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/RS—422
and
RS-485
application
note
Chapter
1:
Overview
Introduction
The
purpose
of
this
application
note
is
to
describe
the
main
elements
of
an
RS—422
and
RS-485
system。
This
application
note
attempts
to
cover
enough
technical
details
so
that
the
system
designer
will
have
considered
all
the
important
aspects
in
his
data
system
design.
Since
both
RS-422
and
RS-485
are
data
transmission
systems
that
use
balanced
differential
signals,
it
is
appropriate
to
discuss
both
systems
in
the
same
application
note.
Throughout
this
application
note
the
generic
terms
of
RS-422
and
RS-485
will
be
used
to
represent
the
EIA/TIA-422
and
EIA/TIA-485
Standards。
Data
Transmission
Signals
Unbalanced
Line
Drivers
Each
signal
that
transmits
in
an
RS-232
unbalanced
data
transmission
system
appears
on
the
interface
connector
as
a
voltage
with
reference
to
a
signal
ground。
For
example,
the
transmitted
data
(TD)
from
a
DTE
device
appears
on
pin
2
with
respect
to
pin
7
(signal
ground)
on
a
DB-25
connector。
This
voltage
will
be
negative
if
the
line
is
idle
and
alternate
between
that
negative
level
and
a
positive
level
when
data
is
sent
with
a
magnitude
of
±5
to±15
volts。
The
RS—232
receiver
typically
operates
within
the
voltage
range
of
+3
to
+12
and
-3
to
—12
volts
as
shown
in
Figure
1.1.
Balanced
Line
Drivers
In
a
balanced
differential
system
the
voltage
produced
by
the
driver
appears
across
a
pair
of
signal
lines
that
transmit
only
one
signal.
Figure
1。2
shows
a
schematic
symbol
for
a
balanced
line
driver
and
the
voltages
that
exist。
A
balanced
line
driver
will
produce
a
voltage
from
2
to
6
volts
across
its
A
and
B
output
terminals
and
will
have
a
signal
ground
(C)
connection.
Although
proper
connection
to
the
signal
ground
is
important,
it
isn’t
used
by
a
balanced
line
receiver
in
determining
the
logic
state
of
the
data
line.
A
balanced
line
driver
can
also
have
an
input
signal
called
an
“Enable”
signal.
The
purpose
of
this
signal
is
to
connect
the
driver
to
its
output
terminals,
A
and
B.
If
the
“Enable”
signal
is
OFF,
one
can
consider
the
driver
as
disconnected
from
the
transmission
line.
An
RS—485
driver
must
have
the
“Enable"
control
signal.
An
RS-422
driver
may
have
this
signal,
but
it
is
not
always
required.
The
disconnected
or
"disabled”
condition
of
the
line
driver
usually
is
referred
to
as
the
“tristate1"
condition
of
the
driver。
1The
term
“tristate”
comes
from
the
fact
that
there
is
a
third
output
state
of
an
RS—485
driver,
in
addition
to
the
output
states
of
“1"
and
“0."
Balanced
Line
Receivers
A
balanced
differential
line
receiver
senses
the
voltage
state
of
the
transmission
line
across
two
signal
input
lines,
A
and
B.
It
will
also
have
a
signal
ground
(C)
that
is
necessary
in
making
the
proper
interface
connection.
Figure
1.3
is
a
schematic
symbol
for
a
balanced
differential
line
receiver。
Figure
1.3
also
shows
the
voltages
that
are
important
to
the
balanced
line
receiver.
If
the
differential
input
voltage
Vab
is
greater
than
+200
mV
the
receiver
will
have
a
specific
logic
state
on
its
output
terminal。
If
the
input
voltage
is
reversed
to
less
than
—200
mV
the
receiver
will
create
the
opposite
logic
state
on
its
output
terminal.
The
input
voltages
that
a
balanced
line
receiver
must
sense
are
shown
in
Figure
1.3。
The
200
mV
to
6
V
range
is
required
to
allow
for
attenuation
on
the
transmission
line.
EIA
Standard
RS-422
Data
Transmission
The
EIA
Standard
RS—422—A
entitled
“Electrical
Characteristics
of
Balanced
Voltage
Digital
Interface
Circuits"
defines
the
characteristics
of
RS-422
interface
circuits.
