthin(5)SentenceIdioms:
Asthetermsuggests,allidiomsofthiscategoryarecompletesentences.Theyaremainlyproverbsandsayings,includingcolloquialismsandcatchphrases.Intermsofcomplexitytheycanbefurtherdividedintosimple,compoundandcomplexsentences.E.g.
Killthegoosethatlaidthegoldenegg.出题形式:选择,填空,定义,简答20066.Idiomsverbalinnatureare_________.A.verbphrases B.phrasalverbsC.verbidioms D.alltheabove答案:D2005(45)phrasalverb
8.3UseofIdioms:Rhetoriccharacteristicsofidioms:stylisticfeatures,rhetoricfeaturestheiroccasionalvariations.8.3.1StylisticFeatures:
Alargeproportionofidiomswerefirstcreatedbyworkingpeoplesuchasseamenonthesea,huntersinthewoods,farmersinthefields,workmenatmills,housewivesandcooksinthekitchenandsoon,usingfamiliartermsthatareassociatedwiththeirowntradesandoccupations.indeepwaterkilltwobirdswithonestonehaveallone’seggsinonebasketnewbroomssweepcleankeepthepotboilingplayfairSuchexpressionswereallcolloquialandinformalandonceconfinedtoalimitedgroupofpeopleengagedinthesametradeoractivity.Buttheyprovedterse,vivid,forcibleandstimulatingsothatlatertheybrokeoutoftheirboundsandgraduallygainedwideacceptance.However,idiomsaregenerallyfelttobeinformalandsomearecolloquialismsandslang,thereforeinappropriateforformalstyle.Occasionally,wefindidiomswhichareextremelyformalandusedonlyinfrozenstyle.However,idiomsaregenerallyfelttobeinformalandsomearecolloquialismsandslang,thereforeinappropriateforformalstyle.Occasionally,wefindidiomswhichareextremelyformalandusedonlyinfrozenstyle.StylisticFeatures:Coloquialisms,Slang,Literaryexpressions8.3.2RhetoricalFeaturesApartfromthestylisticfeatures,idiomsmanifestapparentrhetoricalcoloringinphoneticmanipulationinlexicalmanipulationinfiguresofspeech8.3.2.1Phoneticmanipulation:(1)Alliteration头韵法
mightandmain(allone’spowerandstrength)roughandready(acceptable;simpleandwithoutcomfort)2)Rhyme叠韵
wearandtear(damagefromcontinuoususe)
toilandmoil(workhardandlong;strivelaboriously)byhookandbycrook(byallmeansgoodandfoul)8.3.2.2Lexicalmanipulation:(1)Reiteration(duplicationofsynonyms)同义词复用;
Screamandshout,
cutandcarve(2)Repetition重复;
neckandneckwordforword(3)Juxtaposition(ofantonyms)反义词叠用
Hereandthere,upanddown8.3.2.3Figuresofspeech:
(1)Simile明喻
spendmoneylikewater.(2)Metaphor暗喻
adarkhorse(3)Metonymy转喻
livebyone'spen(4)Synecdoche借代
twoheadsarebetterthanone(5)Personification拟人
Failureisthemotherofsuccess.(6)Euphemism委婉
powderone’snose8.3.3.VariationsofIdioms:Whenidiomsareusedinactualcontext,theydoexperiencegrammaticalchangessuchasdifferentformsofverbs,agreementofpersonalpronounsandnumberandsoon.(1)Replacement替代(2)Additionordeletion添加或删除(3)Position-shifting位移(4)Shortening缩短(5)Dismembering拆散出题形式:选择,填空,定义,搭配。2003(41)avariationofanidiom,2005(2)20067.Theidiom“newbroomssweepclean”wascreatedprobablyby_____.A.seamen B.housewivesC.farmers D.hunters答案:B20044.Theidiom“Jackofalltrades”resultsfrom______.A.addition
B.position-shiftingC.dismembering
D.shortening答案:DIX.DictionaryDictionary:
AbookwhichpresentsinalphabeticalorderthewordsofEnglish,withinformationastotheirspelling,pronunciation,meaning,usage,rulesofgrammar,andinsome,theiretymology.9.1TypesofDictionaries9.1.1.MonolingualandBilingualDictionaries:
Monolingualdictionariesarewritteninonelanguage.Thatistheheadwordorentriesaredefinedandillustratedinthesamelanguage.
Bilingualdictionariesinvolvetwolanguages.ThemainentriesaregenerallydefinedorexplainedinthesamelanguagewithTranslations.9.1.2.LinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesLinguisticdictionariesaimatdefiningwordsandexplainingtheirusagesinthelanguage.Theyusuallycoversuchareasasspelling,pronunciation,meaning,grammaticalfunction,usageandetymology,etcEncyclopedicdictionariescanbefurtherdividedintoencyclopediaandencyclopedicdictionaries.
