谈商务英语信函的语言特点及其翻译-文学学士毕业论文

论文编号：题目：谈商务英语信函的语言特点及其翻译姓名:周淑燕学号:060114223系别:外语系专业班级:商务英语B班指导教师:朱艳敏2010年4

LanguageFeaturesofEnglishBusinessLettersandtheTranslationAThesisSubmittedtotheDepartmentofForeignLanguagesZengchengCollegeofSouthChinaNormalUniversityinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofBachelorofArtsByZhouShuyanTutor：ZhuYanminApril13,2010TableofContentsAbstract i中文摘要 iiTOC\o"1-3"\u1.Introduction................................................................................................11.1Backgroundinformation……………..…..………………...11.2Aims……..………..………..11.3Researchmethod…………...………..……………….……..21.4Structrueofthedissertation………………..…………..…………….……..22.LiteratureReview……………...32.1PreviousstudiesonlanguagefeaturesofEnglishbusinessletters.…..…..…….…..………32.2PreviousstudiesonthetranslationofEnglishbusinessletters………....…….......…...……43.LanguageFeaturesofEnglishBusinessLetters……...……..63.1Lexicalfeatures…………………..……………..…………..63.1.1Formalityandconciseness………………..……………..…………….…………...63.1.2Specializedvocabularyandcommercialterms…..…..………………..…………...63.2Syntaxfeatures………………....……………….…………..73.2.1Effectivenessandpoliteness……….73.2.2Formulawidelyused………..………..…………….83.2.3Vagueness……..……..……………..83.3Discoursefeatures………………..………..…….………….93.4Summary…………………..………………..………………94.TranslationMethodsusedinEnglishBusinessLetters…………….……...104.1Translationstandard……….….…..…………….…………104.2Translationtechniques……………..………..….…………104.3Summary………..……………..…………….…………….115.Conclusion………...……………….…………125.1Summary……………….……………….…………………125.2Limitationandsuggestion….……………...……………..….……………12Bibliography…………………….14Acknowledgement……………………...……….15AbstractInthe21stcentury,internationalexchangesareincreasinglyfrequent.Withthegrowingscaleofforeigntrade,businessEnglishhasbecomeanindispensabletooloflanguagecommunicationintheworld'seconomicactivities.Astheprimarymeanstotransmitinformationanddiscussbusinessininternationaltrade,Englishbusinesslettersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinbusinessactivities.ThelanguagefeaturesofEnglishbusinesslettersaremainlyembodiedinformalandconcisewordings,politeandeffectivesyntax,andcoherentandlogicaldiscourse.Asaresult,howtounderstandandtranslateEnglishbusinesslettersproperly,andconveyourinformationandconditionaccuratelyandfaithfullytotheotherparty,hasbecomeacriticalissue.Throughliteraturereviewandexamples,thisarticleanalyzesthelanguagefeaturesofEnglishbusinesslettersindetailandmakesapreliminarystudyofitstranslationstandardsandmethods.Thensomerecommendationswillbegiven.It’sdesignedtohelpstudentsandpractitionershaveabetterunderstandingofEnglishbusinessletters,soastoimprovepracticalcapacity,andpromoteeconomicdevelopment.Keywords:Englishbusinessletters;languagefeatures;translation 中文摘要在国际交流日益频繁的21世纪，对外贸易规模不断扩大，商贸英语已经成为世界经济活动中必不可少的语言交际工具。而作为国际贸易中传递信息和洽谈业务的主要手段，商务信函在商务活动中起着越来越重要的作用。商务信函的语言特点主要体现为用词规范正式，语句客套有效，语篇逻辑连贯。于是，如何理解好、翻译好外贸信函，把我方的信息和条件准确、忠实地传达给对方，就成了一个至关重要的问题。通过文献总结和举例，本文详细地分析了商务英语信函的语言特点并对其翻译标准和方法作初步探讨，提出建议。旨在帮助专业学生和相关从业人员更好地理解商务英语函电，从而提高实操能力，促进经济发展。