高级英语Lesson6Book2DisappearingThroughtheSkylight课件PP

高级英语Lesson6Book2DisappearingThroughtheSkylight课件PPTAimsToknowthefeaturesofscientificwriting.Toanalysethestructureofthetext.Tounderstandthedeepermeaningofthetext.Toappreciatethelanguagefeatures

TeachingContents1.Scientificwriting2.Structuralismandthemainideaofthetext.3.Detailedstudyofthetext4.Organizationalpattern5.Languagefeatures6.Exercises

O.B.Hardison,Jr.(1928-1990)O.B.Hardison,Jr.O.B.Hardison,Jr.(1928-1990)BorninSanDiego,Californiain1928.,hereceivedB.A.andM.A.degreesfromtheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHillin1949and1950,respectively,andaPh.D.fromtheUniversityofWisconsinin1956.HetaughtatschoolsthatincludedPrincetonandtheUniversityofNorthCarolina,andhebecameUniversityProfessorofEnglish

atGeorgetownin1984.Hardison,Englishprofessor(Georgetown),Shakespeareanscholar,andamateurphysicist,isalwaysentertainingandoftenthought-provokingAScholarlyWriterMr.Hardisonwrotenumerousbooksandarticles,aswellaspoetryandbookreviews.HisscholarlyconcernsrangedfromRenaissanceliteraturetotechnologyandchangeinmodernsociety.HeistheauthorofLyricsandElegies(1958),TheEnduringMonument(1962),EnglishLiteraryCriticism:TheRenaissance(1964),TowardFreedomandDignity:TheHumanitiesandtheIdeaofHumanity(1973),EnteringtheMaze:IdentityandChangeinModernCulture(1981)andDisappearingThroughtheSkylight(1989/1990).EnteringtheMaze:IdentityandChangeinModernCultureInthisbook,Hardisonbeginstoreviewthewaysinwhichthecentralconceptsinnature,history,language,art,andhumanevolutionshavechangedundertheimpactofmodernscienceandtechnology.C.B.Hardison,Jr.Well-knownforhisprofoundinsightsintothechangeinmodernculturebroughtaboutbymodernscienceandtechnology.Hisprovocativeviewsarestimulatingandinformative.QuestionsHowdoyouthinkofscienceandtechnology?Whatadvantagesdotheyhave?Whatdisadvantagesdotheyhave?Whatisculture?CultureCultureismostcommonlyusedinthreebasicsenses:Excellenceoftasteinthefineartsandhumanities,alsoknownashighculture;Anintegratedpatternofhumanknowledge,belief,andbehaviorthatdependsuponthecapacityforsymbolicthoughtandsociallearning;Thesetofsharedattitudes,values,goals,andpracticesthatcharacterizesaninstitution,organizationorgroup.CultureThesumofattitudes,customs,andbeliefsthatdistinguishesonegroupofpeoplefromanother.Cultureistransmitted,throughlanguage,materialobjects,ritual,institutions,andart,fromonegenerationtothenext.CulturalDictionary,LowcultureHighCultureisusuallyassociatedwiththosethatarerefined,educated,and/orwealthy.Theelite.

LowCultureisassociatedwiththecommonpeople,thoselesseducatedandpoor.Themasses.LowcultureLowculture

isatermforsomeformsofpopularculture.Itsoppositeishighculture.Ithasbeensaidbyculturetheoriststhatbothhighcultureandlowculturearesubcultures.Realitytelevision,popularmusic,escapistfiction,Kitsch,slapstick,camp,toilethumor,yellowjournalism,pornography,andexploitationfilmsareoftencitedexamplesoflowculture.Ithasoftenbeenstatedthatinpostmoderntimes,theboundarybetweenhighcultureandlowculturehasblurred.DisappearingThroughtheSkylight:CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury

DisappearingThroughtheSkylightisnotonlythetitleofthischapterbutalsothetitleofthebook.Thebookhasasub-title,“CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury〞TheBookAsforthecentralthemeofthisbook,thewritersays,“Thisbookisaboutthewaysculturehaschangedinthepastcentury,changingtheidentitiesofallthosebornintoit.Itsmetaphorfortheeffectofchangeoncultureis“disappearance〞.TheBookAsforthe“disappearance〞,Hardisonsays,“Inthenineteenthcentury,sciencepresentednatureasagroupofobjectssetcomfortablyandsolidlyinthemiddledistancebeforetheeyesofthebeholder.IntheworkofD’ArcyThompson,publishedaroundtheturnofthecentury,naturehasdisappeared.Ithasbecomeasetofgeometricandmathematicalrelationsthatlieunderthesurfaceofthevisible….….Today,naturehasslipped,perhapsfinally,beyondourfieldofvision.〞Alogicalconclusioncanbefoundinthefinalparagraphofthiskeychapterthat“Assurelyasnatureisbeingswallowedupbythemind,thebanks,youmightsay,aredisappearingthroughtheirownskylights〞.DisappearingThroughtheSkylight

Themetaphoricalphrase“DisappearingThroughtheSkylight〞isusedtodescribethechangedappearanceofmodernbankswhichseemtobedisappearing.MainviewsinthiskeychapterThewriterputsforwardthecentralthemeof“disappearance〞–naturedisappears,historydisappearsandeventhesolidbanksdisappears.(CentralTheme)Heputsforwardtheideaoftheuniversalizingtendencyofscienceandtechnology.(Theuniversalizingeffectandreflectionisworldstyles.)Mainviewsinthiskeychapter3.Themodernmanisnolongerauniqueindividual,theproductofaspecialenvironmentandculture.Thehomogeneousworldhenowlivesinuniversalizeshim.Hebecomesacosmopolitan,acitizenoftheworld.Mainviewsinthiskeychapter4.Thedisappearanceofhistoryisaformofliberationandthisfeelingofliberationisoftenexpressedthroughplay.Theplayfulnessofsciencehasproducedgametheoryandvirtualparticles,inartithasproducedthepaintingsofPicassoandJoanMiroandsoon.

Scientificwriting

(Englishforscienceandtechnology)

1.technicaltermscylinderblock;carburettor;thermodynamics;etc.2.objective:relyingonfacts,notinvolveemotion,seldomusefiguresofspeech,exclamationtheuseofpresenttensetheuseofpassivevoiceScientificwriting3.sentences:a)completenocontractions(dep't--department)b)long1)compoundsentences2)appositions3)parenthesis4)logicalconnectorssuchas:however;but;also;yet;finally;while;as;notonly;justas...so;etc.ScientificwritingGenerallythistechnicalwritingtendstobeveryformal.Yetthecharacteristicsofanykindoflanguagestyleisnotabsolute.Inordertomeettheneedsoftheworkforpopularscience,manyscientificworkerstrytoadoptamorepopularstyle.Thentherecomesapopularscientificandtechnicalwritingstyle.Characteristicslimittheuseoftechnicaltermsexamples---tomakethewritingmorevividandappealingtothereadersCharacteristics3.figuresofspeech--tomakethesentencesfigurativesothatthereaderscaneasilyunderstandand

associatethemwithwhattheyarefamiliarwith4.nounpre-modifiersgametheory;humangrowthgenes;themepark;museumvillages;worldcar;etcRhetoricaldevicesMetaphorAnalogyRhetoricalquestionRepetitionBalancedstructure…Task:Trytofindexamplesofeachrhetoricaldeviceusedinthetext.OrganizationalpatternThechapterisclearlyandlogicallyorganized.Theauthor’sviewsarepresentedatthebeginningofaparagraph:scienceiscommittedtotheuniversalanddevelopedorillustratedintheparagraphitselforbysucceedingparagraphs.

Majorexamples1)automobileindustry(para2—8)2)modernart(para9—13)3)modernculture(para.14-15)4)architectofbanks(16—19)Detailedstudyofthetext

Findandcommentontheuseoftopicsentences.

