真题版2020年12月四级第2套

Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustA)ToinvestigatewhetherpeoplearegratefulforToseewhetherpeopleholddoorsopenforToexplorewaysofinducinggratitudeinTofindouthowpeopleexpressA)TheyinducedstrangerstotalkwithTheyhelped15to20peopleinabadTheyhelddoorsopenforpeopleatvariousTheyinterviewedpeoplewhodidn’tsaythankA)Peoplecanbeeducatedtobe C)MostpeoplehavebaddaysnowandMostpeopleexpressgratitudefor D)PeopleareungratefulwheninabadSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecenter.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Toorderasolarpanel C)ToenquireaboutsolarpanelToreportaseriousleakinhis D)TocominaboutthefaultysolarA)Henstoinstallsolar C）Hesaves$300a)Heownsafour-bedroom D)HehasalargeA)Theserviceofthesolar C)ThemaintenanceofthesolarThecostofasolarpanel D)ThequalityofthesolarA)Oneyearanda C)RoughlysixLessthanfour D)AboutfiveQuestions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Atatravel C)AtanairlinetransferAtanAustralian D)AtalocaltransportationA)ShewouldbeabletovisitmorescenicShewantedtosaveasmuchmoneyasShewouldliketohaveeverythingtakencareShewantedtospendmoretimewithherA)Four C)OneFive D)TwoA)Choosingsomeactivities C)DrivingalongtheGreatOceanSpendingChristmaswith D)LearningmoreaboutwineSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassagesandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecenter.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Bringtheirownbagswhenshop C)DisposeoftheirtrashUsepublictransportwhen D)PayagreentaxuponarrivalA)Ithasnot ngagoodjobinIthaswitnessedariseinaccidentalIthasnotattractedmanytouristsinrecentIthasexperiencedanoveralldeclineinairA)TochargeasmallfeeonsticproductsinTobansingle-usesticbagsandstrawsonBaliTopromotetheuseofpaperbagsforshopToimposeapenaltyonanyonecaughtQuestions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ItgivesbirthtoseveralbabiesataItistheleastprotected lItsbreedinggroundsarenowbetter ItspopulationisnowshowingsignsofA)Global C)CommercialPolluted D)DecreasingA)To C)ToescapeTolookforfood D)ToseekbreedingQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Theyprefertodrinklow-fat C)TheyconsumelessmilktheseTheythinkmilkisgoodfor D)TheybuymoremilkthantheA)Itisnotashealthyasonce C)ItbenefitstheelderlyItisnoteasytostayfreshfor D)IttendstomakepeopleA)Theydrinktoomanypintsevery C)TheylackthenecessaryproteinstodigestTheyaresensitivetocertain D)Theyhaveeaten patiblewithmilkA)Itiseasierforsickpeopleto C)ItishealthierthanotheranimalItprovidessomenecessary D)ItsthebodywithenoughPartⅢReading (40Directions：Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.YoumaynotuseanyofthewordsinthemorethanWhenmysoncompletesatask,Ican’thelpbutpraisehim.It’sonlynaturaltogivepraisewherepraiseisdue,right?Butistheresuchathingastoomuchpraise?AccordingtopsychologistKatherinePhillip,childrendon’tbenefitfrom26praiseasmuchaswe’dliketothink.“Parentsoftenpraise,believingtheyarebuildingtheirchild’sself-confidence.However,over-praisingcanhavea27effect,”saysPhillip.“Whenweusethesame28,itmay eemptyandnolongervaluedbythechild.Itcanalso eanexpectationthatanythingtheydomustbe29withpraise.Thismayleadtothechildavoidingtakingrisksduetofearof30theirparents.”Doesthismeanweshoulddoawaywithallthepraise?Phillipsaysno.“Thekeytohealthypraiseistofocusontheprocessratherthanthe31.Itistherecognitionofachild’sattempt,ortheprocessinwhichtheyachievedsomething,thatisessential,”shesays.“Parentsshouldencouragetheirchildtotaketherisksneededtolearnandgrow.”Sohowdowebreakthe32ofpraisewe’reallsoaccustomedto?Phillipsaysit’simportantto33between praise”and“processpraise”. praiseis34sayinghowsomeoneis.Itsaform alapproval.Processpraiseisacknowledgementoftheeffortshasjust .Childrenwhoreceive praisearemorelikelytofeelshameafterlosing,”saysA)I)B)C)K)D)L)E)M) F)N)G)O) SectionDirections：Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymakingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.PovertyIsaStoryAboutUs,NotToooftenstill,wethinkweknowwhatpovertylookslike.It’sthewaywe’vebeentaught,theimageswe’vebeen-fedfordecades.Thechronicallyhomeless.Theunedimmigrant.Theurbanpoor,usually ifiedasawomanofcolor,the“welfarequeen”politiciansstilltoooftenButas einequalityrisestorecordlevelsintheUnitedStates,eveninthemidstofarecordeconomicexpansion,thosefamiliarimagesareoutdated,hurtful,andcounterproductivetoattentiononsolutionsandbuildingladdersofToday’sfacesof einequalityandlackofopportunitylooklikeallofus.ItsAnnaLandre,adisabledGeorgetownUniversitystudentfightingtokeephealthbenefitsthatallowherthedomtoliveherlife.It’sTiffanieStandard,acounselorforyoungwomenofcolorinPhiladelphiawhowanttobetechentrepreneurs—butwhomustworkmultiplejobstostayafloat.It’sKenOutlaw,awelderinruralNorthCarolinawhosedreamofgoingbacktoschoolatalocalcommunitycollegewasdashedbyHurricaneFlorence—justoneoftheextremeweathereventsthathavetippedthebalanceforstrugglingAmericansacrossthenation.Ifthesearethecentralcharactersofourstoryaboutpoverty,whatlayersofperceptions,myths,andrealitiesmustweunearthtofindmeaningfulsolutionsandsupport?Inpursuitofrevealingthiscomplicatedreality,MotheringJustice,ledbywomenofcolor,wentlastyeartothestatecapitalinLansing,Michigan,tolobbyonissuesthataffectworkingmothers.OneoftheMotheringJusticeorganizerswenttotheofficeofastaterepresentativetotalkaboutthelackofaffordablechildcare—vestiges(痕迹)ofasystemthatexpectedmotherstostayhomewiththeirchildrenwhiletheirworked.Alegislativestafferdismissedtheactivists lingher“myhusbandtookcareof—lstayedThatcomment,saysMotheringJusticedirectorDanielleAtkinson,“wasmeanttoshame”andreliedonthefamiliarnotionthatawomanofcolorconcernedabout einequalityandprogramsthatpromotemobilitymustbydefinitionbeasinglemom,probablywithmultiplekids.Inthiscase,theMotheringJusticeactivisthappenedtobemarried.AndinmostcasesintheAmericaof2019,theimagesthatcometomindwhenwehearthewordspovertyor einequalityfailmiserablyinreflectingacomplicatedreality:povertytouchesvirtuallyallofus.Thefaceof einequality,forallbutaveryfewofus,istheoneweeachseeinthemirror.HowmanyofusarepoorintheU.S.?Itdependsonwhoyouask.AccordingtotheCensusBureau,38millionpeopleintheU.S.arelivingbelowtheofficialpovertythresholds.Takingintoaccounteconomicneedbeyondthatabsolutemeasure,theInstituteforStudiesfoundthat140peoplearepoor e.That’salmosthalftheU.S.Whateverthemeasure,withinthatmassivegroup,povertyisextremelydiverse.Weknowthatsomepeoplearemoreaffectedthanothers,likechildren,theelderly,peoplewithdisabilities,andpeopleofButthefactthat4in10Americanscan’tcomeupwith$400inanemergencyisacommonlystatisticforgoodreason:economicinstabilitystretchesacrossrace,gender,andgeography.Itevenreachesintothemiddleclasses,asrealwageshavestagnated(不增长)forallbuttheverywealthyandtemporaryspellsoffinancialinstabilityarenot