微生物名词解释

微生物名词解释微生物名词解释/NUMPAGES21微生物名词解释微生物名词解释GlossaryActinomycetes(放线菌，放线菌属)Agroupoffilamentous,funguslikebacteria.activetransport（主动运输）Nutrienttransportmethodthatrequirescarrierproteinsinthemembranesofthelivingcellsandtheexpenditureofenergy.adenovirusNoenvelopedDNAvirus;meansoftransmissionishuman-to-humanviarespiratoryandocularbe（需氧微生物）Amicroorganismthatlivesandgrowsinthepresenceoffreegaseousoxygen(O2).aerobicrespiration（需氧呼吸）Respirationinwhichthefinalelectronacceptorintheelectrontransportchainisoxygen(O2).agar（琼脂）Apolysaccharidefoundinseaweedandcommonlyusedtopreparesolidculturemedia.AIDS（艾滋病）Acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome.Thecomplexofsignsandsymptomscharacteristicofthelatephaseofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)infection.algae（藻类）Photosynthetic,plant-likeorganismswhichgenerallylackthecomplexstructureofplants;theymaybesingle-celledormulticellular,andinhabitdiversehabitatssuchasmarineandfreshwaterenvironments,glaciers,andhotsprings.Amestest（艾姆斯氏试验）Amethodfordetectingmutagenicandpotentiallycarcinogenicagentsbaseduponthegeneticalterationofnutritionallydefectivebacteria.ammonification（氨化作用）Phaseofthenitrogencycleinwhichammoniaisreleasedfromdecomposingorganicmaterial.anaerobe（厌氧性微生物，厌氧菌）Amicroorganismthatgrowsbest,orexclusively,intheabsenceofoxygen.anaerobicrespiration（无氧呼吸）Respirationinwhichthefinalelectronacceptorintheelectrontransportchainisaninorganicmoleculecontainingsulfate,nitrate,nitrite,carbonate,etc.antagonism（拮抗作用）Relationshipinwhichmicroorganismscompeteforsurvivalinacommonenvironmentbytakingactionsthatinhibitordestroyanotherorganism.antibiotic（抗生素）Achemicalsubstancefromonemicroorganismthatcaninhibitorkillanothermicrobeeveninminuteamounts.archaea（古生菌）Prokaryoticsingle-celledorganismsofprimitiveoriginthathaveunusualanatomy,physiologyandgenetics,andliveinharshhabitats;whencapitalized(Archaea)thetermreferstooneofthethreedomainsoflivingorganismsasproposedbyWoese.arthrospore（分节孢子）Afungalsporeformedbytheseptationandfragmentationofhyphae.ascospore（囊孢子，子囊孢子）Asporeformedwithinasaclikecell(ascus)ofAscomycotafollowingnuclearfusionandmeiosis.ascus（子囊）Specialfungalsacinwhichhaploidsporesarecreated.autoclave（高压锅）Asterilizationchamberwhichallowstheuseofsteamunderpressuretosterilizematerials.Themostcommontemperature/pressurecombinationforanautoclaveis121℃autotroph（自养生物）Amicroorganismthatrequiresonlyinorganicnutrientsandwhosesolesourceofcarboniscarbondioxide.Bacillus（芽孢杆菌）Bacterialcellshapethatiscylindrical(longerthanitiswide).back-mutation（回复突变）Amutationwhichcounteractsanearliermutation,resultingintherestorationoftheoriginalDNAsequence.bacteria（细菌）Categoryofprokaryoteswithpeptidoglycanintheircellwailsandasingle,circularchromosome.Thisgroupofsmallcellsiswidelydistributedintheearth’shabitats.Bacteria(pluralofbacterium)WhencapitalizedcanrefertooneofthethreedomainsoflivingorganismsproposedbyWoese,containingallnon-archaeaprokaryotes.bacterialchromosome细菌染色体Acircularbodyinbacteriathatcontainstheprimarygeneticmaterial.Alsocallednucleoid.Bacteriophage噬菌体Avirusthatspecificallyinfectsbacteria.bacterium杆菌属Atinyunicellularprokaryoticorganismthatusuallyreproducesbybinaryfissionandusuallyhasapeptidoglycancellwall,hasvariousshapes,andcanbefoundinvirtuallyanyenvironment.basidiospore（芽孢）Asexualsporethatarisesfromabasidium.Foundinbasidiomycotafungi.Bdellovibrio（蛭弧菌属）Abacteriumthatpreysoncertainotherbacteria.Itboresaholeintoaspecifichostandinsertsitselfbetweentheprotoplastandthecellwall.Thereitelongatesbeforesubdividingintoseveralcellsanddevouringthehostcell.capsule蒴果Inbacteria,theloose,gel-likecoveringorslimemadechieflyofsimplepolysaccharides.Thislayerisprotectiveandcanbeassociatedwithvirulence.Chemoautotroph华能自养生物Anorganismthatreliesuponinorganicchemicalsforitsenergyandcarbondioxideforitscarbon.Alsocalledachemolithotroph.chemoheterotroph华能异养生物Microorganismsthatderivetheirnutritionalneedsfromorganiccompounds.chemotaxis趋化性Thetendencyoforganismstomoveinresponsetoachemicalgradient(towardanattractantortoavoidadversestimuli).chitin几丁质Apolysaccharidesimilartocelluloseinchemicalstructure.Thispolymermakesupthehornysubstanceoftheexoskeletonsofarthropodsandcertainfungi.chromosome染色体Thetightlycoiledbodiesincellsthataretheprimarysitesofgenes.Clone无性繁殖Acolonyofcells(orgroupoforganisms)derivedfromasinglecell(orsingleorganism)byasexualreproduction.Allunitsshareidenticalcharacteristics.Alsousedasaverbtorefertotheprocessofproducingageneticallyidenticalpopulationofcellsorgenes.colony菌落Amacroscopicclusterofcellsappearingonasolidmedium,eacharisingfromthemultiplicationofasinglemensalism共栖Anunequalrelationshipinwhichonespeciesderivesbenefitwithoutharmingtheother.conjugation结合作用Inbacteria,thecontactbetweendonorandrecipientcellsassociatedwiththetransferofgeneticmaterialsuchasplasmids.Caninvolvespecial(sex)pili.Alsoaformofsexualrecombinationinciliatedprotozoans.deathphase死亡期Endofthecellgrowthduetolackofnutrition,depletionofenvironment,andaccumulationofwastes.Populationofcellsbeginstodie.decomposition分解Thebreakdownofdeadmatterandwastesintosimplecompounds,thatcanbedirectedbackintothenaturalcycleoflivingthings.diffusion扩散Thedispersalofmolecules,ions,ormicroscopicparticlespropelleddownaconcentrationgradientbyspontaneousrandommotiontoachieveauniformdistribution.diploid二倍体Somaticcellshavingtwicethebasicchromosomenumber.Onesetinthepairisderivedfromthefather,andtheotherfromthemother.direct,ortotalcellcount细胞计数1.Countingtotalnumbersofindividualcellsbeingviewedwithmagnification.2.Countingisolatedcoloniesoforganismsgrowingonaplateofmediaasawaytodeterminepopulationsize.endospore内生孢子Asmall,dormant,resistantderivativeofabacterialcellthatgerminatesunderfavorablegrowthconditionsintoavegetativecell.ThebacterialgeneraBacillusandClostridiumaretypicalsporeformers.eubacteria真细菌Termusedfornon-archaeaprokaryotes,standsfor"truebacteria"eukaryoticcell真核细胞Acellthatdiffersfromaprokaryoticcellchieflybyhavinganuclearmembrane(awell-definednucleus),membrane-boundedsubcellularorganelles,andmitoticcelldivision.Eukarya真核生物Oneofthethreedomains(sometimescalledsuperkingdoms)oflivingorganisms,asproposedbyWoese;containsalleukaryoticorganisms.eutrophication富营养化Theprocesswherebydissolvednutrientsresultingfromnaturalseasonalenrichmentorindustrialpollutionofwatercauseovergrowthofalgaeandcyanobacteriatothedetrimentoffishandotherlargeaquaticinhabitants.fermentation发酵Theextractionofenergythroughanaerobicdegradationofsubstratesintosimpler,reducedmetabolites.Inlargeindustrialprocesses,fermentationcanmeananyuseofmicrobialmetabolismtomanufactureorganicchemicalsorotherproducts.fimbria菌毛Ashort,numeroussurfaceappendageonsomebacteriathatprovidesadhesionbutnotlocomotion.flagellum鞭毛Astructurethatisusedtopropeltheorganismthroughafluidenvironment.gene基因Asiteonachromosomethatprovidesinformationforacertaincellfunction.AspecificsegmentofDNAthatcontainsthenecessarycodetomakeaproteinorRNAmolecule.generationtime代时Timerequiredforacompletefissioncycle－fromparentcelltotwonewdaughtercells.Alsocalleddoublingtime.genome基因组染色体组Thecompletesetofchromosomesandgenesinanorganism.Genotype