Figure
1.4
is
a
typical
RS-422
four-wire
interface.
Notice
that
five
conductors
are
used.
Each
generator
or
driver
can
drive
up
to
ten
(10)
receivers。
The
two
signaling
states
of
the
line
are
defined
as
follows:
a.
When
the
“A"
terminal
of
the
driver
is
negative
with
respect
to
the
“B”
terminal,
the
line
is
in
a
binary
1
(MARK
or
OFF)
state。
b。
When
the
“A”
terminal
of
the
driver
is
positive
with
respect
to
the
“B”
terminal,
the
line
is
in
a
binary
0
(SPACE
or
ON)
state.
Figure
1。5
shows
the
condition
of
the
voltage
of
the
balanced
line
for
an
RS-232
to
RS-422
converter
when
the
line
is
in
the
“idle”
condition
or
OFF
state.
It
also
shows
the
relationship
of
the
“A"
and“B”terminals
of
an
RS—422
system
and
the
“-”
and
“+”
terminal
markings
used
on
many
types
of
equipment.
The
“A”
terminal
is
equivalent
to
the
“—”
designation,
and
the
“B"
terminal
equivalent
to
the
“+”
designation.
The
same
relationship
shown
in
Figure
1.5
also
applies
for
RS-485
systems。
RS-422
can
withstand
a
common
mode
voltage
(Vcm)
of
±7
volts.
Common
mode
voltage
is
defined
as
the
mean
voltage
of
the
A
and
B
terminals
with
respect
to
signal
ground.
EIA
Standard
RS-485
Data
Transmission
The
RS—485
Standard
permits
a
balanced
transmission
line
to
be
shared
in
a
party
line
or
multidrop
mode。
As
many
as
32
driver/receiver
pairs
can
share
a
multidrop
network.
Many
characteristics
of
the
drivers
and
receivers
are
the
same
as
RS—422。
The
range
of
the
common
mode
voltage
Vcm
that
the
driver
and
receiver
can
tolerate
is
expanded
to
+12
to
-7
volts.
Since
the
driver
can
be
disconnected
or
tristated
from
the
line,
it
must
withstand
this
common
mode
voltage
range
while
in
the
tristate
condition。
Some
RS-422
drivers,
even
with
tristate
capability,
will
not
withstand
the
full
Vcm
voltage
range
of
+12
to
—7
volts。
Figure
1。6
shows
a
typical
two-wire
multidrop
network.
Note
that
the
transmission
line
is
terminated
on
both
ends
of
the
line
but
not
at
drop
points
in
the
middle
of
the
line.
Termination
should
only
be
used
with
high
data
rates
and
long
wiring
runs。
A
detailed
discussion
of
termination
can
be
found
in
Chapter
2
of
this
application
note。
The
signal
ground
line
is
also
recommended
in
an
RS-485
system
to
keep
the
common
mode
voltage
that
the
receiver
must
accept
within
the
-7
to
+12
volt
range。
Further
discussion
of
grounding
can
be
found
in
Chapter
3
of
this
application
note.
An
RS-485
network
can
also
be
connected
in
a
four-wire
mode
as
shown
in
Figure
1.7。
Note
that
four
data
wires
and
an
additional
signal
ground
wire
are
used
in
a
“four-wire”
connection.
In
a
four-wire
network
it
is
necessary
that
one
node
be
a
master
node
and
all
others
be
slaves.
The
network
is
connected
so
that
the
master
node
communicates
to
all
slave
nodes.
All
slave
nodes
communicate
only
with
the
master
node.
This
network
has
some
advantages
with
equipment
with
mixed
protocol
communications。
Since
the
slave
nodes
never
listen
to
another
slave
response
to
the
master,
a
slave
node
cannot
reply
incorrectly
to
another
slave
node.
Tristate
Control
of
an
RS—485
Device
using
RTS
As
discussed
previously,
an
RS-485
system
must
have
a
driver
that
can
be
disconnected
from
the
transmission
line
when
a
particular
node
is
not
transmitting。
In
an
RS—232
to
RS-485
converter
or
an
RS—485
serial
card,
this
may
be
implemented
using
the
RTS
control
signal
from
an
asynchronous
serial
port
to
enable
the
RS-485
driver。
The
RTS
line
is
connected
to
the
RS—485
driver
enable
such
that
setting
the
RTS
line
to
a
high
(logic
1)
state
enables
the
RS-485
driver.
