初中英语语法归纳动词概说（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）

初中英语语法归纳动词概说（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）思维导图

知识梳理一、实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词动词是表示动作、状态或性质等的词,根据其词义及在句中的作用可分为实义动词(亦称行为动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类.(一)实义动词实义动词又称为行为动词,表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,在句中能独立作谓语.实义动词又可分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.).1.及物动词,它后面必须跟宾语才有完整的意义Ilikenoneofthebooks.这些书我全不喜欢.Iknowlittleaboutthesubject.我对这个问题知道得很少.Shekilledthelocustwithanewspaper.她用张报纸把蝗虫打死了.Igavehimsomebooks.我给了他几本书.HeoftenreadsanEnglishbook.他经常看英文书.注意及物动词可用于被动语态.2.不及物动词本身意思完整,其后无须跟宾语Myfatheroftencomesbacklate.我父亲经常晚回来.Thesunshonebrightlythismorning.今天早晨阳光灿烂.不及物动词不能直接接名词,如果要接名词,要在动词和名词之间加介词或副词.IlookedformywatcheveryplacebutIdidn'tfindit.我到处找我的表,但是没找到.I'llwaitforyouuntileighto'clock.我将等你到八点钟.有一些动词既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词.如何区别它们,就看它们后面是否直接接名词作宾语.Shesingsverywell.她歌唱得很好.(用作不及物动词)ShesingsEnglishsongsverywell.她唱英语歌唱得很好.(用作及物动词)(二)连系动词它本身有一定词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须与表语一起构成系表结构.连系动词可以分为三类:1.单纯表示一个特征或状态用得最多的是be(是、在),另外还有feel(觉得、摸上去),look(看起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),seem(似乎是),appear(显得、看来好像)等.Theflowerslookbeautiful.这些花看上去很漂亮.Sheisaverygoodstudent.她是个非常好的学生.Thecakesmellsstrange.这蛋糕有怪味.Hervoicesoundssweet.她的嗓音很甜美.I'mnotfeelingwell.Ioftenfeeltired.我感觉不舒服.我常常感到疲劳.Themedicinetastesterrible.这种药太难吃了.2.表示变成某种状态这样的动词有become(变成),come(成为),fall(变得),get(变得),grow(渐渐变得),run(变成),turn(变为),go(变成),prove(证明),make(变为).Hisgrandmaisgrowingveryold.他的祖母年纪很大了.It'sgettingdarkeranddarker.天越来越黑了.Hebecameadoctorthreeyearsago.他3年前当上了医生.Hisfaceturnedpale.

Hemustbeill.他的脸变得苍白,他一定是病了.Hefellasleep.他睡着了.Themeathasgonebad.肉变坏了.Theriverrandry(=stoppedflowing)duringthedrought.这条河在干旱期间断流了.3.表示保持某种状态这样的动词有continue(仍旧是),keep(保持),lie(处于······状态),remain(仍是),,stand(处于···状态),stay(继续处于······状态)等.Keepquiet,

please.请安静.Youmustlookafteryourselfandkeephealthy.你要照顾好自己,保持身体健康.Theweathercontinuedfineforseveraldays.一连好几天天气都很好.Shopsremainedopentilllateintheevening.商店开到晚上很晚的时候.Thewindowstayedopenallthenight.窗子整夜开着.Thehousestoodemptyforalongtime.那所房子空了好长一段时间.4.表示感觉或知觉的连系动词常用来表示人的感觉或知觉的连系动词有feel,

taste,

smell,

sound和look,分别相当于汉语中的“摸起来,感觉”“尝起来”“闻起来”“听起来”“看上去”的概念.后面通常接形容词作表语,也可接介词短语like.Themusicsoundsbeautiful.这段音乐听起来很优美.Therocklookedlikeatiger.这块岩石看上去像只老虎.(三)助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,必须和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式.常见的助动词有:be,

do,

have,

shall,

will等.Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.她现在正在做家庭作业.Whathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?你这些天一直在做什么？I'llbemeetingthematthestation.我将去车站接他们.Doesanyoneevertakethemtoschool?有人送他们去上学吗？Didanyonesharpenthisknife?有人把刀磨利了吗？(四)情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,或表示主观设想.情态动词有实际的词义,但词义不完全,不可单独作谓语,须同动词原形连用,不随人称和数而变化.情态动词所表示的情态有:命令、允诺、请求、愿望、愿意、义务、必要、可能、能力、需要等.初中阶段应掌握的情态动词有:can/could,

may/might,

must,

shall/should,

will/would,

need.如:AskMissGao.

