一周回顾中级英语词汇巩固与提升

导语：这篇文章介绍的是的铁路史。人在修铁路的历史当中克服了很多的，Beforethemid1860’s,theimpactoftherailroadsintheUnitedStateswaslimited,inthesensethatthetracksendedatthisMissouriRiver,approximaythecenterofthecountry.Atthepointthetrainsturnedtheirfreight,mail,andpassengersovertoboats,wagons,andstagecoaches.Thismeantthatwagonfreight,stagecoach,andboatdidnotcometoanendwhenthefirsttrainappeared;rathertheybecamesupplementsorfeeders.Eachnew“endoftrack”becameacenterforanimaldrawnorwaterbornetransportation.Themajoreffectoftherailroadwastoshortenthedistancethathadtobecoveredbytheolder,slower,andmorecostlymeans.Wagonfreightersoperatingthroughoutthe1870’sand1880’sandintothe1890’s.Althoughoverconstantlyshrinkingroutes,andcoachesandwagonstocrisscrosstheWestwherevertherailshadnotyetbeenlaid.Thebeginningofamajorchangewasforeshadowedinthelater1860’s,whentheUnionPacificRailroadatlastbegantobuildwestwardfromtheCentralinscityofOmahatomeettheCentralPacificRailroadadvancingeastwardfromCaliforniathroughtheformidablebarrieroftheSierraNevada.AlthoughAbrahamLincolnsignedtheoriginalPacificRailroadbillin1862andarevised,financiallymuchmoregenerousversionin1864,littleconstructionwascompleteduntil1865ontheCentralPacificand1866ontheUnionPacific.TheprimaryreasonwasskepticismthataRailroadbuiltthroughsochallengingandthinlysettledastretchofdesert,mountain,andsemiaridincouldpayaprofit.Inthewordsofaneconomist,thiswasacaseof“prematureenterprise”,wherenotonlythecostofconstructionbutalsotheveryhighriskdeterredprivateinvestment.IndiscussingthePacificRailroadbill,thechairofthecongressionalcommitteebluntlystatedthatwithouternmentsubsidynoonewouldundertakesounpromisingaventure;yetitwasanationalnecessitytolinkEastandWesttogether.Theauthorreferstotheimpactofrailroadsbeforethelate1860’sas“limited”because thetrackdidnottakethedirectroutefromonecitytothepassengersandfreighthadtotransfertoothermodesoftransportationtoreachwesterndestinationspassengerspreferredrailroadtravelwasquiteWhatcanbeinferredaboutcoachesandwagonfreightersastherailroadexpanded?TheydevelopedcompetingTheirdriversrefusedtoworkfortheTheybegantospecializeinprivateTherewereinsufficientnumbersoftrainedpeopletooperateWhydoestheauthormentiontheSierraNevadaintheToarguethatamoredirectroutetotheWestcouldhavebeenToidentifyahistoricallysignificantmountainrangeintheTopointoutthelocationofaserioustrainTogiveanexampleofanobstaclefacedbythecentralTheword“subsidy”isclosestinmeaningto ex-reachingimpact表示“深远的影响。例如：Allcolourfades—especiallyundertheimpactofdirectsunlight.所有颜色都会褪色——尤其是在阳光直射下。又例如：Theimpactofreligiononvotinghasbeenysedfartoosimplistically.有关对的影响的分析太过简单了approximay在这里的意思是“近似”，almost,nearly,about,approximay,around,roughly这些副词均有“大约，差不多”之意：y例如：Inthecourseofthe1930ssteelproductioninBritainapproximadoubled.在20世纪30年代，英国的钢铁产量几乎翻了一番。再例如：Approxima y$150millionistobespentonimprovements.大约1.5亿将用于作出改善freight在本文中的意思是“货物也可做动词表示“。goods,merchandise,ware,freight,commodity这些名词都可表示“商品，货物”之意：比如：Onthecustomsdeclaration,thesenderlabeledthefreightasagriculturalmachinery在报关单上，寄货人将货物列为农用机械。又比如：Therailwayswillcarryafarhigherproportionoffreighttraffic.铁路将承担比例高得多的货运量。,cut这些动词均含有“缩短”之意，它们的区别是：比如：Astheyshorten,cells emorepronetodiseaseanddeath.细胞变小后就会更容易疾病，也更容易。又比如：Whenthedaysshorteninwintersomepeoplesufferdepression.冬季天短，有些人会变得抑郁消沉。skepticalskepticallyskeptic比如：TheirclaimisbeingtreatedwithsomeskepticisminUN.方面对他们的要求持某种怀疑态度。又如：Thelipshadalreadyalittlecurlofbitternessandskepticism.一缕辛酸和怀疑的神情,时时隐现在他的唇边。ccidentsarestillthenumberonecauseofprematuredeathforAmericans.交通事故仍然是造成人过早的头号因素。