Negativeimagesremainofwhoislivinginpovertyaswellaswhatisneededtomoveoutofit.ThebigAmericanmythisthatyoucanpullyourselfupbyyourowneffortsandchangeabadsituationintoagoodone.Therealityisthatfindingopportunitywithouthelpfromfamilies,friends,schools,andcommunityisvirtuallyimpossible.Andtheyingfieldisnothingclosetolevel.TheFrameWorksInstitute,aresearchgroupthatfocusesonpublicframingofissues,hasstudiedwhatsustainsstereotypesandnarrativesofpovertyintheUnitedKingdom.“Peoplevieweconomicsuccessandwellbeinginlifeasaproductofchoice,willpower，anddrive,”saysNatKendall-Taylor,CEOofFrameWorks.“Whenweseepeoplewhoarestruggling,”hesays,thoseassumptions“leadustotheperceptionthatpeopleinpovertyarelazy,theydon’tcare,andtheyhaven’tmadetherightdecisions.”Doesthissoundfamiliar?SimilarideassurroundpovertyintheU.S.Andtheseassumptionsgiveafalsepictureofreality.“Whenpeopleenterintothatpattfernofthinking,”saysKendall-Taylor,“it’scognitivelycomfortabletomakesenseofissuesofpovertyinthatway.Itcreatesakindofcognitiveblindness—allofthefactorsexternaltoa ’sdriveandchoicesthatthey’vemade einvisibleandfadefromview.”Thoseexternalfactorsincludethedifficulties panyinglow-wageworkorstructuraldiscriminationbasedonrace,gender,orability.Assumptionsgetworsewhenpeoplewhoarepooruseernmentbenefitstohelpthemsurvive.Thereisagreattensionbetween“thepoor”andthosewhoarereceivingwhat eadirtyword:AccordingtotheGeneralSocialSurvey,71percentofrespondentsbelievethecountryisspendingtoolittleon“assistancetothepoor”.Ontheotherhand,22percentthinkwearespendingtoolittleon“welfare”:37percentbelievewearespendingtoomuch.“Povertyhasbeeninterchangeablewithpeopleofcolor—specificallyblackwomenandmothers,”saysAtkinsonofMotheringJustice.It’struethatblackmothersaremoreaffectedbypovertythanmanyothergroups,yettheyaredisproportionaythefaceofpoverty.Forexample,Americansroutinelyoverestimatetheshareofblackrecipientsofpublicassistanceprograms.Inreality,mostpeoplewillexperiencesomeformoffinancialhardshipatsomepointintheirlives.Indeed,peopletendtodipinandoutofpoverty,perhapsduetounexpectedobstacleslikelosingajob,orwhenhoursofalow-wagejobfluctuate.Somethingeachofuscandoistotreateachotherwiththedignityandsympathythatisdeservedandtounderstanddeeplythattheissueofpovertytouchesallofus.Onelegislativestafferassumedthatawomanofcolorwhoadvocatedaffordablechildcaremustbeasinglemother.Peoplefromdifferentraces,gendersandregionsallsufferfromalackoffinancialAccordingtoasurvey,whilethemajoritybelievetoolittleassistanceisgiventothepoor,morethanathirdbelievetoomuchisspentonwelfare.,AresearchgrouphasfoundthatAmericanswhoarestrugglingarethoughttobelazyandtohavemadethewrongdecisions.UndertheoldsysteminAmerica,amotherwassupposedtostayhomeandtakecareofherItwasfoundthatnearly50%ofAmericansarepoororreceivelowAmericansusuallyoverestimatethenumberofblacksreceivingwelfareItisimpossibleforAmericanstoliftthemselvesoutofpovertyentirelyontheirNowadays,itseemsnoneofuscangetaway eAssumptionsaboutpoor eevenmorenegativewhentheyliveonSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingBoredomhas,paradoxically, equiteinterestingtoacademicslay.InearlyMay,London’sBoringConferencecelebratedsevenyearsofdelightingindullness.Atthisevent,peopleflockedtotalksaboutweather,trafficjamsandvending-machinesounds,amongothersleep-inducingtopics.What,exactly,iseverybodystudying?Onewidelyacceptedpsychologicaldefinitionofboredomis“thedistastefulexperienceofwanting,butbeingunable,toengageinsatisfyingactivity.”Buthowcanyoufya ’sboredomlevelandcompareitwithsomeoneelse’s?In1986,psychologistsintroducedtheBoredomPronenessScale,designedtomeasureanindividual’soveralltendencytofeelbored.Bycontrast,theMultidimensionalStateBoredomScale,developedin2008,measuresa feelingsofboredominagivensituation.Boredomhasbeenlinkedtobehaviorissuesincludinginattentivedriving,mindlesssnacking,excessivedrinking,andaddictivegambling.Infact,manyofuswouldchoosepainoverboredom.Oneteamofpsychologistsdiscoveredthattwo-thirdsofmenandaquarterofwomenwouldratherself-administerelectricshocksthansitalonewiththeirthoughtsfor15minutes.Researchingphenomenon,anotherteamaskedvolunteerstowatchboring,sad,orneutralfi,duringwhichtheycouldself-administerelectricshocks.Theboredvolunteersshockedthemselvesmoreandharderthanthesadorneutralonesdid.Butboredomisn’tallbad.Byencouragingself-reflectionanddaydreaming,itcanspurcreativity.Anearlystudygaveparticipantsabundanttimetocompleteproblem-solvingandword-associationexercises.Oncealltheobviousanswerswereexhausted,participantsgavemoreandmoreinventiveanswerstocombatboredom.ABritishstudytookthesefindingsonestepfurther,askingsubjectstocompleteacreativechallenge(comingupwithalistofalternativeusesforahouseholditem).Onegroupofsubjectsdidaboringactivityfirst,whiletheotherswentstraighttothecreativetask.Thosewhoseboredompumpshadbeenprimedweremoreproductive.Inouralways-connectedworld,boredommaybeahard-to-definestate,butitisafertileone.Watchpaintdryorwaterboil,oratleastputawayyoursmartphoneforawhile,andyoumightunlockyournextbigidea.Whenarepeoplelikelytoexperienceboredom,accordingtoanacceptedpsychologicalWhentheydon’thavethechancetodowhattheyWhentheydon’tenjoythematerialstheyarestudying.C)WhentheyexperiencesomethingD)WhentheyengageinsomeroutineWhatdoestheauthorsayboredomcanleadC)MentalD)HarmfulWhatisthefindingofoneteamofpsychologistsintheirVolunteerspreferwatchingaboringmovietosittingaloneManyvolunteerschoosetohurtthemselvesratherthanendureMalevolunteersaremoreimmunetotheeffectsofboredomthanManyvolunteersareunabletoresistboredomlongerthanfifteenWhydoestheauthorsayboredomisn’tallItstimulatesC)ItmaypromotecreativeItallowstimeforD)ItmayfacilitateindependentWhatdoestheauthorsuggestonedowhenfacedwithachallengingStopidlingandthinkC)LookaroundoneselfforUnlockone’sD)AllowoneselfsometimetobeQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingsincountrieslikeBrazilandtheCongogetalotofattentionfromenvironmentalists,anditiseasytoseewhy.SouthAmericaandsub-SaharanAfricaareexperiencingdeationonanenormousscale:everyyearalmost5millionhectaresarelost.But sarealsochanginginrichWesterncountries.Theyaregrowinglarger,bothinthesensethattheyoccupymorelandandthatthetreesinthemarebigger.Whatisgoingon?sarespreadinginalmostallWesterncountries,withthefastestgrowthincesthathistoricallyhadratherfewtrees.In199028%ofSpainwased;nowtheproportionis37%.InbothGreeceandItaly,thegrowthwasfrom26%to32%overthesameperiod.saregraduallytakingmorelandinAmericaandAustralia.PerhapsmostastonishingisthetrendinIreland.Roughly1%ofthatcountrywasedwhenitbecameindependentin1922.Nowscover11%oftheland,andernmentwantstopushtheproportionto18%bytheTwothingsarefertilisingthisgrowth.Thefirstistheabandonmentof