Shemaytellyouwhy,去问高老师.她可能会告诉你原因.Needwehandinourexercise-booksbeforeclass?我们需要在上课前交练习本吗？Youshouldn'tdothat.你不该做那件事.二、单词动词和短语动词动词根据其构成方式还可分单词动词和短语动词(一)单词动词就是由一个单词构成的动词,如:live,

work,

study,

learn,

come,

go,

hit,

strike等.(二)短语动词主动词还可由两个或两个以上的单词构成,这就是“短语动词”.短语动词大多由动词与介词／副词等搭配而成.在使用中,我们要将短语动词当作一个整体来使用.短语动词主要有以下几种类型.1.动词＋介词goover复习,listento听,thinkabout考虑,lookfor寻找,relyon依靠,depend

on依靠,lookinto调查,playwith和······一起玩,sendfor派人去请,consistof由·····组成,arriveat到达等.这类短语动词相当于及物动词,须跟宾语.Stoptalkingandlistentomecarefully.停止说话,认真听我讲课.Whoiswaitingforyou?谁在等你？2.动词＋副词eatup吃光,giveup放弃,holdup举起,puton穿;上演,takeplace发生,turn

on打开,tryon试穿,等它们构成新的词义,有的用作及物动词,有的用作不及物动词.Pleasewakemeupat5:00tomorrowmorning.请在明天早晨5点钟唤醒我.Letmetryiton.让我试穿一下.Pleaseturnontheradio=Pleaseturntheradioon.请打开收音机.点拨(1)如果动词＋副词结构的宾语是代词,就必须把宾语插在动词和副词之间.Lethimin.让他进去.Heturnediton.他把它打开.(2)如果宾语是名词,该名词既可放在动词和副词之间,也可放在副词之后.Theyputthemeetingofftillnextweek.他们把会议推迟到下周召开.Heturnedoffthelightbeforehelefttheroom.他离开房间前关上了灯.3.动词＋副词＋介词catchupwith赶上,getonwith与某人相处,goonwith继续,keepupwith跟上,doawaywith废除,lookdownupon轻视,lookforwardto期待,keepawayfrom脱离,等.这类短语动词相当于及物动词,后面须跟宾语.Howaretheygettingalongwiththeirwork?他们工作进展如何？LiPingworkshardallthetimetocatchupwiththeothers.李平一直努力学习,目的是想赶上其他同学.Ifwedon'tfinishpaintingtheroomtoday,

wecangoonwithittomorrow.要是今天房间粉刷不完,我们明天接着干.4.动词＋名词＋介词catchholdof(on)抓住,握住,givelessonsto给······上课,makefriendswith与······交朋友,takecareof照料,payattentionto注意,等.这类动词短语相当于及物动词,后面须跟宾语.Wemadefriendswiththemduringthetrip.我们在旅途中和他们结为朋友.Takecareofyourself.保重！5.动词＋形容词＋介词befondof爱好,befamiliarwith熟悉,besuitablefor适合,belatefor迟到,be

goodat善于,beafraidof害怕,等.这类短语动词相当于及物动词,后面须跟宾语.Myparentsarestrictwithme.我父母对我要求严格.Mybrotherisgoodatswimming.我弟弟擅长游泳.I'mlookingforwardtoseeingyou.我高兴地期望和你见面.Areyouafraidofsnakes?你怕蛇吗？I'mveryfondofdancing.我很喜欢跳舞.Manypeoplearefondofshowingoff.有许多人喜欢炫耀.三、延续性动词和非延续性动词英语中表示动作的动词,按其动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词.(一)延续性动词又叫持续性动词,它所表示的动作是一种延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久的影响.延续性动词可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,如“for+一段时间”“since+从句(一般过去时)”“since+时间点”,how