再比如：Hiscareerwasbroughttoaprematureendbyasuccessionofkneeinjuries.因为膝盖接二连三地受伤，venture在这里表示的是“比如：.Whenyouventureoutside,youareinforasurprise.你外出探险时，定会遇上意想不到之事。再比如：Peopleareafraidtoventureoutforfearofsniperattacks.由于害怕狙击手，人们不敢外出。venture,chance,dare,hazard,risk这些动词均含有"敢于"之意。venture:指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或chance:dare:可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重或违抗。hazard:主要指作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。risk:指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。ndoftrack”改用其他的方式，比如：汽船、马车等，它们的效率可想而知。故B为正确答案。D).这是一道推论题。可用排除法做此题。根据文章第六行至第七行“rathertheybecamesupplementsorfeeders”和第十行至第十三行“Wagonfreightersoperatingthroughoutthe1870’sand1880’sandintothe1890’s.Althoughoverconstantlyshrinkingroutes,andcoachesandwagonstocrisscrosstheWestwherevertherailshadnotyetbeenlaid.”可知随着铁路线的CD为正确答案。D).根据“theSierraNevada”所在句可知作者提到它是因为它是修建横跨东西铁路的一个巨大的，故D为正确答案。导语:本文讨论的是作者对于时尚的观点作者表达了自己对于时装上的模特和他们的Openupmostfashionmagazinesandyouwillseeincrediblythinmodelswithimpossiblehairandwearingunreasonablyexpensive,impracticablystyledclothes.Butshouldn'tclothesbecomfortablydurableandmakeaprincipleofbeingsimplefortheindividualwhowearsthem?Whyareweconstantlytoldthatweneedtobuynewclothesandaddfreshpiecestoourcollection?Fashionschangeyearafteryearsolotsofpeoplecanmakepilesofmoney.Iffolksareconvincedthattheyneedadifferentlookeachseason,thatthisyear'ssweater'slengthandshoesstyleareimportant,theycanbepersuadedtobuy.Thefashionindustrywouldhaveyouignoreyourshortcomingsandjustmakeyoufeelbeautifulandhappy.Infactitisnotonlyaphenomenonwecanfindinpeople'sdressing.Fashioncontrolsourlives.Fashioncontrolswhatwewear,whatweeat,whatwedrink,thewaywecutourhair,themakeupWebuyanduse,thecolorofthecarswedrive.Fashionevencontrolsourideas.Youdon'tbelieveme?Howmanyofyourfriendsarevegetarians?Whyaretheyvegetarians?Becauseitisfashionable!Wheredoesfashioncomefrom?Oftenthereasonsarequitelogical.Scientistsandhistoriansstudythefashionsofthepastanddiscoverthesecretsofeachfashion.Whengirlsseeanattractiveguy,theirbloodpressurerisesandtheirlipsbecomeredder.That'swhyguysthinkthatgirlswearinglipstickarebeautifWhydoguysshavetheirheads?Inthepastsoldiersshavedtheirheadstokilltheinsectsthatlivedintheirhair.Nowguysshavetheirheadssothattheylookstrongandmasculine,likesoldiers.Peoplespendalotoftimeandmoneyonfashion.Butaretheywastingtheirmoney?Changesinfashionhelptodevelopnew.Changesinstylecreateworkforpeopleallovertheworld.Manypeopleworkinthefashionindustry,particularlyinthefashioncapitalsofLondon,NewYork,ParisandMilan.Andfinally,fashionmakesyoufeelgood,doesn'tit?Whenyouaredressedinthelateststyle,dancingtothemostfashionablemusic,afterwatchingthelatesthitfilm,youfeelgreat,don'tyou?What'stheauthor'sviewpointaboutthemodelsandtheirhairstylesandclothes?Itisindicatedbytheauthorthatclothesshouldbe comfortableandnewandexpensiveandsimpleandThefashionindustrymakesprofitsby sellingtheproductsathighcreatinganeedinhelyougetridof makingyoulookmoreTheauthorthinkswhathasbeenfoundaboutfashionsbytheientistsandthehistoriansis ThepassagementionstheadvantagesoffashionEXCEPTthat itcanhelppromotetechnologicalitenablespeopletoremainup-to-itcancreatemorejobopportunitiesforitcanmakepeopleachieveagreat比如：Ifeltincrediblyashamedofmyselfforgettingsoangry.我对自己发那么大的火而深感惭愧。再比如：Icouldn'tdecidewhetherhewasincrediblybraveorjustinsane.我不能判定他到底是英勇无畏还是精神失常。久的”和stable“稳定的。比如：Thedurablehigh-impactsticcaseiswaterresistantto100feet.100negotiationsforadurablepeace为持久和平而进行的谈判。