Setting
the
RTS
line
low
(logic
0)
puts
the
driver
into
the
tristate
condition.
This
in
effect
disconnects
the
driver
from
the
bus,
allowing
other
nodes
to
transmit
over
the
same
wire
pair.
Figure
1。8
shows
a
timing
diagram
for
a
typical
RS-232
to
RS-485
converter。
The
waveforms
show
what
happens
if
the
VRTS
waveform
is
narrower
than
the
data
VSD。
This
is
not
the
normal
situation,
but
is
shown
here
to
illustrate
the
loss
of
a
portion
of
the
data
waveform。
When
RTS
control
is
used,
it
is
important
to
be
certain
that
RTS
is
set
high
before
data
is
sent。
Also,
the
RTS
line
must
then
be
set
low
after
the
last
data
bit
is
sent.
This
timing
is
done
by
the
software
used
to
control
the
serial
port
and
not
by
the
converter。
When
an
RS-485
network
is
connected
in
a
two-wire
multidrop
party
line
mode,
the
receiver
at
each
node
will
be
connected
to
the
line
(see
Figure
1。6)。
The
receiver
can
often
be
configured
to
receive
an
echo
of
its
own
data
transmission。
This
is
desirable
in
some
systems,
and
troublesome
in
others.
Be
sure
to
check
the
data
sheet
for
your
converter
to
determine
how
the
receiver
“enable”
function
is
connected。
SendDataControlofanrs-485DeviceManyofB&BElectronics’RS-232toRS-485convertersandRS-485serialcardsincludespecialcircuitry,whichistriggeredfromthedatasignaltoenabletheRS-485driver。Figure1.9isatimingdiagramoftheimportantsignalsusedtocontrolaconverterofthistype.Itisimportanttonotethatthetransmitdatalineis“disabled”atafixedintervalafterthelastbit,typicallyonecharacterlength.Ifthisintervalaftertheistooshort,youcanmisspartsofeachcharacterbeingsent.Ifthistimeistoolong,yoursystemmaytrytoturnthedatalonearoundfromtransmittoreceivebeforethenode(withtheSendDataconverter)isreadytoreceivedata.Ifthelatteristhecase,youwillmissportions(orcompletecharacters)atthebeginningofaresponse.
Chapter
2:
System
Configuration
Network
Topologies
Networkconfiguration
isn’t
defined
in
the
RS—422
or
RS-485
specification。
In
most
cases
the
designer
can
use
a
configuration
that
best
fits
the
physical
requirements
of
the
system。
Two
Wire
or
Four
Wire
Systems
RS-422
systems
require
a
dedicated
pair
of
wires
for
each
signal,
a
transmit
pair,
a
receive
pair
and
an
additional
pair
for
each
handshake/control
signal
used
(if
required)。
The
tristate
capabilities
of
RS—485
allow
a
single
pair
of
wires
to
share
transmit
and
receive
signals
for
half-duplex
communications。
This
“two
wire”
configuration
(note
that
an
additional
ground
conductor
should
be
used)
reduces
cabling
cost。
RS-485
devices
may
be
internally
or
externally
configured
for
two
wire
systems。
Internally
configured
RS-485
devices
simply
provide
A
and
B
connections
(sometimes
labeled
“-“
and
“+”).
Devices
configured
for
four
wire
communications
bring
out
A
and
B
connections
for
both
the
transmit
and
the
receive
pairs。
The
user
can
connect
the
transmit
lines
to
the
receive
lines
to
create
a
two
wire
configuration.
The
latter
type
device
provides
the
system
designer
with
the
most
configuration
flexibility.
Note
that
the
signal
ground
line
should
also
be
connected
in
the
system。
This
connection
is
necessary
to
keep
the
Vcm
common
mode
voltage
at
the
receiver
within
a
safe
range.
The
interface
circuit
may
operate
without
the
signal
ground
connection,
but
may
sacrifice
reliability
and
noise
immunity.
Figures
2.0
and
2。1
illustrate
connections
of
two
and
four
wire
systems.
