欧洲文化入门-名词解释

欧洲文化入门名词解释PaxRomana罗马帝国统治下的和平IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions，itwasknownasPaxRomanaTheNewTestament新约TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.Pentateuch摩西五经TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books，theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks，calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks：Genesis(创世记)，Exodus(出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers(逃亡记)，Deuteronomy(摩西遗言记)。4．Genesis起源GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch，ittellsaboutareligiousaccount(描述)oftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople，includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman，thecareer(经历)ofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.5．TheHistoricalBooks史书wasdividedintosevensections：①BooksofJoshua②BooksofJudges③BooksofSamuel④BooksofKings⑤BooksoftheChronicles⑥BooksofEzra⑦BooksofNehemiah.6．theMiddleages中世纪InEuropeanhistory，thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific(具体说来)，fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.Thetransitional(过渡时期)periodiscalledthemiddleages，betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.7.Feudalism封建主义FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding(土地所有)—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice(军事力量)。Theword“feudalism”wasderived(来源)fromtheLatin“feudum”，agrant(许可的)ofland.8.codeofchivalry骑士制度Asaknight，hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak，tofightforthechurch，tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry，fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.Gothic哥特式①TheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofWesternEurope.②Itlastedfromthemid-12thtotheendof15thcenturyand，insomeareas，intothe16th.Morechurcheswerebuiltinthismannerthaninanyotherstyleinhistory.③TheGothicwasanoutgrowth(丰富与发展)oftheRomanesque.(罗马式)10．TheCanterburyTales：①TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyChaucer.②ChaucerintroducedFrenchandItalywritingtheEnglishnativealliterativeverse.(压头韵)③BothChaucerandTheCanterburyTalesarethebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEngliRenaissance名词解释11.Renaissance文艺复兴Generallyspeaking，Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival(复兴)，specificallyinthisperiodofhistory，revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance，inessence(从实质上讲)，wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattempts(试图)togetridofconservatism(保守主义思想)infeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie(资产阶级)，tolifttherestrictions(禁忌)inallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.(权利威信)Generallyspeaking，Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings，sculpture(雕塑)andarchitecture.最早开始于paintingdramaticintensity(强烈的艺术性)andsentimentalappeal(哀婉的格调)withalotofemphasisonlightandcolour.(强烈的明暗对比)24．Enlightenment启蒙运动Enlightementwasanintellectual(知识分子)movementoriginatinginFrance，whichattracted(吸引)widespread(普遍的)support(支持)amongtheruling(统治阶级)andintellecturalclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.Itcharacterizestheefforts(作用)bycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreason(批评推理)tofreemindsfromprejudice(偏见)，unexaminedauthority(权威)andoppression(压迫)byChurchorState(国家政权)。ThereforetheEnlightenmentissometimescalledtheAgeofReason(理智的年代)。Thetheoryoftheseparationofpowers三权分立理论wasputforwardbyMontesquieuinhisworkTheSpiritoftheLaws.Hebelievedthatthelegislative(立法)，executive(行政)andjudicial(司法)powersmustbeconfided(托付)todifferentindividuals，actingindependently.(独立的行为)ThetheoryoftheseparationofpowerswasacceptedbytheU.S.Constitution.