convince在本文中是动词，意思是“说服”，inducepersuade,urge,convince,counsel,coax这些动词均有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”之意：例如：I'mnotgoingtobelieveitmyself,nevermindconvinceanyoneelse我自己都不会相信，更别提说服别人了。再例如：ItbecameclearthatIhadn'tbeenabletoconvinceMike.我显然没有能够说服。historian在本文中的意思是“历史学家”，比如：ThehistorianYakutdescribeditpicturesquelyasa"motherofcastles".历史学家雅库特把它形象地描述为“城堡之母。又比如：Anarthistorianandcollector,hewasalsoapractisingarchitect.的意思，capital还可作形容词表示“极好的；资本的；的。比如：Youhavetotakecapitalappreciationofthepropertyintoaccount.你必须将该处的资本增值考虑在内。又如：Therearereportsofwidespreaddis-contentinthecapital.有称首都弥漫着不满的情绪。再如：Thenameandaddressarewrittenincapparticularly的意思是“特别，尤其”Keepyourofficespacelookinggood,particularlyyourdesk.保持办公环境的整洁，尤其是你的桌子。再比如：Morelocalemploymentwillbecreatedparticularlyinserviceindustries.当地会创造出masculine的意思是“有男子气概的”，例如：Andrewdescribesherasalarge,bonyandmasculinewoman.说她是一个瘦骨嶙峋、模样的大块头女人。再例如：Hewashandsomeandstrong,andverymasculine.他英俊强壮，富有男子汉气概。masculine,male,manly这些形容词均含"的，的"之意。masculine:male:单纯指或雄性manly:icably等词，可以看出作者对时装上的模特儿及他们的发式和服饰持不认可的态度。blenewflesh，A正确。3．[B].2段首句提到“D2句不符。C为正确选项。虽然下面所举的两个例子看起来很有趣，但B在文中没有提及。Therearesomeearthphenomenayoucancounton,butthemagneticfield,somesay,isnotoneofthem.Itfluctuatesinstrength,driftsfromitsaxis,andeveryfew100,000yearsundergo,dramaticpolarityreversal—aperiodwhennorthpole essouthpoleandsouthpole esnorthpole.Buthowisthefieldgeneratedandwhyisitsounstable?GroundbreakingresearchbytwoFrenchgeophysicistspromisestoshedsomelightonthemystery.Using80metersofdeepseasedimentcore,theyhaveobtainedmeasurementsofmagneticfieldintensitythatspan11polarityreversalsandfourmillionyears.Theysisrevealsthatintensityappearstofluctuatewithaclear,well-definedrhythm.Althoughthestrengthofthemagneticfieldvariesirregularlyduringtheshortterm,thereseemstobeaninevitablelongtermdeclineprecedingeachpolarityl.Whenthepolesflip—aprocessthattakesseveralhundredthousandyears—themagneticfieldrapidlyregainsitsstrengthandthecycleisTheresultshavecausedastiramonggeophysicists.Themagneticfieldisthoughttooriginatefrommoltenironintheoutercore3,000kilometersbeneaththeearth'ssurface.Bystudyingmineralgrainsfoundinmaterialrangingfromrockstoclayarticles,previousresearchershavealreadybeenabletoidentifyreversalsdatingback170millionyears,includingthemostrecentswitch730,000yearsago.Howandwhytheyoccur,however,hasbeenwidelydebated.Severaltheorieslinkpolarityflipstoexternaldisasterssuchasmeteorimpacts.ButPeterOlson,ageophysicistattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityinBaltimore,saysthisisunlikelyiftheFrenchresearchersareright.Infact,Olsonsaysintensitythatpredictablydeclinesfromonereversaltothenextcontradicts90percentofthemodelscurrentlyunderstudy.Iftheresultsprovetobevalidgeophysicistswillhaveanewtheorytoguidethemintheirquesttounderstandtheearth'sinnerphysics.Itcertainlypointsthedirectionforfutureresearch.WhichofthefollowingtitlesismostappropriatetothepassagPolarityReversal:AFantasticPhenomenonofMeasurementoftheEarth'sMagneticFieldFormationoftheTwoPolesoftheANewApproachtothestudyofWhathavethetwoFrenchgeophysicistsdiscoveredintheirreseSomeregularityinthechangesoftheearth'smagneticSomecausesofthefluctuationoftheearth'smagneticTheoriginoftheearth'smagneticThefrequencyofpolarityTheFrenchgeophysicists'studyisdifferentfromcurrentlyilingtheoriesin itsidentificationoftheoriginoftheearth'smagneticthewaytheearth'smagneticintensityisitsexnationoftheshiftintheearth'sthewaytheearth'sfluctuationrhythmisInPeterOlson'sopiniontheFrenchexperiment islikelytodirectfurtherresearchintheinnerphysicsofthehassuccessfullysolvedthemysteryofpolarityiscertaintohelppredictexternalhascausedgreatconfusionamongtheworld'scountcounton在文中的意思是“依赖”relyon“依靠，依赖”Icanalwayscountonyoutocheermeup.