Termination
Termination
is
used
to
match
impedance
of
a
node
to
the
impedance
of
the
transmission
line
being
used.
When
impedance
are
mismatched,
the
transmitted
signal
is
not
completely
absorbed
by
the
load
and
a
portion
is
reflected
back
into
the
transmission
line.
If
the
source,
transmission
line
and
load
impedance
are
equal
these
reflections
are
eliminated.
There
are
disadvantages
of
termination
as
well.
Termination
increases
load
on
the
drivers,
increases
installation
complexity,
changes
biasing
requirements
and
makes
system
modification
more
difficult.
The
decision
whether
or
not
to
use
termination
should
be
based
on
the
cable
length
and
data
rate
used
by
the
system.
A
good
rule
of
thumb
is
if
the
propagation
delay
of
the
data
line
is
much
less
than
one
bit
width,
termination
is
not
needed.
This
rule
makes
the
assumption
that
reflections
will
damp
out
in
several
trips
up
and
down
the
data
line.
Since
the
receiving
UART
will
sample
the
data
in
the
middle
of
the
bit,
it
is
important
that
the
signal
level
be
solid
at
that
point.
For
example,
in
a
system
with
2000
feet
of
data
line
the
propagation
delay
can
be
calculated
by
multiplying
the
cable
length
by
the
propagation
velocity
of
the
cable。
This
value,
typically
66
to
75%
of
the
speed
of
light
(c),
is
specified
by
the
cable
manufacture.
For
our
example,
a
round
trip
covers
4000
feet
of
cable.
Using
propagation
velocityof
0.66×c,oneround
trip
is
completedin
approximately
6.2
μs.
If
we
assume
the
reflections
will
damp
out
in
three
“round
trips”
up
and
down
the
cable
length,
the
signal
will
stabilize
18。6
μs
after
the
leading
edge
of
a
bit。
At
9600
baud
one
bit
is
104
μs
wide.
Since
the
reflections
are
damped
out
much
before
the
center
of
the
bit,
termination
is
not
required。
There
are
several
methods
of
terminating
data
lines.
The
method
recommended
by
B&B
is
paralleltermination。Aresistor
is
added
in
parallel
with
the
receiver's
“A”
and
“B”
lines
in
order
to
match
the
data
line
characteristic
impedance
specified
by
the
cable
manufacture
(120
Ω
is
a
common
value).
This
value
describes
the
intrinsic
impedance
of
the
transmission
line
and
is
not
a
function
of
the
line
length.
A
terminating
resistor
of
less
than
90
Ω
should
not
be
used.
Termination
resistors
should
be
placed
only
at
the
extreme
ends
of
the
data
line,
and
no
more
than
two
terminations
should
be
placed
in
any
system
that
does
not
use
repeaters。
This
type
of
termination
clearly
adds
heavy
DC
loading
to
a
system
and
may
overload
port
powered
RS-232
to
RS—485
converters.
Another
type
of
termination,
AC
coupled
termination,
adds
a
small
capacitor
in
series
with
the
termination
resistor
to
eliminate
the
DC
loading
effect。
Although
this
method
eliminates
DC
loading,
capacitor
selection
is
highly
dependent
on
the
system
properties.
System
designers
interested
in
AC
termination
are
encouraged
to
read
National
Semiconductors
Application
Note
9032
for
further
information.
Figure
2.2
illustrates
both
parallel
and
AC
termination
on
an
RS-485
two-wire
node.
In
four—wire
systems,
the
termination
is
placed
across
the
receiver
of
the
node。
Biasing
an
RS—485
Network
When
an
RS-485
network
is
in
an
idle
state,
all
nodes
are
in
listen
(receive)
mode.
Under
this
condition
there
are
no
active
drivers
on
the
network,
all
drivers
are
tristated.
Without
anything
driving
the
network,
the
state
of
the
line
is
unknown。
If
the
voltage
levelat
the
receiver’s
A
and
B
inputs
islessthan±200
mV
the
logic
level
at
the
output
of
the
receivers
will
be
the
value
of
the
last
bit
received.
In
order
to
maintain
the
proper
idle
voltage
state,
bias
resistors
must
be
applied
to
force
the
data
lines
to
the
idle
condition。
Bias
resistors
are
nothing
more
than
a
pullup
resistor
on
the
data
B
line
(typically
to
5
volts)
and
a
pulldown
(to
ground)
on
the
data
A
line.
