高考英语语法过去分词详解

高考英语语法过去分词详解高考英语语法过去分词详解/高考英语语法过去分词详解高考英语语法过去分词详解总述：-ED分词即我们平时所说的动词过去分词。它有两种形式:规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词+-ED构成;不规则动词有其特其余-ED分词。在语法功能上,它在句子中所能肩负的成分基本与-ING分词相同,可以作表语,定语,状语,也可以用在复合结构中,不论它作什么成分,其最基本的含义是"被动"的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ING分词有必然的差异。第一节-ED分词的用法一、-ED分词作表语Theglassisbroken./Hewasamused./Sheseemedquitedisappointed./Heisgreatlydiscouragedbyherrefusalofinvitinghertotheparty./Thewindowremainslocked.已经形容词化了的-ED分词多半作表语,常有的有:accomplished,amazed,amused,astonished,broken,closed,completed,complicated,confused,crowded,deserted,devoted,disappointed,discouraged,dressed,drunk,exhausted,excited,experienced,faded,fascinated,frightened,hurt,inexperienced,interested,known,learned,lost,married,pleased,puzzled,qualified,satisfied,surprised,tired,unprepared,unqualified,unknown,upset,worried,wounded等。二、作定语的-ED分词-ED分词可以作前置定语也可以作后置定语,作后置定语时相当于一个定语从句Commercialbanksmakemostoftheirincomefrominterestonloansandinvestmentsinstocksandbonds.[A]earn[B]earned[C]toearn[D]wasearnedOnhisreturnfromhiscollege,hefoundthehouse.[A]deserting[B]deserted[C]desert[D]tobedesertedTheage[A]ofageologicalsamplecanbeestimated[B]fromtheratioofradioactivetononradioactivecarbonpresent[C]intheobjectisexamined[D].三、用作状语的-ED分词这样的-ED分词平时来自及物动词。-ED分词用作状语时,跟-ING分词作状语时相同,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间,条件,原由,陪伴状况等。-ED分词结构作状语,前边常常可以加when,while,if,asif,though。这时,我们可以把-ED分词结构理解为一个省略句,即省去了"主语和be的变化形式"。一般说来,这类结构的逻辑主语必然与主句的主语一致。表示时间InauguratedasecondtimeonMarch4,1901,focusedondomesticratherthanforeignpolicies.[A]WilliamMcKinley'snewtermlookedforwardtoand[B]thenewtermlookedforwardtoWilliamMcKinleyand[C]lookingforwardtoanewtermwasWilliamMcKinley[D]WilliamMcKinleylookedforwardtoanewterm2.表示条件underamicroscope,afreshsnowflakehasadelicatesixpointedshape.[A]Seen[B]Sees[C]Seeing[D]Toseetosteel,chromium(铬)increasesthemetal'shardness.[A]Added[B]Inaddition[C]Adding[D]Addsenoughfoodandwater,theycouldhavebeatentheenemy.[A]Beinggiven[B]Given[C]Give[D]Togive3.表示原由Encouragedbyhismother,.artwasstudiedinFlorencebyJohnSingerSargentFlorencewaswhereJohnSingerSargentstudiedartthestudyofartinFlorencebyJohnSingerSargentJohnSingerSargentstudiedartinFlorence.9)bythedecision,thelawyerquicklyleftthecourtroom.Angering[B]Havingangered[C]Beingangry[D]Angered10)Writteningreathaste,.Jimmadealotofmistakesinthereport[B]thereareplentyoferrorsinthereportwefoundseveralmistakesinhisreport[D]thebooksisfulloferrors.4.表示陪伴状况:-ED分词结构作状语表示陪伴状况时,没有合适的分句可替换wasnotincorporatedasacityuntilalmosttwocenturieslater,in1834.[A]SettlingBrooklyn,theDutch[B]TheDutchsettledBrooklyn[C]BrooklynwassettledbytheDutch[D]SettledbytheDutch,BrooklynAnnawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelytotheoutsideworld.[A]beinglost[B]havinglost[C]losing[D]lost5.表示退步FrancisPrestonBlair,Jr.,borninKentucky,livedandpracticedlawinMissouri.[A]was[B]hewas[C]although[D]whohewas6.表示结果inallpartsofthestate,pinesarethemostcommontreesinGeorgia.Found[B]Findingthem[C]Tofindthem[D]Theyarefound7.表示目的Theyshouldbekeptherethismatter.[A]informingabout[B]beinformed[C]beinformedof[D]informedof8.