基因型Thegeneticmakeupofanorganism.Thegenotypeisultimatelyresponsibleforanorganism'sphenotype,orexpressedcharacteristics.Gramstain革兰氏染色剂Adifferentialstainforbacteriausefulinidentificationandtaxonomy.Gram-positiveorganismsappearpurplefromcrystalviolet-mordantretention,whereasgram-negativeorganismsappearredafterlossofcrystalvioletandabsorbanceofthesafranincounterstain.growthcurve生长曲线Agraphicalrepresentationofthechangeinpopulationsizeovertime.Thisgraphhasfourperiodsknownaslagphase,exponentialorlogphase,stationaryphase,anddeathphase.growthfactor生长因子Anorganiccompoundsuchasavitaminoraminoacidthatmustbeprovidedinthediettofacilitategrowth.Anessentialnutrient.halophile好盐菌Amicrobewhosegrowthiseitherstimulatedbysaltorrequiresahighconcentrationofsaltforgrowth.haploid单倍体Havingasinglesetofunpairedchromosomes,suchasoccursingametesandcertainmicrobes.host宿主Organisminwhichsmallerorganismsorviruseslive,feed,andreproduce.humanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)艾滋病病毒Aretrovirusthatcausesacquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(AIDS).intron内含子Thesegmentsonsplitgenesofeucaryotesthatdonotcodeforpolypeptide.Theycanhaveregulatoryfunctions.Seeexon.invitro离体Literallymeans"inglass,"signifyingaprocessorreactionoccurringinanartificialenvironment,asinatesttubeorculturemedium.invivo生物体内Literallymeans“inalivingbeing,”signifyingaprocessorreactionoccurringinalivingthing.Koch’spostulates科赫法则Aproceduretoestablishthespecificcauseofdisease.Inallcasesofinfection:(1)Theagentmustbefound;(2)inoculationsofapureculturemustreproducethesamediseaseinanimals;(3)theagentmustagainbepresentintheexperimentalanimal:and(4)apureculturemustagainbeobtained.lagphase延迟期Theearlyphaseofpopulationgrowthduringwhichnosignsofgrowthoccur.Lform缺壁细菌L-phasevariants;wall-lessformsofsomebacteriathatareinducedbydrugsorchemicals.Theseformscanbeinvolvedininfections.lipopolysaceharide脂多糖Amolecularcomplexoflipidandcarbohydratefoundinthebacterialcellwall.Thelipopolysaccharide(LPS)ofgram-negativebacteriaisanendotoxinwithgeneralizedpathologiceffectssuchasfever.logphase指数期Maximumrateofcelldivisionduringwhichgrowthisgeometricinitsrateofincrease.Alsocalledexponentialgrowthphase.Meiosis减数分裂Thetypeofcelldivisionnecessaryforproducinggametesindiploidorganisms.Twonucleardivisionsinrapidsuccessionproducefourgametocytes,eachcontainingahaploidnumberofchromosomes.minimuminhibitoryconcentration(MIC)最低抑菌浓度Thesmallestconcentrationofdrugneededtovisiblycontrolmicrobialgrowth.minimumtemperature最低温度Thelowesttemperatureatwhichanorganismwillgrow.missensemutation错义突变AmutationinwhichachangeintheDNAsequenceresultsinadifferentaminoacidbeingincorporatedintoaprotein,withvaryingresults.mitosis有丝分裂Somaticcelldivisionthatpreservesthesomaticchromosomenumber.mycelium菌丝菌丝体Thefilamentousmassthatmakesupamold.Composedofhyphae.Mycorrhizae菌根Variousspeciesoffungiadaptedinanintimate,mutualisticrelationshiptoplantroots.nitrification硝化作用Phaseofthenitrogencycleinwhichammoniumisoxidized.nitrogenfixation固氮作用AprocessoccurringincertainbacteriainwhichatmosphericN2gasisconvertedtoaform(NH4)usablebyplants.nonsensemutation无义突变Amutationthatchangesanaminoacid-producingcodonintoastopcodon,leadingtoprematureterminationofaprotein.nucleus细胞核Thecentralcoreofanatom,composedofprotonsandneutrons.obligate专性Withoutalternative;restrictedtoaparticularcharacteristic.Example:Anobligateparasitesurvivesandgrowsonlyinahost;anobligateaerobemusthaveoxygentogrow;anobligateanaerobeisdestroyedbyoxygen.optimumtemperature最适温度Thetemperatureatwhichaspeciesshowsthemostrapidgrowthrate.