Figure
2.3
illustrates
the
placement
of
bias
resistors
on
a
transceiver
in
a
two—wire
configuration.
Note
that
in
an
RS-485
four—wire
configuration,
the
bias
resistors
should
be
placed
on
the
receiver
lines。
The
value
of
the
bias
resistors
is
dependent
on
termination
and
number
of
nodes
in
the
system.
The
goal
is
to
generate
enough
DC
bias
current
in
the
network
to
maintain
a
minimum
of
200
mV
between
the
B
and
A
data
line。
Consider
the
following
two
examples
of
bias
resistor
calculation。
Example
1.
10
node,
RS-485
network
with
two
120Ω
termination
resistors
Each
RS-485
node
has
a
load
impedance
of
12KΩ.
10
nodes
in
parallel
give
a
load
of
1200
Ω。
Additionally,
the
two
120
Ω
termination
resistors
result
in
another
60
W
load,
for
a
total
load
of
57
Ω。
Clearly
the
termination
resistors
are
responsible
for
a
majority
of
the
loading.
In
order
to
maintain
at
least
200mV
between
the
B
and
A
line,
we
need
a
bias
current
of
3.5
mA
to
flow
through
the
load。
To
create
this
bias
from
a
5V
supply
a
total
series
resistance
of
1428
Ω
or
less
is
required。
Subtract
the
57
Ω
that
is
already
part
of
the
load,
and
we
are
left
with
1371
Ω。
Placing
half
of
this
value
as
a
pullup
to
5V
and
half
as
a
pulldown
to
ground
gives
a
maximum
bias
resistor
value
of
685Ω
for
each
of
the
two
biasing
resistors.
Example
2.
32
node,
RS—485
network
without
termination
Each
RS—485
node
has
a
load
impedance
of
12KΩ。
32
nodes
in
parallel
gives
a
total
load
of
375
Ω。
In
order
to
maintain
at
least
200
mV
across
375Ω
we
need
a
current
of
0。53
mA。
To
generate
this
current
from
a
5V
supply
requires
a
total
resistanceof
9375Ωmaximum。
Since
375
Ω
of
this
total
is
in
the
receiver
load,
our
bias
resistors
must
add
to
9KΩ
or
less.
Notice
that
very
little
bias
current
is
required
in
systems
without
termination。
Bias
resistors
can
be
placed
anywhere
in
the
network
or
can
be
split
among
multiple
nodes.
The
parallel
combination
of
all
bias
resistors
in
a
system
must
be
equal
to
or
less
than
the
calculated
biasing
requirements。
B&B
Electronics
uses
4.7KΩ
bias
resistors
in
all
RS-485
products.
This
value
is
adequate
for
most
systems
without
termination.
The
system
designer
should
always
calculate
the
biasing
requirements
of
the
network。
Symptoms
of
under
biasing
range
from
decreased
noise
immunity
to
complete
data
failure.
Over
biasing
has
less
effect
on
a
system,
the
primary
result
is
increased
load
on
the
drivers。
Systems
using
port
powered
RS—232
to
RS—485
converters
can
be
sensitive
to
over
biasing.
Extending
the
Specification
Some
systems
require
longer
distances
or
higher
numbers
of
nodes
than
supported
by
RS-422
or
RS-485.
Repeaters
are
commonly
used
to
overcome
these
barriers.
An
RS-485
repeater
such
as
B&B
Electronics'
485OP
can
be
placed
in
a
system
to
divide
the
load
into
multiple
segments.
Each
“refreshed”
signal
is
capable
of
driving
another
4000
feet
of
cable
and
an
additional
31
RS-485
loads.
Another
method
of
increasing
the
number
of
RS-485
nodes
is
to
use
low
load
type
RS-485
receivers.
These
receivers
use
a
higher
input
impedance
to
reduce
the
load
on
the
RS—485
drivers
to
increase
the
total
number
of
nodes.