(三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受)TheMusicalEnlightenment音乐启蒙运动Bythebeginningofthe18thcenturytheartofcreatingmusichadbecomealmostentirely(完全)rationalized(理性化)。Itcametoitsrichestfruition(高潮)intheworksofBach(巴赫)andHandel(亨德尔)。BachandHandelrepresentedatrend(趋势)towardsgreaterregularity(规律性)ofstyleintheclearlydefinedtypesandforms，inaseries(系列)ofstandardizedformulas(公式)。28．、Romanticism浪漫主义Romanticismwasamovementinliterature，philosophy，musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.StartingfromtheideasofRousseauinFranceandfromtheStormandStressmovement(狂飙运动)inGermany.Romanticismemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirations(灵感)abovethoseofsociety.Asareaction(反应)totheindustrialrevolution(工业革命)，itlookedto(承上启下)theMiddleAgesandtodirectcontactwithnature(与大自然的直接接触)forinspiration(灵感)。Romanticismgaveimpetus(动力支持)tothenationalliberationmovement(民族解放运动)in19thcenturyEurope.29．Byronichero拜伦式英雄ByronicherowascreatedbyByronintheRomanticperiodoftheEnglishliterature.TheByronicheroischaracterizedbybraveryandhardworkingspirit，suchasDonJuanasthebestrepresentativeoftheByronichero.30．RomanticMusic浪漫主义音乐承前启后的年代音乐家是重点TheRomanticMovementinmusicdominated(统治)theperiodabout1830toabout1900.Itwasmerelypartofageneralmovement，which，alloverEurope，especiallyinGermanyandFrance，affected(感染着)allarts.TheRomanticMusicisdividedintotwoperiods：TheearlyRomanticMusicrepresentedbyBeethoven，Schubert，Chopin，Schumann，andthelaterRomanticMusicrepresentedbyBrahmsandTchaikovsky.31.达尔文的进化论Darwin‘stheoryofevolutioncontainsfourmajorarguments：①newspeciesappear(新物种的发现)。②thosenewspecieshaveevolved(进化)fromolderspecies.③Theevolutionofspeciesisresult(导致)ofnaturalselection.④Thenaturalselectiondependsonvariations(变异)andthemaintenance(保护)ofvariationsinspiteof(不管)thetendency(趋势)ofnaturalselectiontoeliminate(消除)unfit(不适当的)variants.Naturalselection名词解释32．社会达尔文主义SocialDarwinismFortheterm“naturalselection”Spencersubstituted(替代)thesurvivalofthefittest.(适者生存)33．Realism现实主义名词解释Inartandliteraturethetermrealismisusedtoidentify(区分)aliterarymovementinEuropeandtheUnitedStates(选)inthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyandtheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.Butthepractice(应用)ofrealismisveryoldandcanbetracedbacktoancienttimes.Thisisfundamentally(根本的)thedifferencebetweenromanticismandrealism.InEurope，theRealistmovementarose(起源于)inthe50softhe19thcenturyandhaditsorigininFrance.Itcentredinthenovel(侧重于小说的创作)andlayemphasisonfidelity(准确的)toactualexperience.(用现实主义创作现实)34．印象主义Impressionism(艺术的表现形式)名词解释Impressionismwasaformofartisticexpressioninthe19thcentury.Itwasmostpervasive(普及)inpainting，butitwasalsofoundinliteratureandart.(在文学与艺术中也可发现他的踪影)Theterm“impressionism”firstappearedin1874inanewspaperreviewofanexhibitionheldinthestudio(工作室)byagroupofyoungpainters.ItwastakendirectlyfromthetitleofMonet‘s(莫纳)Impression：Sunrise.(日出印象)35．(后印象主义)Post-ImpressionismDuringthe2ndhalfofthe19thcentury，Frenchimpressionismcreatedadramaticbreakwiththeartofthepast，andcreatedaformofartthatwastoaffect(影响)nearlyeveryambitious(有雄心的)artistintheWesternworld.VanGoghreactedagainstimpressionismbyusingcolourtosuggesthisownemotionandtemperament(气质)。现代主义ModernismModernismwasacomplexanddiverse(复杂多样的)internationalmovementinallthecreativearts(创造性艺术)，originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itprovided(出现)thegreatestcreativerenaissanceofthe20thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets(方面)，suchassymbolism，surrealism(超现实主义)，cubism(立体主义)，expressionism，futurism(未来主义)，ect.37．TheEgoandId(自我与本我)Id本我Freuddividedhumanpersonalityintothreefunctionalparts—Id，EgoandSuperego.TheIdisthecontainer(容器)oftheinstinctualurges(本能的主张)。Itistheunconscious(无意识的)partofmind，whichseeks(查找)immediate(即刻的)satisfactionofdesires(欲望)。