关键词：商务英语信函；语言特点；翻译1.Introduction1.1.BackgroundinformationWiththedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,internationalactivitiesareincreasinglyfrequent.Asamajorinstrumentofbusinessintercourse,Englishbusinesslettersplayanincreasinglyimportantrole.Englishbusinesslettershavesomeparticularfeaturesinlanguage,anditstranslationstandardsandtechniquesarealsodifferentfromthatofthegeneralEnglishtranslation.Inthisdissertation,thelanguagefeaturesofEnglishbusinesslettersaredescribedintheaspectsoflexicology,syntax,anddiscourse.Andatthesametime,wewillsummarizethetranslationstandardsandskills.Bysummarizingpreviousstudies,wefindthatthelanguagefeaturesofEnglishbusinesslettersaresignificant.Withthematurityofthetheoreticalsystem,the7Cprinciples“courtesy,consideration,clearness,completeness,conciseness,concreteness,andcorrectness”arefollowedwidelynowadays.Thewordingisformal,concise,andaustere;underthebusinessenvironment,specializedvocabularyandcommercialtermsarewidelyused;thesentencesareexpressedeffectivelyandpolitely,andfixedformulasareusedextensively;discourseiscoherent,logic,andstrong.Thus,thetranslationofbusinesslettersismorecomplicatedthanthatofnormalEnglish,becausenotonlyshouldthetranslatorsmasterthecultureofbothlanguages,befamiliarwithtranslationskills,butalsobefamiliarwiththebusinessknowledgeandunderstandthebusinessexpressionsinvariousfields.Nida’sdynamicequivalencetheorycanbeappliedinthetranslationofdifferenttypesofEnglishbusinessletters,andwecanachievethe“faithful,authentic,unified”standard.Weshouldlearnjargontranslationofjargon,terminologytranslationofterms,payattentiontothephenomenonofpolysemy,duplicationandomission,andavoidapplyingdeathtranslationmechanicallyorchaostranslationofthewordstooliterally.1.2AimsThroughtheanalysisofthelanguagefeaturesofEnglishbusinesslettersandthetranslation,wemainlyaimtohelpstudentsandbusinessEnglishprofessionalpractitionersknowbetteraboutEnglishbusinesslettersandtranslatemoreaccuratelyandformally,soastoimprovepracticalcapacity,andpromoteeconomicdevelopment.1.3ResearchmethodByanalyzingliteraryreferences,languagefeaturesofEnglishbusinessletterswillbeanalyzedandclassified,andthetranslationstandardsandmethodswillbedemonstrated.Theanalysisismainlydescriptiveandqualitative.1.4StructureofthedissertationThedissertationconsistsoffivechapters.Thefirstchapterisageneralintroductiontotheresearch.ChapterTwodescribesthepreviousstudyonthetopic.ChapterThreestatesthelanguagefeaturesofEnglishbusinessletters.ChapterFourdescribethetranslationmethodsusedinEnglishbusinessletters.Theconclusionisdrawninthelastchapter.2.LiteratureReviewBusinessEnglishisthevariantofasocialfunctionofEnglish,anEnglishbranchforspecificpurposes,andtheapplicationofEnglishinbusinesssituations.BusinessEnglishandcommonEnglisharedifferent.Itemphasizesthebusinesscommunicationskills.Inthissection,wewillreviewsthepreviousstudiesdoneonlanguagefeaturesofEnglishbusinesslettersandthetranslationmethods.2.1PreviousstudiesonlanguagefeaturesofEnglishbusinesslettersEnglishBusinessLettershavedistinctcharacteristicswhicharedifferentfromtheordinarymeansofcommunication.Withthematurityofthetheoreticalsystem,itslanguagecommonlyfollowsthe“7Cprinciples”,thatis,“courtesy,consideration,clearness,completeness,conciseness,concreteness,correctness”(ChenYongsheng,1994),whoseobjectiveistomaintainagoodbusinessrelationship,effectivecommunicationandtoconductnormalbusinessdealings.Thecoreisefficiency.Economyandconcisenessaretheconcretemanifestationsoftheefficiency.Theapplicationsofcommercialtermsaddsome“mystery”characterforEnglishbusinessletters.FrenchlinguistMartinetA.