Thewriter'sviewsaregenerallyclearlyandsuccinctlypresentedasatopicsentenceatthebeginningofeachparagraphandthendevelopedorillustratedintheparagraphitselforbysucceedingparagraphs.Commit:vt.犯(错误),干(坏事),把...交托给,提交,容许负责1)topromiseorgiveyourloyalty,timeormoneytoaparticularprinciple,personorplanofaction;giveentirelytoaspecificperson,activity,orcause.Thegovernmentmustcommititselftoimprovinghealthcare.Sheisknownchieflyforhercommitmentto

nucleardisarmament.2)todosomethingwrongorillegal

commitcrimes/murder/rape/arson/suicide/adultery/error/offence,etc3)Toconsignforfutureuseorreferenceorforpreservation:commitsomethingtopaper;commitsomethingtomemoryScienceiscommittedto…Scienceisengagedinthetaskofmakingitsbasicconceptsunderstoodandacceptedbyscientistsallovertheworld.Thisconceptofuniversalityanduniformityisoneofthebasicviewsoftheauthor.Universal:relatingto,extendingto,oraffectingtheentireworldorallwithintheworld;worldwide:Assciencebecomessuccessful,moreandmorepeopleacceptitsbasicconcepts.Thisprovestheuniversality.thermodynamics--(sing)热力学mutation–change,alternation

achangeinthegeneticstructureofananimalorplantthatmakesitdifferentfromothersofthesamekind(转变;突变;变异)

Aseriesofmutationshasresultedinlargegrainsofwheat.amutationthatcausesmicetobebornblind

technicalachangeinaspeechsound,especiallyavowel,becauseofthesoundoftheonenexttoitFormanyyearsthereweretwoschoolsofgenetics---aWesterngeneticsandaSovietgeneticsputforwardbyLysenko.Lysenkoputforwardthetheorythatenvironmentalstressproducesgeneticchangesandthesearetransmitted.discreditdiscredit:tomakesthstopbelievingthatsthistrue---discreditable:badandunacceptable,causingpeopletoloserespectCf.Creditbelief;trust;confidencetobelieveoradmitthatsomeonehasaquality,orhasdonesomethinggood…creditable:deservingpraiseorapproval

Para2.science:(universalized)universality

technology:universalizingtendency:worldhomogeneous(uniform;same;alike*diversity)world/internationalstyle

diminishmentofidentitiesanddifferencesdisappearanceofhistory.Corollarycorollary:corollaries[countable]

formal

somethingthatisthedirectresultofsomethingelsecorollaryof/toIssocialinequalitytheinevitablecorollaryofeconomicfreedom?Technologynaturallyfollowsseience.Italsodisplaysthetendencytowarduniversalizing.homogeneous

homogeneous:consistingofpeopleorthingsthatareallofthesametype;havingsimilarityinstructurebecauseofcommondescent.=uniform;similaroridenticalTheworkingclassisnotquitesohomogeneousinitspoliticalpreference.Cf.heterogeneous;instantaneousThespreadoftechnologywithitsuniversalizingtendencyiswhatmakesdifferentcountriesandpeoplelookmoresimilaroridentical.Aschildren’sthoughtsandfeelingsareshapedbythissameness,theirsenseofdifferencesamongculturesandpeoplebecomesweak.Diversity:difference;varietyvarietyvariationPara3Theautomobileshowsveryclearlythisuniversalizinginfluenceofscienceandtechnology.Clarity:clearnessofappearance;clearnessofthoughtorstyle;lucidityNB:Thewriterusesfourpara.stodeveloptheideasinthisshorttopicsentence.streamline流线型的1.toformsomethingintoasmoothshape,sothatitmoveseasilythroughtheairorwater.

Allthesenewcarshavebeenstreamlined.effortstostreamlinetheproductionprocess2.tomakesomethingsuchasabusiness,organizationetcworkmoresimplyandeffectively.StreamlinedEconomics:thingsrelatedtotheecnomyofautomobilemanufacturing,suchasproductioncosts,consumerappeal,saleprice,etc.Asset:avaluableordesirablethinginnovation---makingchangeintroducingnewthingstechnicalinnovationsinindustryAtechnologicalbreakthroughlikestreamliningorall-weldedbodyconstructionmaynotbeacceptedatfirstbyallcarmakersbutifitprovesitselftobeimportantinraisingtheefficiencyorimprovingtheeconomicsofthecaritwillreappear,maybeindifferentforms,andwillnotonlybeacceptedbutregardedasavaluablethingbyallcarmanufacturers.Today’sautomobiledonotdisplayanyuniquefeaturestoshowtheyaremanufacturedbyacertaincompanyorcountry.cylinder---汽缸block---mainpartofapetrolengine,consistingofthecylinderandvalves汽缸与阀carburetor---thatpartofaninternalcombustionengineinwhichpetrolandairaremixedtomakeanexplosivemixture(内燃机中的)汽化器Para5Thecarmodel,calledFiesta,seemstohavedisappearedcompletely.Metaphor.Thecariscomparedtoship.Aworldcar:becausemanypartsofthecarweremanufacturedbydifferentcountries.Thiscar,however,soondisappearedcompletelyfromthemarket.inevitable---thatcan’tbeavoided,thatissuretohappen

ItwastheautomotiveequivalentoftheInternationalStyle.

Theideaofaworldcarissimilartotheideaofhavingaworldstyleforarchitecture.Or:AsarchitecturewasmovingtowardacommonInternationalStyle,itwasnaturalfortheautomobiletodothesame.equivalent–n.sththathasthesameuse,functionassthelseAgoodquiltcanbetheequivalentofatleastthreeblankets.behardputtoit(todosth)---finditdifficultHewashardputtoexplainwhathadhappened.Para.6:Asin…automakingThisisanellipticalbalancedsentence.Thefullsentencemayread:“Thingsthatarehappeninginautomakingaresimilartothosehappeninginarchitecture.〞

1962LincolnContinentalConvertible1969LincolnContinentalMarkIIICadillac1932VolkswagenBeetleType12VolkswagenBeetleToday,atadistanceof500paces,onefindsitdifficulttoseeanydifferenceinthevariouscarmodelsthatareinthesamepricerange.TellonefromanotherMake:Thestyleormannerinwhichathingismade:制作样式：生产某事物的风格或方式：dislikedthemakeofhercoat.不喜欢她衣服的样式Traits...history:specialfeaturesinAmericancarsthatclearlydisplayedthespecialinfluenceofAmericanhistoryandcultureVisibleevidence...FerdinandPorshe:theobviousfeaturesinaVolkswagenBeetlecarclearlyshowedhowtheideaofsreamline,firstputforwardbyD’ArcyThompsonandthendevelopedbyCarlBreerandFerdinandPorsche,wasappliedinthemanufactureofautomobile.Para7Ifman….Creator:Thisshortbalancedtopicsentenceintroducesthesecondimportantviewofthewriter.Mancreatesmachinesandthemachinesthenturnaroundandchangethosewhocreatedthem.MancreatestheWorldCarandbydrivingthiskindofcarthemodernmanhimselfbecomesuniversalized.Heisbecomingacosmopolitan.Nolongerquiteanindividual,nolongerquitetheproductofauniquegeographyandculture.

Themodernmannolongerhasverydistinctindividualtraitsshapedbyaspecialenvironmentandculture．Howhasmanbecomecosmopolitan?Hedrivescarsthathavethesamebasicfeatures.Whenhegoesshopping,hefindstheclimateinalltheshopsisthesamebecausetheyareallsimilarlyair-conditioned.Whenhetravelshefindsalltheairportstobefamiliarbecausetheyareallconstructedalongsimilarlinesandthehotelstohavethesameamenities.Inaword,hefindshimselfathomeinallcountriesandplaces.cosmopolitan---oforfromallormanydifferentpartsoftheworldthe~gatheringsattheUnitedNationsAssembly

