从句语法知识及真题解析

从句语法知识及真题解析复合句——形容词性(定语)从句1.尤其要注意whose的用法whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。如：2.介词+which的用法如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。如：Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.3.as与which用作关系代词的区别(1)as与thesame,such,so,as等关联使用。如：(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首而which只能出现在句Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.、句中、句末，末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.常见的这类结构有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。4.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略；(2)先行词是不定代词anything,nothing,little,all,everything时，关系代词用that；(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next，last,only,very修饰时，用that；(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导(5)关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which。5.but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who…not,that…not结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如：；这个Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.二、复合句——名词性从句一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。1.what/whatever的用法考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引导并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：)表语从句又在从句中做表语)2.whoever和whomever的区别whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在从句中做主语)3.有关(1)引导词通常that不表示任何意义，其同位语从句的为that,但有他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：问题时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.1(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用，而ifornot则不能，ornot只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导；(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。5.动词believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。三、复合句——副词性(状语)从句副词在句中起状语作用，故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子，那么该句便是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。1.条件状语从句的常考知识点(1)if与unless的用法。if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法，因为它表示反面条件，相当于ifnot“如果不”、“除非”。如：Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.(2)复合连词aslongas，solongas，asfaras，onconditionthat，intheeventthat；动词及分词provided(that)，providing(that)，giventhat,suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如：YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果……)Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(如果……)Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如……)Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?(假如……)(3)祈使句表示条件。如：Dresswarmly,orelseyou’llcatchcold.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.2.让步状语从句的常考知识点(1)as引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引导让步从句。如:Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.(3)复合连接词forallthat和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.3.时间状语从句的常考知识点2(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”。如:Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.(3)whenitcomesto是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。如：Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.(4)名词短语、介词短语each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起连词作用。如:Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth’sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.(5)副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句,相当于assoonas。如:Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.4.原因状语从句的常考知识点(1)inthat引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.(2)nowthat表示“既然”;seeingthat,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.Seeingthatsheislawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。5.while,whereas引导对比从句如:WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.6.so…that…,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引导结果状语从句如:Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.7.inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句如:Givemeyourtelephonenumber,incaseIneedyourhelp.HelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.8.where作为连接副词的一种用法,翻译为“在……地方”如:InJapan,aperson’scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.3真题及答案解析1.Abovethetreesarethehills,________magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.