(1954)hasproposed“theEconomidesChangementsPhonetiques”inhismasterpiece.Forthesakeofthetime-savingneedsofeconomicprinciples,thephenomenonoflanguageabbreviationsemerges.BusinessEnglishalsohasatypicalabbreviatedway.“Commercialcontracts,consumers’warranties,ormanualsofthesametools,havetheirspecialversions.Beingnotfamiliarwithisunlikelytounderstand.”(WangZuoliang,DingWangdao,1987).Inthelate20thcentury,BrownandLevinson(1987:62)inheritedanddevelopedthetheoryofface-savingbehavior.Theyproposedthatinlanguagecommunication,inordertoreserveourdignityandothers’face,thebestwayistousepolitelanguage.Well-knownBritishlinguistLeechG.(1983)proposedsixcriteriaforpolitenessprinciples:TactMaxim,GenerosityMaxim,ApprobationMaxim,ModestyMaxim,AgreementMaxim,SympathyMaxim.InthelanguagefeaturesofEnglishbusinessletters,theseguidelinesreflectalot.ThepursuitofconcisenessandcorrectnessinEnglishbusinesslettersandappropriateuseofvaguelanguagearenotparadoxical.“Itisessentialtounderstandthevaguelanguagestrategyfortheanalysisofcertaintypesofcourtesy.”(ChannellJ.,1994).MrZhuGelin(1987)mentionedinhisbookPracticalEnglishHandbookofForeignTradethat“notallforeigncorrespondenceshouldbecorrectness,incertaincircumstances,notonlyallowinggeneralization,butit'sbettertobeabitgeneral.”Itcouldalsoavoidbeingtoospecificinordertobe“diplomatic”and“morestrategy”.Vaguenessheredoesnotrefertowordsambiguousinmeanings.Toacertainextent,theyarewordsthatcaneasetone，expresspoliteness,enhancelevelofpraiseandthanks,savefaceandavoiddamagingeachother.2.2PreviousstudiesontranslationmethodsusedinEnglishbusinesslettersThetranslationstandardsofEnglishBusinesslettersandrequirementsaretheyardstickandmeasureoftranslationpractice.However,evenifthetranslationofournationhasalonghistory,argumentationofthecontroversialtranslationstandardisdifficulttounity.Americanlinguistandtranslator,Dr.E.A.Nida’s(1964)theoryofDynamicequivalenceispraisedbymanyChinesescholarsasthestandardforjudginggoodorbadtranslationandtheultimategoaltheypursue.Thetheoryisbasedonsociology,sociallinguistics,semioticsandotherdiscipline,emphasizingthedynamicequivalenceduringtheprocessoflanguageinformationexchangeandconverse,ratherthansimple,static,formalpeer.In1964,hefirstproposedthetranslationstandardof“dynamicequivalence”.Inthe1980s,heandDiJ.(1984),aChinesescholar,co-authored“OnTranslation”.Inthisbook,theyre-elaboratedthetheoryofdynamicequivalence,whichwrites:“Thedynamicccharacterdependsuponacomparisonoftworelations.Thisistosay,therelationsofthetargetlanguagereceptorstothetargetlanguagetextshouldberoughlyequivalenttotherelationshipbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandtheoriginaltext.Itisthisdoublerelationshipthatprovidesthebasisfordynamicequivalence.”The“equivalence”inthetheoryrequiresthatthevalueoftargetlanguageandsourcelanguageareequaled.Itadvocatethatweshouldreproducethetransmissionoftheoriginallanguageinthemostneatandsmoothway,thusitcanobtainthemaximumequalitybetweenthetwolanguages.Nida'sdynamicequivalencetheoryemphasizesthatweshouldconsiderthestructureofdiscourseintheprocessofreorganizationandintegrationofinformation,especiallythestyle,includingthestylisticelements,features,usesandtypes,etc.Hedividedthestyleintofivemajorcategories,namely,professionalstyle,formalstyle,informalstyle,casualstyle,andintimatestyle.Accordingtohisclassification,businessEnglish,involvesimportandexportbusiness,andisinextricablylinkedwiththeknowledgeofbanking,insurance,customs,transportation,andlaw.Therefore,itcanbebasicallycategorizedtotheprofessionalstyleorformalstyle.Ofcourse,thecoverageofbusinessEnglishisbroader,theformalandprofessionalnatureofthestyleisrelativelyweakercomparedwithforeignaccountingEnglishandinternationalfinancialEnglish.SomescholarssimplydenythatbusinessEnglishisaprofessionallanguage,suchasLeoJonesandRichardAlexander(2008)ofUnitedKingdom.TheysaidintheBusinessEnglishofCambridgetestseries,“BusinessEnglishisnotaprofessionallanguage.It'sjustEnglishusedinbusinessoccasions.Despiteanumberof“business”professionalterms,mostoftheso-calledbusinessEnglishisusedinbusinessEnglishactivities,notprofessionallanguage.”Thoughthereiscertaintruthintheabovepointofview,businessEnglishlanguagehasitspeculiaritiesafterall.Inthetranslationapplicationofthedynamicequivalencetheory,youcanatleastseeitasquasi-professional,quasi-formalstyle.DynamicequivalencetheorycanbewidelyappliedinvariousformsofbusinessEnglishtranslation,suchasletters,messages,legalinstrumentsandadvertising.YeYulong(1998)believesthat“forbusinessEnglish,inadditionto‘faithfulnessandfluency’ofthetranslationstandard,wemustalsoadd‘authenticity’.”ZhangXin-hongandLiMing(2003)believethatnotonlyshouldthetranslatorsmasterthecultureofbothlanguages,befamiliarwithtranslationskills,buttheyshouldalsobefamiliarwiththebusinessknowledgeandunderstandthebusinessexpressioninvariousfields.ChangYutian(2002)oftensaidwhenhewastalkingaboutthetranslationstandards,“themostfundamentaltaskoftranslationisnottoconvertlanguage,buttoconvey‘meaning’,‘information’and‘content’,therefore,businessEnglishtranslationisdifferentfromthoseoftheliteraryorotherstylisticwork.Itmustemphasizethesemanticequivalenceand“authenticity”,whichgivesthereadersafeelingofprofessionalism,ratherthangenerallanguagedescription.”3.LanguageFeaturesofEnglishBusinessLettersDifferentstylesshouldusedifferentwords.Duringthelong-termuseofEnglish,partofthevocabularyhasshapeditsownstyle.ThestyleofbusinessEnglishisnotexpressedinsuperficialbeautyasitsgoal,butpaysattentionto“courtesy,consideration,clearness,completeness,conciseness,concreteness,correctness”,whichisthetraditional7Cprinciple.Therefore,nomatterinlexicology,syntax,ordiscourse,thecontentsandreadersofEnglishbusinesslettersarewelltargetedanduniquefeaturesaregraduallyformed.3.1LexicalfeaturesWordsandstylesarecloselylinked.Englishbusinesslettersarepracticalstyles,andhaveitsownspecializedvocabulary.Whenwritingbusinessletters,draftingcommercialdocuments,besidesthecorrectchoiceofwords,weshouldalsonoticetheconciseness.3.1.1FormalityandconcisenessTerminologyshouldbeformal.Forexample,“Theobligationsshallbeaffectedneitherbytheliquidationofthecontractnorbyaprematureterminationofthesame.”