表示背景和衬托Knownforhercaricatures(漫画)oftheUnitedStatessociety,.[A]PeggyBrownwroteandillustratedbooksforchildren[B]thewritingandillustratingofbooksforchildrenbyPeggyBrown[C]children'sbookswerewrittenandillustratedbyPeggyBrown[D]PeggyBrown'swritingandillustratingofchildren'sbooksWellknownasasplendidpianistinBoston,.weallarepleasedtohearMr.Anderson'sconcerto(小协奏曲)aconcertowascomposedbyMr.AndersonMr.AndersoncomposedaconcertoMr.Anderson'sconcertowascomposed四、-ED分在复合构中Don'tgetyourschedulechanged;staywithusinthisclass.Peterhadhisgasandelectricityturnedonwhenhemovedintohisnewapartmentlastmonth.Hekepthismouthshutandstayedwherehewas他.(口不言,呆在原地不。)Theyaretalkingabouttheexperimentmadeinthenewlab.五、独立构假如-ED分短与-ING短有与句子主不一样样的主,即本短自己自己有主,就构成了独立构(也叫独立主格构或垂构),种构也可作状表示,原由等。有在独立构前可加介with或without。Hereyesfilledwithtears,shedidnotnoticehiscoming.18)This,wewentouttoplay.[A]wasdone[B]did[C]wasdong[D]doneallhisfollowersdead,thecommanderwastakenbyhisenemy.[A]For[B]As[C]Becauseof[D]With六、例解析B正确答案。空档前是一圆满的句子,在没有的状况下,不可以填补A和D;依据意,"利息"是"通⋯(被)来的",有被之意,因此B。B正确答案。此句的意思是"房子"被"弃,没人住",是被的意,而A和C都不切合一点。D是不定式,一般表示未来或详尽作,因此D也不。3)D。去掉节余的"is",使-ED分"examined"作后置定修"object"。C并无。"present"是形容,它与后边的成分构成形容短修限制前面的"theratio⋯carbon"。D正确答案。句前半句的-ED分相当于一个状从句"Whenhewasinauguratedasecondtime主句⋯的",主当是人,因此A和D可能,但A中的lookforwardto后跟名,那么只有D正确。A正确答案。本句的意思是"在微下看,雪花⋯⋯",然里的看是"被察"之。B、C、D都表示主,A正确。A正确答案。(同上)B正确答案。(同上)D正确答案。四其中,只有D的主"JohnSingerSargent"(人名),而只有人材能被"encouraged"(激励),也就是,只有D中的主能充当空白前-ED分短的主。D正确答案。空白只好用-ED分才可和后边的"by"短生系,并且其主和主句主一致。D正确答案。本句的意思是"因为(被)写得急,⋯⋯",因此A和C不。然B中的主"plentyoferrors"与"written"上可以呼,但与"inthegreathaste"不一致。"Writteningreathaste"的主是"thebooks"。因此D正确。11)D正确答案。从上下文看,空档的主是表示重点的名("asacity"),那么A不;B和C都是一分句,而空档后是部分,它不作正确。D正确答案。C正确答案。A。本句的主pines(松),就除去了B,因-ING分表主,而"松"不可以能是"找"(find)个作的主,即作出者。故只有A"found"(被)的主与"pines"一致,A。D正确答案。A正确答案。空档前是-ED分短,空档是主俱全句,除去B和D。从-ED分短中(Knownforher⋯)可知,主句的主是人而不是物,因此C也不。C正确答案。(同上)D正确答案。A是不的,假如we前加上and,才能A。D正确答案。不定式、-ING分和-ED分三者的关系一、不定式与-ING分的区作,-ING分表示抽象的、一般性或性的和性的作,而不定式表示某次详尽作,特是未来的作Ilikeplayingfootball.Iwouldliketoplayfootballthisafternoon.1)Theschoolcannottolerateonexams.cheating[B]tocheat[C]becheated[D]beingcheated2)Newsofsuccesskeepsin.pouring[B]topour[C]poured[D]tobepouring3)Long[A]beforethedawn[B]ofrecorded[C]history,humanscelebratedtoharvest[D]theircrops.作定语时,-ING表示正在进行的动作,用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成;不定式表示未来发生WewereoverjoyedatthenewsofChinaanotherman-madesatellite.[A]havinglaunched[B]tohavelaunched[C]tolaunch[D]launchedTheapplicantsinterviewing[A]arerequiredto[B]bringallthenecessarypapers[C]twodayslater[D].Sorghum(高梁)leaves[A]occasionallycontain[B]enoughhydrocyanicacidkilling[C]livestock(牲口)[D].3.当谓语动词是进行时的时候,用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语IconsideredemployingMr.WangbutIdecidedthatMr.Chenwasmoresuitedtothejob.在remember,forget等词后,假如跟-ING分词,表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语以前;假如跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作此后Iremembertellingherthatlastnight.("告诉"发生在"记得"以前)Herememberedtotellherthatwhenshecameback.("记得"发生在"告诉"以前)I'msorryIforgottogiveyouthemessage.主(语动词表示的动作"忘掉"发生在不定式表示的动作"给带口信"以前)Why!Ihavesuchabadmemory.Iforgotgivingthemessagelastnight.