Anencyclopediaisnotconcernedwiththelanguagepersebutprovidesencyclopedicinformationconcerningeachheadword.Therethereadercannotfindpronunciationormeaningsorusagesbutotherinformation.Encyclopedicdictionarieshavethecharacteristicsofbothlinguisticdictionariesandencyclopedia.9.1.3.Unabridged,DeskandPocketDictionariesAsthenameindicates,anunabridgeddictionaryisanunshortenedone.Theoretically,itisacompleterecordofallthewordsinuse.Deskdictionariesaremedium-sizedonescontainingwordsrangingfrom50,000to150,000.Thesedictionarieshaveabout50,000entriesorfewer.Suchadictionaryprovidesonlythespellingandpronunciationofeachwordwithafewmostcommonmeanings.9.1.4.SpecializedDictionaries:Specialdictionariesconcentrateonaparticularareaoflanguageorknowledge,treatingsuchdiversetopicsasetymology,synonyms,idioms,pronunciation,usagesinlanguage,andcomputer,engineering,literatureandavarietyofothersubjects.出题形式:填空,选择,定义2005(41)encyclopedia2004(44)bilingualdictionary200517.LongmanLexiconofContemporaryEnglishisa___________dictionary.答案:specialized200318.Theheadwordorentriesaredefinedinthesamelanguageina_____dictionary.答案:monolingual9.2UseofDictionaries9.2.1.ChoiceofDictionaries(1)Monolingualorbilingual(2)Generalorspecialized(3)BritishorAmerican.(4)Earlyorlate.Thedateofpublicationmakesabigdifferenceindictionaries.DifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericandictionaries:(1)AmericandictionariescontainmoreencyclopedicinformationinthemainbodythantheBritish,forexample,namesoffamouspeople,placesofhistoricalinterestandthelikewhereasBritishdictionaries,especiallylearner’sdictionaries,includemoregrammaticalinformation.(2)Generallyspeaking,onemayfindBritishusagesinanAmericandictionary.ButasforAmericanusages,usersareadvisedtoconsultAmericandictionariesbecausechancesarethatsuchwordsareexcludedfromageneralBritishone.9.2.2.ContentoftheDictionary:(1)Spelling(2)Pronunciation:BritishdictionariesgenerallyuseInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,AmericanonesemployWebster’ssystems.(3)Definition:definitionsgiveninfullsentencesasinCCELD;SomeuseacontrolledvocabularytomakedefinitionseasytounderstandasinLDCE.(4)Usage.(5)Grammar(6)Usagenotesandlanguagenotes(7)Etymologicalinformation(8)Supplementarymatter9.2.3.UseoftheDictionary(1)Readthecontentspagetofindoutquicklywhatinformationisincludedinthedictionarybecausethispageusuallyprovidesadetailedlistofthecontent,includingsupplementarymatter.(2)Readtheguidetotheuseofthedictionary,wherethecompilersexplainindetailhowtousethedictionary.LDCEisnotedforitselaborategrammarinformation.Ithasagoodsystemofeasy-to-usegrammarcodes出题形式:填空,选择,简答200615.WhichofthefollowingcanbesaidaboutaBritishDictionary?A.ItisalwaysbetterthananAmericandictionary.B.OnecanalwaysexpecttofindAmericanusagesinit.C.OnecanneverexpecttofindAmericanusagesinit.D.Ittendstoincludemoregrammaticalinformation.答案:D200446.Whatfactorsshouldonetakeintoaccountwhenhechoosesadictionary?9.3ThreeGoodGeneralDictionaries9.3.1.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish(LDCE)NewEdition(1987):famousforitssimpleandcleardefinitionsandforitscontrolled2,000wordsusedtodefinewordsandillustrateusages(1)Cleargrammarcodes(2)Usagenotes(3)Languagenotes9.3.2.CollinsCOBUILDEnglishLanguageDictionary(CCELD)(1987)(1)definition:Firstly,thedefinitionsinthisdictionaryareallinfullsentences;thedefinitionitselfthrowslightonthegrammaticaluseofthewordinquestion.Secondly,CCELDcontainsmoremeaningsandcoversmoreinformationincomparisonwithsomeotherdictionariesofthesamescope.Thirdly,theorderofmeaningsindicatesthesemanticchangesofwords.(2)Extracolumn:anextracolumnarrangedalongsidethedefinitions.Thisiswhereyoufindpartofspeech,usageinstructions,synonyms,antonyms,superordinates,verbpatternsandsoon.(3)Usageexamples:InCCELD,almosteverymea
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