“Liquidation”and“termination”inthesentencearemoreformalthantheirsynonym“cancel”and“end”.Theformallanguageissincere,natural,andpolite.Wordingshouldbeconcise,andavoidbeinglong-winded.Businessiswar,sothatthesocialandculturalgroupsofbusinessEnglishhavereachedaconsensusthatthebusinesslanguageshouldbeconcise,suchas“now”insteadof“atthistime”;“endorsethischeck”insteadof“endorseonthebackofthischeck”andsoon.Englishbusinesslettersareusedtodeliverbusinessinformationandrelatedtoeconomicinterests.Therefore,theirexpressionsarestraightforward,cleanandclear.Thewordingisalsoaustere.ThusitexpressesideaswithsimplemodernEnglishinsteadofoldcommercialjargons,suchastheexpression“WeconfirmreceiptofyourcableofOctober10.”3.1.2SpecializedvocabularyandcommercialtermsBusinessEnglishisnotaspeciallanguage,butitsvocabularyisspecializedinthecontextofacertainbusinessenvironmenttoconductbusinessactivities.WecallitbusinessEnglishvocabulary,suchas“Toourknowledge,theirfinancialstandingissound.”“Standing”inthesentencedoesnotmean“stand”,butmeans“thesituation”.Thisischaracterizedbythenatureofinternationaltradework.Intheimportandexporttradepractice,commodities,inquiry,quotation,contracts,ordering,payment,transport,insurance,agents,claimsandarbitration,andotherbusinessactivitiesandcontentsarewidelyrelated.Theseelementsdeterminethevocabularychoiceofthisstyle.Therefore,businessvocabularysuchasinquire,offer,quote,price,goods,merchandise,consignment,shipment,payment,delivery,condition,contract,agency,import,export,agreement,invoice,bank,claim,confirmation,acceptancesoftenshowupinEnglishbusinessletters.Manyofthemareabstractnouns.Becauseofthetime-savingeconomyneedsoflanguageuse,thephenomenonoflanguageabbreviationsexists.ContentsofEnglishbusinesslettersarebasicallyofthecommercialaspects.IfareaderwantstofullyunderstandanEnglishbusinessletter,justknowingeverywordorliteralmeaningoftheentirearticleisnotenough.Healsoneedstoknowcommercialtermsappearinginthearticle.Aseriesofcommercialtermshavealsobeenformedinthelong-termuseofbusinessEnglish,suchas:(1)Acronyms:FOB(FreeonBoard)priceterms;L/C(LetterofCredit)tradeterms;D/P(DocumentsagainstPayment)payterms(2)Alphabetwordsofthefirstletter:SWIFT:SocietyforWorldwideInter-bankFinancialTelecommunication;COSCO:ChinaOceanShippingCompany(3)Truncatedwords:Exp.&Imp.Inc:ExportandImportIncorporated;Ad:advertisement(4)MixedThumbnail:4P:Product,Price,Promotion,Place;3M:Minnesota,Mining,ManufacturingCo.3.2SyntaxFeaturesPolitelanguageinEnglishbusinesslettersnotonlyreflectstheauthor'sconservation,butalsoestablishesagoodimageinforeigntradeenterprises,andisabletocreateafriendlyatmospheretobilateralcooperation,promotetradecorrespondence,andestablishgoodtraderelations.Thus,thesentencesofEnglishbusinesslettersareexpressedeffectively,usingformulaandeuphemismcommonly,andvaguenessproperly.3.2.1EffectivenessandPolitenessEffectiveexpressionsrefertothesimple,grammaticallycorrectandtactfulwords.Thesamewordshavedifferentstylisticeffectsindifferentlanguagedomains,suchas“Weareinapositiontoofferyou50longtonsofTinsFoilSheets”.“Offer”hereislanguagefeatureofbusinessEnglishandrefinedrusticstyleofwritingwhichisdifferentfromitsliteralmeaning.“OurorderissubjecttoyouracceptanceofourtermsofpaymentsbyD/P”,the“subjectto”isintended“asthecondition”.Oneoftheimportantaspectsofpoliteprincipleisthatthestartingpointshouldbestressedonothers’views.Inordertonarrowthepsychologicaldistanceofeachother,Englishbusinesslettersmuststandoneachother'sposition,andreflectthe“You”attitudeasfaraspossible,namely,usemore“You”attitude,suchasthefollowingtwosentences:(1)Weshallgiveyouspecialoffersforordersnotlessthan5000dozenatatime.