(-ING分词表示的动作"给带口信"发生在谓语动词表示的动作"忘掉"以前)stop,goon和leaveoff此后跟接不定式和-ING分所表达的意有所不一样样Theystopped(talking)towork.[停下(其余作)来工作]Theystoppedworking.[停下工作(来干其余作)]Workerswentondiscussingtheproblem.工[人一]Workerswentontodiscusstheproblem.[工人停下来其余事,一]Heleftoffwriting.[他停下写作(去干其余事)]Heleftofftowrite.[他停下(其余事)来写作]⋯usedto后跟不定式和-ING分,后跟不定式有两种状况:一种是usedto是固定用法表示"去常干⋯⋯";其余一种状况是use的被"beused"后跟不定式;后跟-ING分的状况有一种,那就是当usedto中的used是形容,to后跟名或-ING分7)Whenhewasintheplasticplant,hetogetherwiththeworkers.[A]hasworked[B]hadworked[C]hadbeenworked[D]usedtoworkYouwillsoonthisclimateandthenthechangesintemperaturewillnotaffectyou.[A]getusedto[B]getto[C]getover[D]getonwithMr.Andersonusedtojogging[A]inthecrispmorning[B]airduring[C]thewintermonths[D],butnowhehasstopped.7.一般状况下,for后跟接theretobe,而of后跟接therebeingItisfairlycommoninAfricaforthereanensembleofexpertmusicianssurroundedbyotherswhojoininbyclapping,singing,orsomehowaddingtothetotalityofmusicalsound.[A]tobe[B]being[C]tohavebeen[D]havingbeen8.be+形容后边要跟不定式作状,而不用-INGItisverydifficulttomanagethecompany.二、-ING分词与-ED分词的差异固然在语法功能上,-ED分词在句子中所能肩负的成分基本与-ING分词相同,但在乎义上二者有差异:-ING分词表示主动的意义,而-ED分词则表示被动的意义;-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作,而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上,-ING分词有"一般式"和"完成式"与"主动式"和"被动式"之分;而-ED分词只有一种形式。下面我们解析-ING分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的差异。1.作表语时,-ING分词表示主语所拥有的特色而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态Thebookisquiteinteresting.Iaminterestedinthebookverymuch.TheplayismoreexcitingthananyIhaveeverseen.Thatpieceoflandlaydeserted.作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或状况11)Inhismovies,W.C.Fieldswasalwaysatwarwiththeworld,.battlingbothpeopleandobjectsbothpeopleandobjectswerebattledhewasbattlingbothpeopleandobjectsbothpeopleandobjectsthatwerebattled13)Havingbeenservedlunch,.theproblemwasdiscussedbythemembersofthecommitteethecommitteemembersdiscussedtheproblemitwasdiscussedbythecommitteememberstheproblemadiscussionoftheproblemwasmadebythemembersofthecommitteeforheranthropologicalresearch,MargaretMeadalsowasinvolvedwiththeWorldFederationforMentalHealth.[A]Sheisnotedprimarily[B]Notedprimarily[C]Primarilyisnoted[D]Sheprimarilynoted14)ConsideredoneoftheleadingpoetsinAmericatoday,.anumberofbooksandplayshavealsobeenwrittenbySoniaSanchezSoniaSanchezhasalsowrittenanumberofbooksandplaysanumberofSoniaSanchez'sbooksandplayshavebeenwrittentherehavebeenanumberofbooksandplayswrittenbySoniaSanchez①作定语时,-ING分词表示正在进行的动作,而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词以前;②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词常常或当时的状态,而-ED分词则没有时间性;③-ING分词表示主动,而-ED分词表示被动Theboiled[A]pointofanyliquid[B]isdetermined[C]bythepressure[D]ofthesurroundinggases.High-grade[A]written[B]paperisfrequently[C]obtained[D]fromcottonrags.Scientists[A]stillcannotfind[B]anyconvinced[C]linkbetweenintelligenceandthequantityorqualityofbraincells.但少量几个动词的-ED分词,有两种形式并且在乎义上有差异,如:bear的-ED分词有born和borne之分,前者只用于"出生"的意义,此后者用于"负担","负荷","肩负"和"传达"之意Iwasbornin1966.Hisborneresponsibilitytothewholeworkersofthefactoryisreallygreat.再如:hang的-ED分词也有两种,一是hung,另一形式是hanged,前者表示"悬挂",后者表示"吊死,绞死"。s