There
are
currently
half
and
quarter
load
integrated
circuit
receivers
available,
extending
the
total
allowable
number
of
nodes
to
64
and
128。ﻬRS—422
和
RS-485
应用
第一章
概论
引言
本文的目的是描述RS—422和RS-485系统的主要构成.本文尽量包含足够的技术细节以便系统设计师在数据系统设计时能考虑到所有的重要方面.因为RS-422和RS—485都是使用平衡差分信号的数据传输系统,所以将二者放在一起讨论是合适的.在本文中,RS-422
和RS-485通用术语被用于代表EIA/TIA-422和EIA/TIA-485标准.
数据传输信号
非平衡线驱动器
在不平衡数据传输系统RS—232中传输的各个信号,其出现在接口连接器的电压是以信号地为参考的.例如,
对于DB-25连接器,从DTE设备传送的数据(TD)是2脚上的电压,它以信号地7脚为参考电平,如果总线为空闲状态,其电压为负,如果正在发送数据,其电压则在±5
~±15伏的正电平和负电平之间反复切换。如图1。1所示,RS-232接收器的典型工作电压为+3~+12V和-3~—12V。
平衡线驱动器
在平衡差分系统中,驱动器通过一对信号线来传送电压,这对信号线只传送一个信号。如图1。2所示的就是平衡线驱动器的原理符号和线路上所存在的电压。平衡线路驱动器将在线路的A和B两个输出端之间产生一个2~6V的电压,且连接信号地C。虽然接地信号适当接地很重要,但它不被平衡线接收器用来决定数据线上的逻辑状态。一个平衡线驱动器也可能有一个被称为“使能(Enable)”的输入信号,该信号的作用是用来控制驱动器的输出端
A和B跟驱动器之间是否连接.如果使能信号(Enable)为关闭状态,就可以认为驱动器已从传输线上断开了.RS-485与RS-422不同,RS-485的驱动器必须有一个“使能(Enable)"控制信号,而RS—422驱动器可以有这个信号,但并非必需的。驱动器在被断开或“禁止”的情况下,通常指的就是驱动器的“第三态1”的情形。
术语“第三态”指RS-485驱动器输出除“0”和“1”之外的第三种状态.
平衡线接收器
平衡差分线路接收器感测的是两个信号输入端上的传输线A和B之间的电压状态。它也有信号地C,这是做适当的接口衔接所必须的。图1.3是一条平衡差分线路接收器的原理符号。图中显示了电压对平衡线接收器的重要性。如果差分输入电压Vab
大于+200
mV,接收器的输出端将有一个明确的逻辑状态,反过来,如果输入电压小于-200
mV,接收器的输出端将产生相反逻辑状态.一个平衡线路接收器必须能够感测出如图1.3所示的输入电压。因为允许传输线上信号有衰减,故而输入电压要求200mV~6V的范围.
EIA
标准RS-422数据传输
命名为“平衡电压数字接口电路的电气特性”的EIA
RS-422—A标准定义了RS-422接口电路的特性。图1.4是一个典型的RS—422四线接口,注意这里用到五根导线,各发生器或驱动器能驱动多达十个接收器.导线的两个信号的状态定义如下:
a.
当驱动器的A端相对于B端为负时,线路为一个二进制1(MARK
or
OFF)的状态.