(2)Youwillgetspecialoffersfromusforordersnotlessthan5000dozenatatime.Thesetwosentencesexpressthesamemeaning.Butitiseasierforotherstoacceptthesecondsentenceemotionallybecausethewriterputs“You”inthepositionofinterest,andrespecttheotherparty.Asaresult,wecanpromotetrademoreeffectively.3.2.2FormulawidelyusedInordertoexpressexplicitly,businessEnglishhasbuiltasetofformula(1)Thebeginningsentenceinthefirstparagraphoftencomesto“Thankyouforyourletterof”;“weareinreceiptofyourletterof”andsoon.(2)Thebodysentenceoftencomesto“Inaccordancewithyourrequest,wesendyouherewithastatementofyouraccountwhichwehopeyouwillfindcorrect.”(3)Therequestfortheotherpartytodosomething,“Wewouldappreciate”;“itwouldbeappreciated”andsoon.Forexample:ItwouldbeappreciatedofyoucouldquoteyourpricesofCIFShanghaiforcomputer.(4)Theendofsentenceoftencomesto“Wearelookingforwardwithinteresttoyourreply”;“yourearlyreplywillbehighlyappreciated”andsoon.3.2.3VaguenessThemainpurposeofEnglishBusinesslettersistotransmitinformation,exchangetransactionorrequestforareply.Toachievetheseobjectives,writerscannotalwaysbestraighttothepoint.Weshouldpayattentiontospeakingskills，suchasusingmoretactfullanguagelikevagueness.However,duetothespecialnatureofforeigntrade,vaguenessofEnglishbusinesslettersshouldnotbeusedtoincreaseburdenonunderstandingtotherecipient,buttoclarifyfactsandeliminateconfusion,soastoensurethesmoothprogressofthebusiness.Forinstance,(1)Pleasemakeeffortstogetthegoodsshippedwiththeleastpossibledelay.(2)Wetrustthatyouwillmakeallnecessaryarrangementstodeliverthegoodspunctually.“Leastpossible”,“necessary”,“punctually”intheabovesentencesareallstrategicvagueness.Lookatthefollowingsentence,“Weassurethatwewilllosenotimeinthepromptdeliveryofthegoods.”Assometimesit’stoospecifictooperate,“promptdelivery”hereor“immediatedelivery”doesnotindicatewhentoship.Becausetherearemanyadditionalfactorsincluded,“losenotime”hasalreadyfullydemonstratedtheurgentmoodoftheseller.Thus,whilethepurposeoftradelettersshouldbecorrectnessandconciseness,butsometimeslanguageisusedforspecificfunctions.Vaguenesshasbecomealetterfeature.3.3DiscourseFeaturesThecommunicativefunctions,themesandcontentsvaryindifferentdiscourses.Englishbusinesslettersarefixedinexpression,logical,rationalindiscoursestructure,andcoherentinmeaning.Logicandrationrefertothereasonablesentencestructure,paragraphorganization,andtextualthought.Coherencemeansthatsemanticmeaningamongthesentences,contentsoftheparagraphandcontextthoughtsareflow.3.4SummaryBusinessEnglishleadsinternationalcommunication;internationalcommunicationisinseparablefrombusinessEnglish.LanguageofEnglishbusinesslettersisliteraryformdevelopedwitheconomictradeandcommodityproductionandtheformationispracticalstyle.Asculturalbackgroundofbothparties,socialandenvironmentalbackground,waysofthinkingandcommunicationmethodsaredifferent,misunderstandingisinevitable.Becausetheaddresseehasnotimetoenjoyaletterwithlargeamountofflourish,thebusinesscommunityemphasizesconcisenessandillustrationwhentheyexchangelettersnowadays.4.TranslationMethodsusedinEnglishBusinessLetters4.1TranslationStandardNida'stranslationtheoryofdynamicequivalenceemphasizestranslationeffectsequivalence，ratherthanformalequivalence.ThisgivesatheoreticalbasisforthetranslationstandardofEnglishbusinessletters,soastoeliminateculturalbarriersandachievethepurposeofsuccessfulcommunicationinbusinessletters.Wesupposeit’samatterofopinionoftheexperts’discussion.Translationstandardsshouldvaryduetostyle,context,andbackground.Nida’stheoryofDynamicequivalentcanbebasedon,and“faithfulness,authenticity,unify”canbeusedasapracticalstandardwhiletranslatingEnglishbusinessletters.