违反合作原则的20个samples

违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。合作原则CooperativePrinciple（一）量的准则MaximofQuantity所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange；(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Forexample,1.Earl:Ijustwanttolookniceformysonwhenhecomesin.Max:What?Iamgoingtomeetyourkid?Earl:Well,oneofthem.Max:“Oneofthem?”Howmanydoyouhave?Earl:Sofar?Max:Oh,Earl,Iloveyou.Earl:Thisismyson,Darius.HeistheNo.1ChryslersalesmaninallofDetroit.AndheismyveryfavoriteifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.(FromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:ThisisasceneofBankruptcySisters,Earlonlytoldhedressedsodecentlytomeethisson,butdidn’tsayclearlyifMaxwouldmeethissontogether,that`swhyMaxfeltpuzzledandaskedhimhowmanyofhissons;thenEarlanswered“Sofar?”,untilthelastsentencehedidtellthepurposeformeetinghissonandaddanotherunnecessarymessage“ifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.”Becauseofthehiatusortheredundancyoftheirconversation,makestheaudiencesfallintoareverieandsetsahumorouscomedyatmosphere.2.Caroline:OhmyGod!Isheyourfather?Max:Yes,heismyfather.Andmymotherisapieceofchalk.(FromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:ThisisaconversationbetweenCarolineandMax.CarolineaskedifthemancameintothecafewasMax’sfather,Maxanswer“Yes”butaddonemoresentence“Andmymotherispieceofchalk.”whichindicatedthemanwasnotMax‘sfatheratall.Obviously,thoughthissituationistypicalmessageredundancy,ithelpsthelistenerstounderstandthespeaker’srealmeaningandhumor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我？柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊？你又没做错事。如果我要真的打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人，Lizheldadogneededtobeadoptedcameout,Jonrealizedhehadmisunderstood.Apparently,Jondidn’tgetenoughinformationfromLiz,sohemisunderstoodherandviolatedthemaximofquantityaccidentally,whichmakesthistalkdramatically.(二）质原则（MaximofQuantity):(1)不要说自知虚假的话。Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse(2)不要说证据不足的话。Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Forexamples:ThefollowingisanAD:FeedingYourBodyandStarvingYourHair?AussieHairinsuranceisaleave-in,multi-vitaminandmineralconditioninghairsupplementthatcannourishyourhairfromwithin.......Ifyourhairisdry,frizzyorunmanageable...,maybeit’sjusthungry!Analyze:Theslogan“Starving”oftheADusuallyusedtodescribinghuman`saspirationoffood.However,thisADusedthewordtodescribehairwasobeyedthemaximofquality,givingtheobviousfakeinformationtopeopletoattractthem,bythis,thisviolationbecomesmeaningful.2.ThefollowingisanAD:Sophisticated,Sweet-to-drinkPinkLadyAnalyze:ThisADslogancreatedametaphorbyobeyingthemaximofquality.