parasite寄生虫Anorganismthatlivesonorwithinanotherorganism(thehost),fromwhichitobtainsnutrientsandenjoysprotection.Theparasiteproducessomedegreeofharminthehost.passivetransport被动运输Nutrienttransportmethodthatfollowsbasicphysicallawsanddoesnotrequiredirectenergyinputfromthecell.pasteurization巴斯消毒法Heattreatmentofperishablefluidssuchasmilk,fruitjuices,orwinetodestroyheat-sensitivevegetativecells,followedbyrapidchillingtoinhibitgrowthofsurvivorsandgerminationofspores.Itpreventsinfectionandspoilage.pathogen病原体Anyagent,usuallyavirus,bacterium,fungus,protozoan,orhelminth,thatcausesdisease.phage噬菌体Abacteriophage;avirusthatspecificallyparasitizesbacteria.phenotype表型Theobservablecharacteristicsofanorganismproducedbytheinteractionbetweenitsgeneticpotential(genotype)andtheenvironment.photoautotroph光合自养生物Anorganismthatutilizeslightforitsenergyandcarbondioxidechieflyforitscarbonneeds.pillSmall,stifffilamentousappendagesingram-negativebacteriathatfunctioninDNAexchangeduringbacterialconjugation.plasmids质粒Extrachromosomalgeneticunitscharacterizedbyseveralfeatures.Aplasmidisadouble-strandedDNAthatissmallerthanandreplicatesindependentlyofthecellchromosome;itbearsgenesthatarenotessentialforcellgrowth;itcanbeargenesthatcodeforadaptivetraits;anditistransmissibletootherbacteria.polysaccharide多糖Acarbohydratethatcanbehydrolyzedintoanumberofmonosaccharides.Examples:cellulose,starch,glycogen.prion朊病毒Aconcoctedwordtodenote“proteinaceousinfectiousagent”;acytopathicproteinassociatedwiththeslow-virusspongiformencephalopathiesofhumansandphage原噬菌体Alysogenizedbacteriophage;aphagethatislatentlyincorporatedintothehostchromosomeinsteadofundergoingviralreplicationandtoplast原生质体Abacterialcellwhosecellwalliscompletelylackingandthatisvulnerabletoosmotictozoa原生动物Agroupofsingle-celIed,eucaryoticorganisms.pseudohypha假菌丝Achainofeasilyseparated,sphericaltosausage-shapedyeastcellspartitionedbyconstrictionsratherthanbysepta.pureculture纯培养Acontainergrowingasinglespeciesofmicrobewhoseidentityisknown.Retrovirus逆转录酶病毒AgroupofRNAviruses(includingHIV)thathavethemechanismsforconvertingtheirgenorneintoadoublestrandofDNAthatcanbeinsertedonahost’schromosome.reversetranscriptase逆转录酶TheenzymepossessedbyretrovimsesthatcarriesoutthereversionofRNAtoDNAaformofreversetranscription.rhizobia根瘤菌Bacteriathatliveinplantrootsandsupplysupplementalnitrogenthatboostsplantgrowth.rhizosphere根际Thezoneofsoil,completewithmicrobialinhabitants,intheimmediatevicinityofplantroots.rickettsias立克次体Medicallyimportantfamilyofbacteria,commonlycarriedbyticks,lice,andfleas.Significantcauseofimportantemergingdiseases.rootnodules根瘤Smallgrowthsontherootsoflegumeplantsthatarisefromasymbioticassociationbetweentheplanttissuesandbacteria(Rhizobia).Thisassociationallowsfixationofnitrogengasfromtheairintoausablenitrogensourcefortheplant.silentmutation同义突变Amutationthat,becauseoftiredegeneracyofthegeneticcode,resultsinanucleotidechangeinboththeDNAandmRNAbutnottheresultantaminoacidandthus,nottheprotein.spore孢子Adifferentiated,specializedcellformthatcanbeusedfordissemination,foradverseconditions,and/orforreproduction.Sporesareusuallyunicellularandmaydevelopintogametesorvegetativeorganisms.stationarygrowthphase稳定期Survivalmodeinwhichcellseitherstopgrowingorgrowveryslowly.sterilization灭菌Anyprocessthatcompletelyremovesordestroysallviablemicroorganisms,includingviruses,fromanobjectorhabitat.Materialsotreatedissterile.strict,orobligateanaerobe严格厌氧微生物Anorganismwhichdoesnotuseoxygengasinmetabolismandcannotsurviveinoxygen’spresence.symbiosis共生Anintimateassociationbetweenindi