long等.这样的动词有learn,

work,

stand,

lie,

walk,

keep,

have,

wait,

smoke,

watch,

sing,

read,

sleep,

live等.Wehaveknowneachothersincechildhood.自孩提时代我们就认识.Ihavebeenlivinghereforyears.我在这里住了多年了.They'vebeenworkingfrommorningtonight.他们从早到晚一直在干活儿.点拨延续性动词通常(如一般过去时)不可以和一个表示短暂的具体时间状语连用;若用于进行时态,则可以和表示具体时刻的时间状语连用.正:Theboywasreadingatsixyesterdayafternoon.正:Theboybegantoreadatsixyesterdayafternoon.误:Theboyreadatsixyesterdayafternoon.(二)非延续性动词这种动词表示的动作不能延续,即动作发生后立即结束,产生某种结果.这样的动词有close,

die,

arrive,

post,

come,

fall,

leave,

go,

break,

lose,

give,

join,

receive,

buy,

borrow,

become,

start,

happen,

begin,

finish,

kill,

marry等.Theboybrokehisarmyesterday.这男孩昨天把胳膊弄折了.HewenttoShanghaitwoweeksago.两个星期前,他去上海了.Ithappenedafterthreeyears.事情发生于三年后.如上所述,非延续性动词的肯定式不能与for,

since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用.点拨(1)用“(一段时间)＋ago”代替“for+-段时间”或用“Itis+(一段时间)＋since”或用“(一段时间)＋haspassed+

since”.(2)将非延续性动词(词组)改成be＋形容词(副词、名词、介词短语等)或相近的延续性动词.四、限定性动词和非限定性动词英语动词还可以根据其与主语的关系分为限定动词和非限定动词.限定动词在句子中起谓语作用,可与助动词或情态动词连用,但必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致.(一)限定性动词Thecoatismuchtoobigforme.这衣服我穿太大了.Theyhaven'tarrivedatanagreement.他们尚未达成协议.Hegoestoschooleveryday.他每天上学.Theywerepreparingforthepartylastweek.上周他们正为聚会做准备.(二)非限定性动词英语主动词有三种非限定形式,它们是不定式(包括带to的和不带to的不定式),-ing分词和-ed分词,它们在句中不起谓语作用,而可以起主语、宾语、补语、状语、定语等作用.它们不受主语的人称和数的制约.IwantBilltocomewithme.我想要比尔跟我一道去.Iheardhimlockthedoor.我听到他锁门了.Imustgetmybikerepaired.我必须叫人修一下我的自行车.Doingthiscansavealotoftimeandmoney.这样做可以节省很多时间和钱.Ican'thelplaughing.我忍不住笑了.

好题精练一、选择填空1.NooneknewwhyMissBlack_________

thenewboxes.A.

hasbrokenB.

hadbrokenC.

wouldhavebrokenD.

havebroken2.-Whereareyou_________?-AttheGrandHotel.A.

stayingB.

livingC.

remainingD.

stopping3.Don'tkeepon_________

thebook.A.

findingB.

seeingC.

borrowingD.

reading4.Whatafineday,

_________.A.

whataretheyB.

won'titC.

isn'titD.

No,

itisn't5.Thestrangertoldushisnameafterwe_________

himtwice.A.

askedB.

haveaskedC.

wereaskingD.

hadasked6.TodayisSaturday.

Tomorrow_________

Sunday.A.

isgoingtoB.

willC.

willbeD.

isgoingtobe7.Don'tworry,

thetrain_________

yet.A.

arrivedB.

won'tarriveC.

hasarrivedD.hasn'tarrived8.Tim_________

thearmyforthreeyears.A.

hasjoinedB.

hastakenpartinC.hasattentedD.

hasbeenin9.Ibelieveshe'llalwayskeepwhatyou_________

her.A.havejustgivenB.

justgaveC.

won'tgiveD.

hadgiven10.OnemorningwhileI_________

alongthestreet,

I_________

anoldman

crying.A.

walking;

heardB.walked;

heardC.

was

walking;

washearingD.

waswalking;

heard答案：1-5BADCD

6-10CDDAD二、改正下列句中的错误1.Theoldmanisdieing.____________________________________________________________________________2.Theyenteredintothehalloneafteranother.____________________________________________________________________________3.BeforeliberationtheYellowRiveroftenoverflewitsbanks.____________________________________________________________________________4.Shemarriedwitharichmanattheageoftwenty.____