你总能使我振作起来。又如：Youcancountonhimforatruthfulreportoftheaccident.你放心，他会对事故作出如实的报告unstable在文中的意思是“不稳定的”variable“易变的”。比如：Theirpoliticsconsistedofunstablepower-ysbetweenrivalgroups.他们的政治活动包括竞争团体间反复多变的行动。再如：Shewasphysicallydelicateandpsychologicallyunstable.她身体孱弱，心理上也不够稳定。例如：Themysteryheroimmediayalertedafterspottingabomb.那个无名发现后马上报了警。又例如：TheItalianeconomicmiraclehasalwaysbeenamystery.意大利的经济一直是个谜。tense紧张的,intensive,精深的,透彻extension延长;扩大;范围;大小;尺寸; intensify加强;变强;例如：Themostvisiblesignoftheintensityofthecrisisisunemployment.预示严重程度的一个最显著的迹象就是失业情况。再例如：Hisintensityandtheferocityofhisfeelingsalarmedme.他感情之激烈和狂暴都让我惊恐。previous,foregoing,preceding,prior,former这些形容词均可表示“的”之意foregoingfollowing的反义词。例如：Douglaswasa29-year-oldjourneymanfighter,erraticinhispreviousThemanwasknowntothebecauseofpreviousconvictions.因为有犯external在这里表示的是“外国的，外部的”，比如：ExternalbroadcastingsoaksupmoreresourcesinBritainthanelsewhere.英国花费在对外广播上的财力高于其他国家。再比如：Thedevelo countriesbeartheburdenofanenormousexternaldebt.发展中国家背负着 external,exterior,outer,outside,outward这些形容词均可表示"外部的"之意。external指与其他物体分离或没有关系的外部，不涉及内容，只说明全然是外部的。exterior:强调位于事物的外表以上，但仍是该事物的一部分，较正式。outer:outside:outward:beneath的意思是“在……下面”，比如：Thedoctorworkedbusilybeneaththeblindinglightsofthedeliveryroom.这位医生在产房刺目的灯光下忙碌着。又如：Pattersonpointedtowardaincardboardboxbeneathalongwoodentable.指着长木桌下的一个普通的纸板箱below,beneath,under,underneath这些前置词均可表示位置"在……下面"之意。below:指位置低于某物或在某物下方，但不一定在正下方，所指范围较宽。beneath:用词，指紧挨……之下，其反义词是on。under:overunderneath:口语均用，也常与beneath和under换用，但更含遮蔽的意味D为正确答案。A).此题为细节题。根据文章第二段第三句可知，经过分析表明，磁场的密度以清晰的A为正确答案。C).根据文章第二段，两位法国地球物理学家利用80米的深海沉淀物的做试验。C为正确答案。A).根据文章最后两句可知，如果这些结果被证明是对的，那么地球物理学家在试图认A为正确答案。Itisrecentlyreportedinanewspaperthatsixstudentswhosharedadormatalocaluniversityhiredacleanertodolaundryandcleaningonceaweek.Andeachofthempaidher60yuanamonth.Thishasledtoaheateddebateastowhethercollegestudentsshouldhirecleaners.Writeacompositionofabout200wordsonthefollowingtopic:ShouldCollegeStudentsHireCleaners?YouaretowriteinthreeInthefirstpart,stateclearlywhatyourviewInthesecondpart,supportyourviewwithappropriateInthelastpart,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionoraMarkswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grrandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.ShouldCollegeStudentsHireAccordingtoarecentreport,sixuniversitystudentshiredcleanerstocleantheirdormanddotheirlaundryeveryweek.Althoughwehavenorighttolthemwhattodowiththeirmoney,asauniversitystudentmyself,Ifindthispracticeabsurd.Forastart,awayfromourparents,itisinuniversitythatwelearntobeindependentadults.Cleaningtheroomandngone’slaundryarethemostbasiclivingskills.Ifwealwaysdependonotherstotakecareofus,howcanwesurvivewhenthereisnoonetohelpus?Howcanwetakeonanyresponsibilitywhenwestepintosociety?Foranother,thepracticereflectstheirflippantattitudetowardsmoney.Themoneytheypaidforthecleanersprobablycomesfromtheirparents,whomustbeverydepressedoncetheyknowthetruth.Italsosetsaverybadprecedentoncampus.Otherstudentsmayfollowsuittoshowthewealthoftheirfamilies;orworse,theytendtothinkmoneycanbuythemanythinginthisworld,whichobviouslyiswrong.Allinall,Ithinkwemustdoawaywiththispractice.Otherwise,wemayneverappreciatethevalueofmoneyandanindependentwayoflife.Thebetterandsoonerwecantakecareofourselves,themoreproudourparentswillbe.如:Couldyoulthegirlsinyourdormabouttheparty?你能不能告诉你宿舍的子有关聚会的事?再例如：Areyougoingtoliveinthestudent'sdormorathome?你打算住学校寝室还是住家里?