“PinkLady”isabrandofdeluxewine,theword“Sophisticated”meanssuperior.But“Sophisticated”generallyusestoembellishingapersonbutotherthings,soitbreaksthemaximofqualityindeed.Ontheotherhand,“PinkLady”alsomeansbeautifullady,sothattheusingof“Sophisticated”wasreasonable;andyetthe“Sweet-to-drink”wouldviolatethemaximofquality.Duetothesetwofoldviolations,thisADshowsaverydifferentsense:ifwecomparethewinetobeautifullady,thatwouldbefairyandelegant.TheADmixedthemup,therebyappealingreaderstodreamingaboutthiswinebrand.Thoughitviolatesthemaximofquality,itwinstheattentionofcostumers.3.Thefollowingisasloganinashoesshop:Aroomfor5toesAnalyze:Thesloganisagreatparallelism.Roomsarethespaceforpeopledoingactivities,andshoesarethespacefortoestostay,thatisthesimilarityofthesetwo.Bythissimilarity,readerscaneasilyunderstandthemeaningoftheslogan;moreover,roomsgivepeopletheimpressionaboutcomfortableandsafe,sotheshoesdo.Thus,readersassociatefromtheroomstotheshoes——bothareshelters,thendeepintotheirsimilarity——bothgivingprotection.Withthedesireofbeprotected,peoplewillbewillingtobuytheshoes.Ifchangesthe“room”to“box”or“pot”,readerscanunderstandthemeaningtoo,butitcannotcreateaemotionalassociationtobeasuccessfulmetaphor,whichonlybreakthemaximofqualitybutnottobeagoodAD.4.韦小宝：各位观众，谢谢各位凑得这么近、站得这么直听我说书，真是太给面子啦。今天要说的人物就是天地会的总舵主陈近南，所谓平生不见陈近南，便称英雄也枉然。他身高八尺，腰围也是八尺。众人：哇！那岂不是四方了吗？韦小宝：四方就四方，一样米养百样人，八角形的都有。我告诉你！他武功的名堂呢，称之为“九天十地菩萨摇头怕怕霹雳金光雷电掌”！一掌打出，方圆百里之内，不论人畜、虾蟹、跳蚤，全部化成了飞灰啊！（出自电影《鹿鼎记》）Analyze:Accordingthemaximofquality,Weishouldanswerthequestionhonestlybasedthetruthbuthisownimagination.Withthishyperboleexpression,Weiattractedpeople’sattentionresourcefully,althoughheviolatedthemaximofquality.5.Duringtheheightofaparticularlysevereair-raidinLondonin1940,thestaffofalargebuildingwastakingshelterinthebasement.Theraidhadbeenonprogressforseveralhoursandbombswerestillfalling.Suddenlyoneofthetypistssaidtoherfriend,“comeon,Gladys,I’mnotstoppinghereanylonger.It’s5o’clock.It`stimetogohome,raidornotraid.”Outtheywentbutwithinacoupleofminutestheywerebackagain.“Changeyourmind?”askedoneoftheothertypists.“Yes,”saidthefirstgirl.“We’venoumbrellaandit’spouringwithrainoutside.”Analyze:Thesetwogirlsinthisstorycouldnotstandtheendlessair-raidandstayedatthebasementanylonger,andoneofthemdecidedtogohome,nomattertheair-raidendornot.Maybewewillthinkthatgirlisabraveone,however,shebacked,saidbecauseofshehadnoumbrellaandoutsidewererainpouringthatcouldnotleave.Theendingofthisstoryisreallyironical,thegirlissobravethatcanignorethedeath,butstoppingbytherain;thehugecontrastofthatgirl’simageshasproducedaclownishreaction.Thereasonthestorycanproduceaclownishreactionisitignoringthedangerousconceptionbutemphasizingthenegligiblethings(raining),whichviolatesthemaximofquality.(三）关系原则（MaximofRelation）：要有关联，要切合题。Berelevant,andconnectingtothetheme.Forexamples:1.Scene:MaxwasservingthecustomerMax:Hi,readytoorder?Customer:Doyouhaveanythingthat’srealspecial?Max:Notaccordingmyhighschoolguidancecounselor.(FromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:Maxisaskingifthecustomerreadytoorderfood,andthecustomerwantstoknowiftherestauranthasanyspecialdish.What’sforfun,Maxmisinterpretsthemeaningpurposelytoviolatethemaximofrelation,andhelpstheaudiencesrealizethefunnypoint.2.Tworatherdeafoldgentlemenweretravelingontheunderground.AsthetraindrewintoWembleyStation,oneofthemshouted,“IsthisWembley?”“No,”shoutedtheother,“it’sThursday!”“Whatdidyousay?”“Thursday————Thursday!”