联合国各种世界性集会Theprice…oftheword,thebenefit…limitationsThedisadvantageofbeingacosmopolitanisthathelosesahomeintheoldsenseoftheword.Thebenefitofbeingacosmopolitanisthathebeginstothinktheoldkindofhomeprobablyrestrictshisdevelopmentandactivities.Suspect:tothinkitprobableorlikely;toguess;tosupposePara8Theuniversalizing…irresistible:Thecompellingforceoftechnologytouniversalizecannotberesisted.Imperative:Acommand;anorder.Barring..cultureExceptingagreatdisasterbroughtaboutbyanuclearwar,theuniversalizingpoweroftechnologywillcontinuetoinfluencemoderncultureandtheconsciousnessofpeoplewhoinhabitthatculture.barring:unlessthereshouldbe;exceptingprep.不包括,除非Hisbackisbrokenand,barringamiracle,hewon'twalkagain.Inhabit:Toliveorresidein.居住：住或居住在…Tobepresentin;fill:在…出现；填满：Oldchildhoodmemoriesinhabitedtheattic.旧日儿时的记忆充满了阁楼Para.9Fromthisparagraphonwardsthewriterputsforwardanddevelopsthemainthemeofthischapterandthecentralthemeofhisbook---theinsubstantialityoftheworld,thedisappearanceoftraditionalconcepts,ofthematerialobjectsweusedtoseewithourordinaryeyes.Thisisspeciallyandclearlyreflectedinmodernartandarchitecture.FrancisPicabia(1879-1953)

皮卡比亚FrancisPicabia(1879-1953)

AFrenchpainter,poet,andtypographist,associatedwithboththeDadaandSurrealist

artmovements.FrenchDadaist/SurrealistPainter达达主义是一场兴起于一战时期的苏黎世，涉及视觉艺术、文学〔主要是诗歌〕、戏剧和美术设计等领域的文艺运动。达达主义是20世纪西方文艺开展历程中的一个重要流派，是第一次世界大战颠覆、摧毁旧有欧洲社会和文化秩序的产物。达达主义作为一场文艺运动持续的时间并不长，涉及范围却很广，对20世纪的一切现代主义文艺流派都产生了影响。MachineTurnQuickly,1916-1918,temperaonpaper,UnitedStatesNationalGalleryofArtTheJoyinBlindness/Bonheurdel'aveuglement.

1947.Oilonwood.Privatecollection.DadaorDadaismManyDadaistsbelievedthatthe'reason'and'logic'ofbourgeoiscapitalistsocietyhadledpeopleintowar.Theyexpressedtheirrejectionofthatideologyinartisticexpressionthatappearedtorejectlogicandembracechaos

andirrationality.Anti-artAnti-art

isaloosely-usedtermappliedtoanarrayofconceptsandattitudesthatrejectpriordefinitionsofartandquestionartingeneral.Anti-arttendstoconductthisquestioningandrejectionfromthevantagepointofart.ThetermisassociatedwiththeDadamovementandisgenerallyacceptedasattributabletoMarcelDuchamppre-WorldWarI,whenhebegantousefoundobjectsasart.Anti-artAnexpressionofanti-artcantaketheformofartornot.Ingeneral,anti-artrejectsonlysomeaspectsofart.Dependingonthecase,"anti-artworks"mayrejectconventionalartisticstandards.MarcelDuchamp

L.H.O.O.Q.1919Surrealism

SurrealismdevelopedoutoftheDadaactivitiesduringWorldWarIandthemostimportantcenterofthemovementwasParis.Fromthe1920sonward,themovementspreadaroundtheglobe,eventuallyaffectingthevisualarts,literature,filmandmusicofmanycountriesandlanguages,aswellaspoliticalthoughtandpractice,philosophyandsocialtheory.SurrealismA20thcenturystyleandmovementinartandliteratureinwhichimagesandeventsthatarenotconnectedareputtogetherinastrangeorimpossibleway,likeadream,totrytoexpresswhatishappeningdeepinthemind.Surrealistworksfeaturetheelementofsurprise,unexpectedjuxtapositionsandnonsequitur(前后不符;不合理的推论).

emphasisoncontentandfreeformSurrealismThemajorSurrealistpainterswereJeanArp;MaxErnst;AndréMasson;RenéMagritte;YvesTanguy;SalvadorDalí;PierreRoy;PaulDelvaux;

JoanMiró.JoanMiróPortraitofJoanMiro,Barcelona1935.

JoanMiróPaintingofRooster(left)

JoanMiroPainting"Daybreak“right)

JoanMiró,TheTilledField,(1923–1924),SolomonR.GuggenheimMuseum.Thisearlypainting,acomplexarrangementofobjectsandfigures,wasMiró'sfirstSurrealistmasterpieceMarcelDuchamp(

1887–1968)

FrenchartistwhoseworkismostoftenassociatedwiththeDadaistandSurrealistmovements.