b。
当驱动器的A端相对于B端为正时,线路为一个二进制0(SPACE
or
ON)的状态。EIA标准RS—485数据传输
RS-485标准允许平衡传输线在共用线或者多节点模式中共享。一个多节点网络可以有多达32个节点共享一个多点网络.RS-485接收器和发送器的许多特性和RS—422是一样的.RS—485接收器和发送器容许的共模电压范围Vcm允许扩展到+12~-7V。因为RS-485的驱动器可以从总线上分离或以第三态退出,所以,它必须能够第三态时承受得住这样的共模电压范围。有的RS—422驱动器即使有第三态的能力,也并非能够承受+12~-7V的全部共模电压范围。
如图1。6所示的典型2线制多节点网络.注意传输线终止于线路的两端而不是中止于连线上的节点位置。终端应只可用于高速率数据传输和长线传输。关于终端的详细讨论,可到本应用笔记的第二章中查阅.在RS-485系统中,建议连接信号地,以保持共模电压在接收器可接受的-7到+12V范围之内。
RS-485网络也可以连接成如图1.7所示的4线制模式。请注意4线制连接的4条数据线和另外的一条信号地线是一起使用的。在四线制网络里,必须有一个节点为主节点而其余的为从节点.网络这样连接以便让主节点对所有从节点进行通讯,而所有从节点是只对主节点进行通讯。这样的网络比起混合协议通讯来说,具有某些优势.既然从节点从来都不会监听其它从节点对主节点的响应,因此从节点也就不会对其它从节点做出不正确的回应了。
图1.7
典型的4线制RS-485多节点网络
使用RTS的RS—485装置的三态控制
如前所述,
RS—485系统必须具有这样一个驱动器,这个驱动器能够在特定的节点不作传输时从传输线上断开。对RS-232
到
RS—485转换器或RS—485串口卡,则可以使用异步串口上的RTS控制信号使能RS—485驱动器。将RTS线连接到RS—485驱动器的使能端,用RTS线高电平使能RS-485驱动器,用RTS线的低电平使驱动器进入第三态--—-这里的作用就是让驱动器从总线上分开,允许其它节点在这一对绞线上传输数据。图1。8所示的是一张典型的RS—232到RS-485转换器的时序图.波形图显示了如果VRTS波形比VSD要窄时将会发生的情况。这不是正常操作时的情形,在这里则是为了说明数据已经有部分丢失了.使用控制信号RTS时,发送数据前RTS置高电平无疑是重要的,同样,在发送数据的末位后RTS线必须被置低。这个时序不是由转换器控制完成的的而是由控制端口的软件完成的。
当RS-485网络接成两线制的共用线路模式时,各个节点的接收器都被连接到这对导线上
(参见图1.6)。接收器通常被配置成只接收自己发送数据后的响应信号。这在某些系统是需要的而在别的系统就可能变得麻烦。请务必查对它的数据手册,以确认接收器“使能(enable)”端是如何连接的。RS-485装置的发送数据控制
B&B公司中许多RS-232
到
RS-485转换器和RS—485串口卡包括用数据信号使能RS—485驱动器的特殊电路。图1.9是用来控制此类转换器重要信号的时序图。要注意,末位发送后的一个固定间隔内传输线被禁止,该间隔的典型值为一个字长。如果该间隔太短,所发送的各个字符就会部分丢失;如果间隔时间太长,系统就会在准备接收数据之前试图将数据线从发送状态变为接收状态。如果是后一种情况,则有可能在开始反应之初就丢失部分字符或丢失整个字符。
第二章
系统配置
网络拓扑
RS—422或RS-485规范中都不定义网络配置。大多数情况下设计者根据系统的物理要求采用最合适的配置。两线或四线的系统
RS-422系统要求给各个信号专门的一对导线,即发送对和接收对,以及用于各握手或控制信号的信号线对(如果要求的话)。RS-485的三态能力允许以半双工通讯的方式分享传送和接收信号的一对导线。这种“双线”配置(注意,另外的一根地线并不能少)可以降低电线成本。对双线系统的配置,RS—485可以是内部或外部的,内部配置的RS-485,简单地提供A和B连接(有时标记为“-"和“+")。
使用四线制通信配置的设备,分别用两组接线端A和B作为发送对和接收对.用户可以连接发送线到接收线,以形成2线制的配置.后者可以让系统设计师在配置时更加灵活。注意,系统应该连接信号地,这样做是确保接收器共模电压Vcm在一个安全电压范围内所必需的。接口电路可以在没有连接信号地时工作,但将牺牲可靠性和抗干扰性。二线和四线系统的连接分别如图2。0和图2。1所示。
终端电阻
终端电阻用于节点阻抗与传输线阻抗匹配。若阻抗不匹配,发送信号会不完全为负载所吸收,同时又部分地反射回到传输线.如果源信号阻抗与传输线阻抗、负载阻抗相等,则这些反射就会被消除.使用终端电阻也有不利的一面,它将加重驱动器的负载,增加装置的复杂性,改变偏置条件和造成系统日后修改困难更大。
是否使用终端电阻,应该根据系统的电缆长度和数据速率决定.一个好的方法是:如果数据线的传播延迟远小于一个位宽度时,就不需要终端电阻。这个规则假定反射在数据线中做几次往返而衰减。由于接收UART(
Universal
Asynchronous
Receiver/Tra
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