dolaundry表示“洗衣服例：Wherearewesupposedtodolaundry?Istherealaundromatnearby?我们应该在哪里洗衣服?附近有没有自助洗衣店?再例如：Shecouldringforfoodanddrink,laundryandsundryservices.她可以 例如：Itisabsurdtobediscussingcompulsoryredundancypoliciesforteachers.讨论针对教师的强员政策真是滑稽可笑。再例如：Itcanbedonewithoutfollowingsomeabsurd,off-the-wallinvestmentstrategy.不用遵照那套荒唐愚蠢stepstepinto指的是“步入”，还可表示“干预、涉足。例如：Shewatchedthetall,leanfigurestepintothecar.她看着那个瘦高个儿上了车。又如：Heisconfidentthebackroomcanstepintothetemporaryvoid.他确信原先的幕后智囊能够填补暂rior“在先的，优先的”。例如：Isthereaprecedentforwhatyouwantmetodo?你要我做的事有前例可援吗?又如：Principlesandruleshavepetrifiedwiththeaccumulatedweightofprecedents.由于层层先例的累积使原则和章程变得呆板depressed在范文中的意思是“消极的”，比如：Heseemedsomewhatdepressed.他似乎有些抑郁。再比如：She'sbeenverydepressedandupsetaboutthiswholesituation.她对整个情形感到极其沮丧和不快。appreciate表示的是“欣赏”Anyonecanappreciateourmusic.任何人都能欣赏我们的音乐。再例如：Intimeyou'llappreciatethebeautyandsubtletyofthislanguage.总有一天你会体会到这门语言的优美和微妙之处。appreciate,enjoy这两个动词均含"欣赏"appreciate:enjoyappreciate,多指从外界事物中得到喜悦与满足，Otherstudentsmayfollowsuittoshowthewealthoftheirfamilies;orworse,theytendtothinkmoneycanbuythemanythinginthisworld,whichobviouslyiswrong.Otherwise,wemayneverappreciatethevalueofmoneyandanindependentwayoflife.不然的话，我们可能不能欣赏到金钱的价值，和独立生活的价值专四类似考题2009：WillTourismBringHarmtotheEnvironment?2007：IsItWisetoMakeFriendsOnline?2004：WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?1994：TV:aGoodThingoraBadThing?NowadaystheInternethas epartofpeople'slife,andmillionsofyoungpeoplehavemadefriendsonline.Writeacompositionofabout200wordsonthefollowingtopic:IsItWisetoMakeFriendsOnline?YouaretowriteinthreeInthefirstpart,stateclearlywhatyourviewInthesecondpart,supportyourviewwithappropriateInthelastpart,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionoraMarkswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grrandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.IsItWisetoMakeFriends（1）Isitwisetomakefriendsonline?(2)People'sviewsaboutthisissuevaryfromonetoanother.(3)Somepeoplethinkthatitisunwisetomakefriendsonlinewhileothersthinkthatthereisnothingwrongwithonlinefriends.(4)Inmypointofview,althoughonlinefriendscannotbealwaystrusted,thebenefitsfaroutweightherisks.(5)Thereasonsaremainlyasfollows:(6)Firstofall,itiseasyandquicktogettoknowpeopleandmakenewfriendsonline.(7)Weknowfriendsareindispensableinourdailylifebuttheycannotstaywithuswhereverwego.(8)Formanypeople,especiallycollegefreshmen,leavingfriendsandthesecurityofhomeforanewcewheretheydon'tknowanyonecanbeoverwhelming.(9)Withsomeonlinechatt