“Faithfulness”referstobefaithfultotheoriginalcontentsoftheletters.Translationlanguagemustbefluent,understandableandmeetthespecifications.“Authenticity”referstobeabletoconveytheoriginalcontentandequivalentlanguagewhentranslating,togivereadersafeelingofprofessionalism,ratherthanagenerallanguagedescription.“Unify”referstotheconsistenceofsubjectandmessagesintargetlanguageandoriginallanguage.Thename,conceptsandtermsinvolvedinthelanguage,themethodsandtranslationexpressionsofthebusinessactivitiesshouldremainaunifiedstate.4.2TranslationTechniquesTranslationofEnglishbusinesslettersisdifferentfromtheliteratureandotherstylistictranslation.Itshouldbefirstlyaccurateandfaithful.Lookatthefollowingexample,“PleasequoteusthelowestpriceCIFNewYorkwitha5percentcommission,andindicatethequantitythatyoucansupplyforOctobershipment.”Thetranslationshouldbe“请报来最低CIF纽约价包括5%佣金，并说明可供十月份装运的数量。”Thetranslatedversionhereusestheformulassuchas“报价”，“佣金”,makinglanguagecorrectandformal.Secondly,theliterarytranslationshouldmaintaintheoriginalcharmandgrace,achievingauthenticity.Followthecustomarytranslation,namely,jargontranslationofjargon,andterminologytranslationofterms.Forexample,“Dearsirs”inEnglishbusinesslettersisnottranslatedinto“亲爱的先生们”，but“先生”or“径启者”;the“&”symbolinthelettersisgenerallynottranslated,suchas“NipponTelegraph&Telephone”istranslatedinto“日本电报电话”;“Pleasedon’thesitateto”istranslatedto“尽可以”or“务请”andsoon.Thirdly,thetargetlanguageandoriginaloneshouldachieveunity.Oneoftheimportantaspectsistopayattentiontopolysemy.Lookatthefollowingtwoexamples:Example1:Sourcetext:TheproductwillfindagoodmarketinNewYork.Targettext:此产品在纽约将有很好的销路。Example2:Sourcetext:ChinesetoyproductsareverypopularinEurope.WewouldliketoworkwithyoutomarkettheminCanada.Targettext:中国的陶瓷产品在欧洲很受欢迎，我们愿同你方合作在加拿大销售。Fromtheabovetwocases,“market”notonlymeans“markets,sales”,butalsomeans“marketing,tosale”.Weshouldtranslatetheoriginaltextaccordingtothecontextaccuratelyandfaithfullyandscrutinizecarefullytoavoidmisunderstanding.Finally,thephenomenonofwordduplicationandomissionarecommoninEnglishbusinessletters.Forinstance,“Thepackingandwrappingexpensesshouldbebornebythebuyer.”“包装费应由买方负担。”“Packing”and“wrapping”aresynonyminthesentence,meaning“packaging”,whichhavebeenusedtwiceintheoriginaltext.Accordingtothedynamicequivalencetheoryoftranslation,inordertoensurethatthewordsarenotmisinterpreted,wetranslateitinto“包装”.4.3SummaryTranslationofEnglishbusinesslettersisacomprehensiveEnglish-Chinesetranslationskill,includingthevocabulary,grammar,terminology,wordingandotherbasicaspectsofthelanguage.Inthischapter,weonlybrieflytalkaboutthewordingtechniquesintranslation.Wehopethatreaderscanbenefit.WhenunderstandingthecontentofEnglishbusinessletters,besideslookingupdictionarydiligently,weighingeveryword,weshouldalsofocusonforeigntradeknowledgeinusuallearning.UnderstandingthecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishandbeingfamiliarwiththecommercialtermsandfixedexpressions,wecouldachievethepurposeoftransmittinginformationinfaithfulandauthenticwayeasierduringtheprocessofunderstanding.