(2003)A.whereC，关系代词在从句中做定语。2.Onlytakesuchclothes_______reallynecessary.A.aswereB.astheyareC.astheywereD，as引导定语从句，是clothes，as在从句中作主语，所以BC不对，因为they是多余的；A的时态与主句不搭配。3.______isoftenthecasewithanewidea,muchpreliminaryactivityandoptimisticdiscussionproducednoB.ofwhoseC.whoseD.which“树的上面是山，它的倒影忠实地映照在河面上。”(1994)D.asare先行词concreteproposals.A.That(1994)B.ItC.ThisD.AsD，as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，表达整个主句的意思。“正如一种新的观念产生时一样，人们总是做许多准备活动和积极的讨论，却拿不出具体的建议。”4.Thiscompanyhasnowintroducedapolicy_____payrisesarerelatedtoperformanceatwork.(1996)A.whichB.whereC.whetherD.whatB，“公司现在提出了一项新政策，依照新政策，工资增长与工作业绩挂钩。”5.ThePhysicisthasmadeadiscovery,_______ofgreatimportancetotheprogressofscienceandtechnology.(1997)A.IthinkwhichisC，Ithink是插入语，which在从句中IhaveneverbeentoLondon,butthatisthecity______.B.thatIthinkisC.whichIthinkisD.whichIthinkitis就是主语，D中it是多余的。6.(1997)A.whereIliketovisitmostB.I’dmostliketovisitD.whereI’dlikemosttovisitC.whichIliketovisitmostlyB,首先排除A，因为thecity在从句中作宾语，不能用where引导；C中mostly表示“通常，大部分”，意思不通顺；表示“最想”，用mostlike,不是likemost,most是much的最高级，much一般不修饰不定Sherememberedseveraloccasionsinthepast___shehadexperiencedasimilarfeeling.(98)A.whichB.beforeC.thatD.whenD，从句有自己的主语和宾语，因此不选AC，when引导定语从句在句中作时间状语。式，多用于修饰分词。Hewasmuchpleased.7.8.B项不合语法，因为主句的时态是一般过去时，从句却是过去完成时。I’veneverbeentoLhasa,butthat’sthecity______.(1999)A.I’dmostliketovisitC.whereIliketovisitA，同6.B.whichIliketovisitmostlyD.I’dlikemuchtovisit9.Firmsthatusecomputershavefoundthatthenumberofstaff______isneededforqualitycontrolcanbesubstantiallyreduced.A.whose(2000)B.as使用电脑操作的工厂已经发现可以大大减少质检员工的数量。10.We’vejustinstalledtwoair-conditionersinourapartment,______shouldmakegreatdifferencesinourlifeC.whatD.thatD，that在从句中作主语。nextsummer.A.which(2002)B.what子。11.Theyovercameallthedifficultiesandcompletedtheprojecttwomonthsaheadoftime,______issomethingwehadnotexpected.C.thatD.theyA，指代前面的整个句(2003)4A.whichB.itC.thatD.whatA，同上。“他们克服一切困难，提前两个月完成了工程，这是我们没有料到的事。”12.Myuncleisquitewornoutfromyearsofhardwork.Heisnolongertheman______hewasfifteenyearsago.(2011)A。WhichD,本题定语从句先行词为theman，且先行词在定语从句作表语，在这种情况下关系代词只能用that13.Wecanassignthetaskto______iscapableandtrustworthy.A.whomeverB.whoC.whomD，介词to后面是个宾语从句，从句缺主语；whom和whomever虽然可以接宾语从句，但它们不能B.WhomC.WhoD.that(1994)D.whoever在从句中作主语，AC不对；whoever语义比who强烈，更贴切。14.Theteamcanhandlewhatever_____.(1997)A.thatneedshandlingC.itneedshandlingB.whichneedshandlingD.needstobehandledD，whatever引导的分句作handle的宾语，又在从句中作主语，因此不需要再加任何其他主语，ABC都有多余的主语成分。15.After__seemedanendlesswait,itwasherturntoenterthepersonnelmanager’soffice.(99)A.thatC，after在句中时介词还是连词？如果是连词，从句中的时态通常为完成体，所以排除连词的可能性。既然after是介词，B.thereC.whatD.it那么后面必定是宾语从句，后面的从句缺主语，只有what既引导宾语从句，又在宾语从句中作主语；BD都不能引导宾语从句。A虽然可以引导宾语从句，但不在从句中充当任何语法成分。16.Haveyoueverbeeninasituation_____youknowtheotherpersonisrightyetyoucannotagreewithhim?(2002)A.bywhichB，situation后的从句是对situation作出具体的17.After______seemedanendlesswait,itwashisturntoenterthepersonnelmanager'soffice.(2010)A.ThatC,本题考查after后面接性从句，选择C是因为从句中缺少主语，选项中只有what可以在宾语B.thatC.inwhereD.where解释，因此是同位语从句。B.itC.whatD.there名词从句中充当主语18.Fool______Jerryis,hewouldnothavedonesuchathing.(2010)A.whoB.AsC.LikeB,本题考查as接让步状语从句，采用倒装结构。19.______hewantedtogooutwithhisfriendsattheweekend,hehadtostaybehindtofinishhisassignment.A.MuchthoughB.MuchasC.AsmuchD.ThoughmuchA,As引导的让步状语从句需要倒装结构，though一般用正常语序。此处muchas相当于though。20.Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch______IvisitedmyfriendsinParislastyear.(2008)A.WhenB.WhichC.ThatD.whereA,本题考查when引导时间状语从句。21.Qualityis______countsmost.A.WhichB.ThatC,本题考查what引导的表语从句。本句中表语从句缺主语，意：that在名词起引导词的作用，不能在从句中起任何语法功能，22._______dullhemaybe,heiscertainlyaverysuccessfultopexecutive.(2006)A.AlthoughB.WhateverC.AsD,本题考查让步状语从句，因为后面接的是形容词