NudeDescendingaStaircase,No.2(French:Nudescendantunescaliern°2)isa1912paintingbyMarcelDuchamp.TheworkiswidelyregardedasaModernistclassicandhasbecomeoneofthemostfamousofitstime.InitsfirstpresentationattheParisianSalondesIndépendants,itwasrejectedbytheCubistsandcausedahugestirduringitsexhibitionatthe1913ArmoryShowinNewYorkfollowingapresscopyofanabusescandal.TheworkisnowfoundinpermanentexhibitionattheLouisandWalterArensbergCollectionofthePhiladelphiaMuseumofArtinPhiladelphia.NudeDescendingaStaircase,No.2ThepaintingcombineselementsofboththeCubistandFuturistmovements.Inthecomposition,Duchampdepictsmotionbysuccessivesuperimposed(叠加的)images,similartostroboscopic(频闪观测的)motionphotography.TheoriginalFountainbyMarcelDuchamp,1917,Fountainisa1917workbyMarcelDuchamp.Itisoneofthepieceswhichhecalledreadymades(alsoknownasfoundart),becausehemadeuseofanalreadyexistingobject—inthiscaseaurinal,whichhetitledFountainandsigned"R.Mutt".TheartshowtowhichDuchampsubmittedthepiecestatedthatallworkswouldbeaccepted,butFountain

wasnotactuallydisplayed,andtheoriginalhasbeenlost.Theworkisregardedbysomeasamajorlandmarkin20thcenturyart.

ReplicascommissionedbyDuchampinthe1960sarenowondisplayinanumberofdifferentmuseums.theEiffelTower,ParistheEiffelTower,Parisanimmensestructureofexposedlatticeworksupportsmadeofpuddleiron,waserectedfortheParisExpositionof1889.theEiffelTower,ParisHowever,thecontroversialtowerelicitedsomestrongreactions,andapetitionof300waspresentedtothecitygovernment,protestingitsconstruction."We,thewriters,painters,sculptors,architectsandloversofthebeautyofParis,doprotestwithallourvigorandallourindignation,inthenameofFrenchtasteandendangeredFrenchartandhistory,againsttheuselessandmonstrousEiffelTower."theEiffelTower,ParisNatureloversthoughtthatitwouldinterferewiththeflightofbirdsoverParis.ButtheEiffelTowerwasadmiredbyRousseau,Utrillo,Chagall,andDelaunay.Itwasalmosttorndownin1909attheexpirationofits20-yearlease,butwassavedbecauseofitsantenna—usedfortelegraphyatthattime.Beginningin1910itbecamepartoftheInternationalTimeService.Frenchradio(since1918),andFrenchtelevision(since1957)havealsomadeuseofitsstature.Inthe1960s,itwasthesubjectofawonderfulstudybysemiologistRolandBarthes.

Machineaesthetics

Architecturethatsuggestedsomethingmachine-made,acknowledgingindustrialization,mass-production,andengineering,orthatusedelementsofmetalstructures(ships,aeroplanes,motorcars,etc.)inaneclecticfashion,moreamatterofarrivingatanappearancethanofactuallybeingwhatitseemed,afactthatcontradicteddemandsforhonestyandtruthinarchitecture,anddeniedthelogicofstructuralprinciples.MachineaestheticsTermappliedtotheconceptofthemachineasasourceofbeauty,aconceptparticularlyimportantinthedevelopmentofartanddesigninEuropeandNorthAmericainthe20thcentury.Itcanbeargued,however,thattheoriginsofthemachineaestheticlieinthe19thcentury,althoughfew19th-centuryarchitects,designersorwriterswerewillingtothinkofmachinesasinthemselvespotentialsourcesofbeauty.机器美学机器美学:其含义有三方面：其一，建筑应象机器一样符合实际的功用，强调功能和形式之间的逻辑关系，反对附加装饰；其二，建筑象机器那样可以放置在任何地方，强调建筑风格的普遍适应性；其三，建筑应象机器那样高效，强调建筑和经济之间的关系。柯布西耶的“房屋是居住的机器〞就是基于这种思想而提出的。机器美学追求机器造型中的简洁、秩序和几何形式以及机器本身所表达出来的理性和逻辑性，以产生一种标准化的、纯而又纯的模式。其视觉表现一般是以简单立方体及其变化为根底的，强调直线、空间、比例、体积等要素，并抛弃一切附加的装饰。在机器美学被实际应用到机器本身之前，首先在建筑和一些实用艺术品上得到表达。在这里，对于机器的兴趣不如说是对于简单、抽象形式的兴。MachineaestheticsLeCorbusier(1887-1965)