Idisconcernedwithwhatapersonwantstodo.Ego自我Freuddividedhumanpersonalityintothreefunctionalparts—Id，EgoandSuperego.Egoistherational(理性的)，thoughtful(深思的)，realisticpersonalityprocess.Itischaracterizedbyadesireforindependence(独立的)，autonomy(自发的)andself-direction.Egoisconcernedwithability.Freuddividedhumanpersonalityintothreefunctionalparts—Id，EgoandSuperego.Superego超我istheidealized(理想化的)imagethatapersonbuildsofhimselfinresponse(反映，响应)toauthority(权威)andsocialpressures(压力)。38.俄狄浦斯情结：OedipusComplexOedipusComplexisaFreudiantermoriginatingfromaGreektragedy，inwhichKingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfatherandmarriedhismother.OedipusComplexwasestablishedbyFreud.39.迷失的一代：TheLostgenerationTheLostgenerationreferstoagroupofyoungintellectuals(知识分子)whocamebackfromwar，wereinjured(受伤害)bothphysically(身体上)andmentally(精神上)。Theylivedbyindulging(放任)themselvesintheBohemian(波西米亚)wayoflife.TheirAmericandreamwasdisillusioned(破灭了)。ThebestrepresentativeofthelostgenerationwasErnestHemingway.40.垮掉的一代：TheBeatGenerationTheBeatGenerationinAmericareferstoagroupofAmericanyoungsters(儿童)whorefusedtoaccept“respectability”andconventional(传统的)socialbehaviourandwhocultivated(培养)arootlessmannerofliving.Thedistinctivefeatures(有特色的特征)oftheBeatGenerationisthattheyusedaspecialslanglanguageandlovedjazz.TheBeatGenerationwasrepresentedbyGinsberg‘sHowl(嚎叫)andJackKeroual‘sontheroad.41．年轻愤怒的一代：AngryYoungMenAngryYoungMenwasatermreferringtoagroupofEnglishwriterswhofoundthemselvestobesocialmisfits(不能适应环境的人)。Theyfelttheyweresociallystateless(无政府状态)。Eventhoughtheywereuniversitygraduates.Theywereverysensitive(敏感)totheundesirable(讨厌的人)thingsofthesociety.AngryYoungMenwasrepresentedbyJohnOsborne‘splayLookBackinAnger(愤怒问题)andAmis’novelLuckyJim.42、新小说主义：NouveauRomanNouveauRomanreferstosome20th–centuryFrenchnovels.ThetermNouveauRomancameintobeingwiththepublication(发表)ofsomeessays(短文)byGrillet(新小说主义源于他)，aFrenchwriter.TheNewNoveltendstobeobjective(客观的)。Humancharactersareonanequalfooting(地位)withthings.TheNewNoveliststrytoavoidtakingsides(走极端)whentheycometothedescriptionofcharacters，makingnodistinction(不加以区别)betweengoodandbadorbetweenimportantandtrivial(平凡)。Therefore，theircharactersareoftenshapeless(无形状态)andsometimesevennameless(没有姓名)。43、存在主义：ExistentialismExistentialismisaphilosophy(哲学倾向)thatbecameaself-consciousmovement(自发的运动)inthe20thcentury.Itsbasicconcernishumanexistence(人的存在)。Akeyconcept(关键概念)ofexistentialismisthatmanisonlywhathemakesofhimself.ExistentialisminliteraturewasrepresentedbyBernardShaw‘sproblemplays.AndSartre’s(萨达尔)BeingandNothingness(存在与虚无)。44．荒诞剧：TheTheatreoftheabsurdTheTheatreoftheabsurdisatermreferringtotheworksofsomeEuropean，particularlyFrench，playwrights(剧作家)ofthe1950sand60s.Theword“absurd”originatedfromtheworksofCamus(加谬斯)。TheplaywritersoftheTheatreoftheabsuredemployed(被使用)manytechniquesusedbythepopulartheatresuchas：acrobatics(杂技)。Theirlanguageisveryoftendislocated(错位)，withplentyofjargon(行话)，clichés(老生常谈)andrepetitions(反复使用)。TheTheatreoftheAbsurdofrepresentedbyBeckett‘s(贝克特)waitingforGodot(等待哥达)。45.黑色幽默：BlackHumourBlackHumourisatermderived(源于)fromBlackComedy.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktoShakespeare‘stime.Butnowtheterm(术语)isusuallyusedtorefertosomeWestern，especiallyAmericanPost-WorldWarⅡwriters.Blackhumouriskindofdesperatehumour(会让人产生绝望的幽默)。InBlackhumour，man’sfateisdecidedbyincomprehensiblepowers.(人的命运自有安排)BlackhumourwasrepresentedbyJosephHeller‘sCatch-22.46.野兽派：FauvismTheFauvismexpressedtheiremotionalreactiontothesubjectintheboldestcolourandstrongestpatternoflines(表现强烈的情感)。Theypreferredthistoobjectiverepresentation.(支持主观反对客观)InthiswaytheFauvesfreedcolourfromitstradition.(解放了传统对色彩的束缚)47．表现主义：ExpressionismExpressionistartismarkedbytheexpressionofreality(对现实的意志)by