“Yes,soamI,shallwegetoffhereandhaveadrink?”Analyze:Fromtheaboveconversationweknowthatthosetwooldgentlemenarebothdeaf,sotheycannotheareachotherclearly.OneofthemaskediftherewastheWembleyStation,anotherheardasiftodaywasWednesday，becausethepronunciationof“Wembley”arecloseto“Wednesday”.Thentheonewhoanswered“Thursday”hadrepeatedhisansweroverandoveragain,madethefirstoneofthemthoughtthatmanwasthirsty,sohesuggestedtogetofftohaveadrink.Inthisjoke,bothofthemarereplyingirrelevantinformationandviolatingthemaximofrelation,withthisresulttomakereaderslaugh.3.JamalMalik:“Comerunwithme.”Latika:“Run?Where?Lifeofwhat?”(FrommovieSlumdogMillionaire)Analyze:ForJamal’sask,Latikashouldbeonlyanswer“Yes,I’llrunwithyou.”or“No,Iwon’trunwithyou.”Insteadofthesetwoappropriateanswers,Latikarepliedirrelevantlythatviolatingthemaximofrelation.4.Luca:You’reonthewrongsideofthestreet,fatcat.Beatit!Garfield:Andyou,Luca,thewrongsideoftheevolutionarycurve.(frommovieGarfieldⅠ)Analyze:TheconversationbetweenGarfieldanddogLuca,thegreedycat——GarfieldwantedtostealthecakefromLuca’shome.WhenLucawarnedGarfieldshouldn’tcomeacrossthestreet(onthewrongsideofthestreet),andGarfieldrepliedhimthathewasonthewrongsideofevolutionarycurve.GarfielddidnottellthereasonwhyhecametheothersideofthestreetbutsayLucaisthefailureofevolutionarycurve,whichsatirizeLucaisugly.Thejapecomesfromtheviolationofthemaximofrelation.5.Jon:WhatamIgonnadowithyou?Garfield:Loveme.Feedme.Neverleaveme.Jon:Comeon.Let’sgoforaridetosomeplaceyoulove...(frommovieGarfieldⅠ)Analyze:ThistalkhappenedafterGarfieldhadatefourboxesofspaghettiwhichshouldbeJon’s.InordertopunishGarfield,JonaskedhowshouldhetreatGarfieldasthecathadatehisspaghetti;what’sunexpected,Garfielddidn’tsaysorrytoJonbutsomethingirrelevantabouthisgreedyact.AsthereplyofGarfieldviolatesthemaximofrelationhasamusedtheaudiences.（四）方式原则（MaximofManner）：要清楚明白。Theconversationshouldbeclearandreasonable.（1）避免晦涩。Avoidingobscurity.（2）避免歧义。Avoidingambiguity.（3）简明扼要，井井有条。Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity),andbeorderly.Forexamples:1.Jenny:Areyoustupidorsomething?Forrest:Mammasaysthatstupidisasstupiddoes.(fromForrestGump)Analyze:Accordingthemaximofmanner,,thecontentoftheanswershouldbeclearandprecise,butForrest’sreplyisambiguousandvague,sohebreaksthemaximofmanner.2.Max:What?Noway.Noway.IsthisNarnia?I’mabouttosaysomethingIsworeI’dneversay.“O.M.G.AgainO.M.G.”It’slame,butnothingelsereallynailsit.ThisistheroomthatO.M.G.wasbornfor.Caroline:Max,it’sjustmycloset.(fromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:MaxcomparesCaroline’sclosetasNarnia,toexpresshersurprisethatherneversawsuchluxuryroomandclosetbefore,justlikebeingintheHeaven,andsays“on,mygod”repeatedlyas“O.M.G.”.Thoughitviolatesthemaximofmanner,itdoesmaketheaudiencelaughing.Garfield:ThisisexactlywhatIdeserveanyway.IpromiseifIsurvive,I’llnevercompetewithadogagain.Okay!Yougotme!ButbeforeIsaygoodbye...Oh,isn’titthefinalirony?(frommovieGarfieldⅠ)Analyze:Thisscenehappenedatthedogsexhibition,Garfieldwaschasedbyagroupofdogs.“...IpromiseifIsurvive,I’llnevercompetewithadogagain...”thissentencehasusedequivoquetomakeamis