Designsproposition/propose1.Thepropositionissoclearthatitneedsnoexplanation.(statement)2.ImadewhatIhopedwasanattractiveproposition.(suggestion/proposal)3.It'satough/notaneasyproposition.((infml口)mattertobedealtwith;problemortask;apersonormattertobedealtwith)要对付处理的人或事物atough~难对付的人或事物4.technicalsomethingthatmustbeproved,oraquestiontowhichtheanswermustbefound-usedingeometry(命题)

Reminisce~(aboutsth/sb)tothink,talkorwriteaboutahappytimeinyourpast;totalkorthinkaboutpleasanteventsinyourpast.Wespenttheeveningreminiscingaboutouruniversitydays.Heiswritinghisreminiscences.Thenovelcontainsendlessreminiscencesof/abouttheauthor'syouth.Yourreminiscencesaretheexperiencesyourememberfromthepast,oftenwritteninabook.回忆,缅怀往事Aesthetic:theappreciationofbeauty审美论，美学原那么Thediscovery...in1949:artistsdiscoveredthatmachinescouldalsobebeautifulWheneveryartist...blasphemy:wheneveryartistthoughtitwashisdutytoshowhiscontemptforandobjectiontotheEiffelTowerwhichtheyconsideredanirreverentarchitecturalstructure.blasphemy---contemptuousorirreverenttalkaboutGodandsacredthings

亵渎神明，对神不敬的话Machines...alltradition:Mposition---apersonormattertobedealtwith要对付处理的人或事物atough~难对付的人或事物Evade:get,keepoutofthewayof~ablow~one’senemies~anattack~payingincometax

Amobile...new:aflexibleandpliablequalitythatwasbeyondhumanpowersandabsolutelynewExtra:outsidethescopeorregionof;beyondmainideaofpara.9WheneveryartistthoughtitwashisdutytoshowhiscontemptforandobjectiontotheEiffeltowerwhichtheyconsideredanirreverentarchitecturalstructure.Machinessoonoriginatednewideasandproblemsthatcouldnotbehandledbytheoldwaysofthinking,whichisaflexibleandpliablequalitythatwasbeyondhumanpowersandabsolutelynew.Inparagraph10rhetoricalquestionsThewriterusesmanyrhetoricalquestions

tointroducehiscentralthemeandtoemphasizehisargumentsontheinsubstantialityoftheworld.insubstantiality---非实在，无实体Artis...world:artcanalsobedefinedasanattempttogiveanametothingsintherealworld.Sciencehasshownthattheworldisnotmadeupofsolidmaterialobjectsthatweseewithoureyes.Thisisthebasisofthewriter’scentralthemeofdisappearance.

Ithasthusunderminedanarticleoffaith:thethinglinessofthings.

Peopleusedtofirmlybelievethatthethingstheysawaroundthemwererealsolidsubstancesbutthishasnowbeenthrownintodoubtbyscience.这就动摇了人们认为世界的物质是客观实在的信念。undermine---weakengradually逐渐削弱或损坏Hishealthwas~dbysmoking.Ithasproduced...ofthings:Sciencehasproducedimagesofmanyclassesorcategoriesofrealitythatlieundertheobjectiveimageofthingsweseewithoureyes.Order:category,classScience...artifacts:Sciencehasalsoproducedimagesofanartificialcharacter,imagesofthingsthatdonotexistliketheimageofself-squareddragons.Artifact: