2012年考研英语真题及答案

2012年考研英语及答案1SectionIUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshave eanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleof justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbe asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself tothecodeofconduct totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilar thequestionofwhetherthereisstill betweenthecourtandTheframersoftheConstitutionenvisioned havingapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions theywouldbeto thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialdecisions,thelawit isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily asunjust.2大家版一错千金2012年考研英语及答Thejusticesmust 18 doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymaking tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand, ,convincingaslaw.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D][A]when[B]lest[C]before[D][A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D][A]challenged[B]compromised[C]ed[D][A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D][A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D][A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D][A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D][A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D][A]by[B]as[C]though[D][A]so[B]since[C]provided[D][A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]re[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D][A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D][A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D][A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D][A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D][A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D][A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D].年考研英语及答案[A]byallmeans[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextComeon–everybody'sngit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood–drinking,drugsandcasual .Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositivethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheRosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasloveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafeamongtheirTheideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthnsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology."Daretobedifferent,pleasedon'tsmoke!"pleadsonebillboardnaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers–teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit'spresentedhereisthatitdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheloveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourAnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits–aswellasnegativeones–spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It'sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwith4大家版一错千金2012年考研英语及答better-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat'stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesasupplementtothesocialastimulustogroupanobstacletoschoolacauseofundesirableRosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesrecruitprofessionallearnfromadvertisers'stayawayfromcommercialrecognizethelimitationsofIntheauthor'sview,Rosenberg'sbookfailsadequayprobesocialandbiologicaleffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialillustratethefunctionsofstateproducealong-lastingsocialParagraph5showsthatourimitationofisharmfultoournetworksofwillmisleadbehavioraloccurswithoutourrealizingcanproducenegativehealthTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureTextAdealisadeal–except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.The ,amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,the hasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerntrunning.It'sa.年考研英语及答案stunningThehasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont'sonlynuclearpowernt,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,the agreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionofthent'slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature'sThen,too,thewentEitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn'tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy'smanagement–especiallyafterthemademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowtheissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure;whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.TheseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearntisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thehasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthe'sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.Thephrase"renegingon"(Line3.Para.1)isclosestinmeaningByenteringintothe2002agreement,EntergyintendedobtainprotectionfromVermontseekfavorfromthefederalacquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicensegetpermissiontopurchaseapowerAccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswith6大家版一错千金2012年考研英语及答managerialtechnicalIntheauthor'sview,theVermontcasewillEntergy'scapacitytofulfillallitsthematureofstates'patchworkthefederalauthorityovernuclearissuesthelimitsofstates'powerovernuclearItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphEntergy'sbusinesselsewheremightbetheauthorityoftheNRCwillbeEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthVermont'sreputationmightbeTextIntheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldwaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andConsequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,now thecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscovery espublic,thediscovererreceivesincredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryand panyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,thein ctionandbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual'sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery..年考研英语及答案Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientifictendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedas orincorrect.Littlereward paniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Györgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas"seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought."Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandlingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility"happens"toadiscoveryclaim—aprocesscorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind."Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother'sreasoningandeachother'sconceptionsofreason."Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyuncertaintyandmisconceptionandlogicalityandessandItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessstrictsharedindividualpersistentParagraph3showsthatadiscovery escredibleafterhasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralhasbeenexaminedbythescientifichasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerAlbertSzent-Györgyiwouldmostlikelyagreescientificclaimswillsurvivediscoveriestodayinspirefutureeffortstomakediscoveriesarescientificworkcallsforacritical8大家版一错千金2012年考研英语及答WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleoftheNoveltyasanEngineofScientificCollectiveScrutinyinScientificEvolutionofCredibilityinngChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoTextIfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneinten ernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions'thriving.First,theyshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica'spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain'sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkofthePublicInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,theOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly"backloaded"public-sectorpaydeals,keethepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers'unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelse eclearer,politicianshavebegunclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicanernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandtheoftheUnitedStates.Bankers'fatpay.年考研英语及答案packetshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.ItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphTeamstersstillhavealargebodyofJimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilunionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectortheernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithWhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraphPublic-sectorunionsareprudentintakingEducationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionLaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorPublic-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheirItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that einthestatesectorillegallyindirectlyexcessivelyfairlyTheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatoftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalcanchangepeople'spoliticalmaybeabarriertopublic-sectoraredominantintheJohnDonahue'sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisonePartBInthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.Markyour10大家版一错千金2012年考研英语及答案answersonANSWERSHEET1.(10Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroneandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachineservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42) Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyareng.Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,li ture,religionandphilosophy.(43)Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)evisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthatevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.(45)Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumanandultimaywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.Applicationslike ,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers..年考研英语及答案Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation- ewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoThechallengethecomputermountstoevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingrecedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordyersbeingrecedbyCDyers.Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-evision-andevisionisdefinedbydownloading.Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreverseflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfulPartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshasthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton'slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.(46)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itis inglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatcultural