交通工程专业英语翻译

Unit1TheEvolutionofTransport交通工具演化 Theevolutionoftransporthasbeencloselylinkedtothedevelopmentofhumankindthroughouttheearth’shistory．Transport’searlyfunctionwastomeetthebasicneedofhaulingfoodsuppliesandbuildingmaterials．Butwiththeformationoftribes，thenpeoples，andfinallynations，thesocietalandeconomicfunctionsoftransportbecamemoreandmorecomplex.Atfirsttherewasmobilityrequiredforindividuals，clans，households，andanimalstoprotectthemagainst，andtoescapefrom，thedangersofnaturaldisastersandtribalaggressions，andinthesearchforthebestplacestosettle．Astribalgroupsformedandgraduallyestablishedtheirgeographicalidentity，transportwasincreasinglyneededtoopenupregionsfordevelopment，toprovideaccesstonaturalresources，topromoteintercommunaltrade，andtomobilizeterritorialdefense．Whenthefirstnationscameintobeing，transportplayedamajorroleinestablishingnationalintegrity．交通工具演变紧密相连人类在整个地球历史发展。运输署早期功效是满足基本需要搬运粮食供给和建材等领域。但伴随部落，然后人民，和最终国家形成，运输社会和经济功效变得越来越复杂。在第一次有流动性所需个人、宗族、家庭和动物保护他们免遭，和逃避危险自然灾害和部落侵略行为，并在寻找最好地方定居。部落群体形成和逐步确立其地理特征，运输日益需要开放地域发展，以提供对天然资源，促进族裔间贸易，并调动本土防卫访问。当第一次联合国应运而生时，运输发挥了主要作用，建立民族气节Afterbasicsocietalneedshadgenerallybeenattendedto，localcommunitiescouldincreasinglydevotetheireffortstoenhancingtheireconomic，cultural，andtechnologicaldevelopmentthroughtradelinkswithotherpeoplesandregions．Again，transportprovidedthemobilityrequiredforsuchintertribal,international，andfinallyintercontinentalculturalexchangeandtrade．Duringallofthisgradualdevelopmenttowardanorganizedhumansociety，representedtodaythroughtheinternationalfamilyofnations，transportasphysicalprocessofmovingpeopleandgoods，thuspromotingsuchdevelopment，continuouslyunderwenttechnologicalandorganizationalchanges．Suchchangeswereinducedbyseveralfactorsandcircumstances．Infact，today’stransportinitsvariousformsandorganizationalarrangementsremainshighlysubjecttochangesinresponsetosocietalrequirementsandpreferences．基本社会需求大致上已照料到后，当地小区可能会越来越多地致力于加强贸易联络经过与其余民族和地域经济、文化和科技发展共同。再次，运输提供所需这种部落之间、国际和洲际最终文化交流和贸易流动。在全部有组织人类社会，今天代表国际大家庭，交通工具移感人员和货物，物理过程，从而促进这种发展，经过向此逐步发展过程中不停发生了技术和组织改变。这种改变是几个原因及环境所致。实际上，今天各种形式和组织安排运输仍高度受回应社会需求和偏好改变。Clearly，thefirstandforemostcriteriontobesatisfiedbytransportwasefficiency．Forcenturies，andparticularlyduringthetakeoffstagesoflocaleconomics，societyrequiredreliable，fast，andlowcosttransport．Thesearchforappropriatetechnologieswasrelativelyunconstrained．Thereweretimesinhumanhistorywhenthedemandforreliableandfasttransportwasespeciallypronounced，andquicksolutionswererequiredfornationalself-defense.Duringsuchperiodsoflocalandinternationalconflict,humaningenuitydevisednewtransporttechnologieswhichoftenprovedtobethedecisiveelementforsurvival,andsometimesvictory.Subsequentlyrefinedanddeveloped,suchnewtechnologiesmadeitpossibletobettermeetincreasingtransportdemand,thusimprovingbotheconomicprogressandhumanwelfare.显然符合运输首要准则是效率。几百年来，尤其是在当地经济起飞阶段期间，社会需要快速、可靠、和低成本运输。寻找适宜技术是相对无约束。倍时，在人类历史上尤为突出可靠、快速运输需求，并快速处理方案所需国家自卫。在这么地方和国际冲突时期人类智慧制订新运输技术往往证实生存空间，有时胜利决定性原因。随即改进和发展，这种新技术使能够愈加好地满足日益增加交通需求，从而提升经济进步和人类福祉。Theneedforbetterstrategicmobilityinducedeffortstoimproveseaandlandtransport.Thisresultedinbiggerandfastershipsandmorereliableandsturdylandvehicles.Eventually,self-propulsionwasintroduced,exemplifiedbysteamboats,therailways,andthentheautomobile.Researchanddevelopmentinthetransportfieldfinallybecameanorganizedundertakingwithspecificgoalsandobjectives.Astheresultoftheconsequentconcentrationoftalentandexpertise,moreandmoresophisticatedtransporttechnologiesevolved,suchastheaircraftand,mostrecently,rocketpropulsion.需要愈加好战略机动致努力提升海洋和陆地运输。这造成更大、更加快船舶和更可靠和坚固陆地车辆。最终，自航引入，蒸汽机船、铁路和汽车例子。在运输领域研发终于成为组织承诺与特定目标。作为随即浓度人才及专业知识结果，更多先进传输技术如飞机和，最近，火箭推进发展。Thegradualevolutionofincreasinglysophisticatedmeansoftransportismanifestedbytoday'stransportsystems,whichincludeair,surface,andwatertransport.Specialindustryneedshaveledtothedevelopmentoftransportmodesthathaveratherlimitedapplications,suchaspipelines,cables,andbelts.Withincurrentsocietalneedsandpreferences,aswellastheeconomicrequirementsofcosteffectiveness,thevariousexistingtransportmodesgenerallyfulfillratherspecificfunctions.今天表现是逐步演化日益复杂交通工具's运输系统，其中包含空中、地面、和海上运输。而是有限应用程序如管道、电缆和带交通工具发展造成特殊行业需要。当前社会需要和喜好，以及成本效益经济上要求，在现有各种运输模式普遍达成而是特定功效。Althoughtransport'spotentialtomeeteffectivelynumeroussocietalmobilityneedsimprovedcontinuously,itbecameevidentthatsucheffectivenesshaditsprice.Anumberoftransporttechnologiesimpliedhighenergyconsumptionandrequiredsubstantialcapitalinputsinproductionandoperation.Asaresult,severaltransportmodesbecameexpensivetotheuser.Thiscausedequityproblemsbecausechargesrequiredtocoveroperatingcostswerenotaffordablebyallpopulationgroups,thuslimitingtheirmobilityandwelfare.Manygovernmentschosetosubsidizetransport,butquicklyrealizedthatthebudgetimplicationsoftencausedseriousdistortionsintheirnationaleconomies.即使运输潜力以满足有效众多社会流动性需要不停改进，很显著这种有效性了它价格。运输技术一些暗示能耗高，所需大量资金投入生产和经营。所以，几个交通工具变得昂贵给用户。这造成了股权问题，因为业务费用所需费用不是负担得起全部些人口群体，从而限制了他们流动性和福利。许多国家政府补助交通工具，选择了，但很快意识到，所涉预算问题经常在自己国家经济造成严重扭曲。Pollutioncausedbyvarioustransportmodesgraduallybecameanotherseriousproblemasworldtransportinmostcountriesandtheneedtocopewithrisingvolumesofcommodityflowsandpersontravel.Inseveralregionsoftheworldhavinghighpopulationandindustryconcentrations,suchdetrimentalimpactsontheenvironmenthavereachedhighlevels.Theseeffectsofsuchdamageyetaretobefullyexplored.逐步引发各种交通工具污染成了另一个严重问题，作为世界交通在大多数国家和应付日益增加商品流动和人旅行需要。过高人口和产业浓度在世界一些地域，这种对环境不利影响已达成高水平。这种损害这些影响还很充分探讨。Finally,problemscausedbydwindlingworldenergyresources,particularlypetroleum,haveincreasinglyimpededtransportservicesandoperations.Mostexistingtransportmodesarecriticallydependentonpetroleumderivativesforproperfunctioning.Withunabatedgrowthofdemandfortransportandaprogressivelylimitedsupplyofenergy,thecostsofprovidingtransporthaveincreasedsteadily.Inparticular,thedisproportionofpetroleumrequirementsandpetroleumsupplyhascausedseriousinflationaryproblemstoariseinmanycountries.Especiallyhardhitarecountrieswithapartialortotaldependenceonanexternalpetroleumsupply,whichhaveexperiencedgrowingdeficitsintheircurrentaccounts.最终，尤其是石油、世界能源资源日益降低，所引发问题越来越多地妨碍了交通服务和操作。大多数现有交通工具都依赖石油衍生品正常运作。对交通需求有增无减，逐步有限能源供给提供运输费用稳步增加。尤其是石油需求和石油供给非均衡性，引发严重通胀问题在许多国家中出现。打击尤其是部分或全部依赖外部石油供给，经历了它们经常账户赤字不停增加国家。Thetransportsector'sincreasinginabilitytosatisfydemandefficientlyandequitablyisaproblemwithwhichallnationshavetocopeintryingtoadvanceeconomicandsocialprogress.Energy-supplyconstraints,highcapitalandoperatingcosts,oftenwithexcessiveforeign-exchangecomponents,andtheseriousnessoftransport-relatedenvironmentalpollutionaccountinlargepartforthisproblem.Buttransportisandwillcontinuetobeanessentialrequirementforworlddevelopmentandhumanwelfare.Thereisnootherchoicebuttolookforalternativestopresenttransportsystemsortomodifythetechnicalandoperationalcharacteristicsofrelatedmodessothatenergyconsumptionandcostswil1bereducedandenvironmentalimpactscanbekeptataminimum.Obviously,thedevelopmentoftransportdemandwillhavetobecontrolled.运输部门's越来越无法满足需求，有效和公平地是，全部国家都必须应付在试图推进经济发展和社会进步一个问题。能源供给约束、较高资本和经营成本，往往与过分外汇组件和运输关于环境污染帐户在很大程度上对这一问题严重性。但运输是并将继续是世界发展和人类福利基本要求。有没有别选择，但寻找代替现在运输系统，或修改相关模式技术和业务特点，使能源消耗及成本失败会降低和环境影响能够保持在最低程度。很显著，发展运输需求将不得不加以控制。Notesl.Astribalgroupsformedandgraduallyestablishedtheirgeographicalidentity,transportwasincreasinglyneededtoopenupregionsfordevelopment，toprovideaccesstonaturalresources，topromoteintercommunaltrade，andtomobilizeterritorialdefense．伴随种族部落形成和地理界限逐步确定，开发新区域、开采新资源、发展小区间贸易以及捍卫领地，这些都日益需要交通发展。2.Again，transportprovidedthemobilityrequiredforsuchintertribal，international．andfinallyintercontinentalculturalexchangeandtrade．而且交通提供了诸如部落间、国际间乃至于洲际间便利贸易和文化交流。3．Duringallofthisgradualdevelopmenttowardanorganizedhumansociety，representedtodaythroughtheinternationalfamilyofnations，transportasphysicalprocessofmovingpeopleandgoods，thuspromotingsuchdevelopment，continuouslyunderwenttechnologicalandorganizationalchanges．在向有组织人类社会演变过程中，这种组织在今天是经过由各国组成国际化大家庭表现出来，交通作为人与货物移动物理过程，电促进了这种发展，不停地经历着技术与组织方面改变。4．Thereisnootherchoicebuttolookforalternativestopresenttransportsystemsortomodifythetechnicalandoperationalcharacteristicsofrelatedmodessothatenergyconsumptionandcostswillbereducedandenvironmentalimpactscanbekeptataminimum．没有别方法，只有寻找新交通代替伎俩或改变相关模式技术与运行特点，才能够降低能源消耗和造价，对环境影响也能够保持到最低程度。Unit3TransportTelematicsTextIntroductionTransporttelematics，alsoknownasintelligenttransportsystems(ITS)，areconcernedwiththeapplicationofelectronicinformationandcontroltoimprovetransport．Somenewsystemshavealreadybeenimplementedandthepaceofimplementationcanbeexpectedtoquicken．Withacrystalball，wecanforeseehowatypicaljourneytoworkmaylookin10yearstime．运输信息通讯，也称为智能交通系统（ITS），包括电子信息与控制应用提升运输。一些新制度已经实施和执行步伐将会加紧。有一个水晶球，我们能够预见经典之旅工作在10年时间里可能看起来。Youfeelpleasedwithyourselfthatyouhaveprecededyourin-carnavigationsystemwiththecoordinatesofyourfinaldestination，andsoonyouareobtaininginstructionsonyourbestroutewithinformationupdatedfromthelocaltravelcontrolcenter．离开家里，渊前经过互联网检验您旅游安排。通常您选择乘搭公共交通工具，您能够确定影响服务任何中止和旅行时间。这一次您选择乘搭车，因为你必须任命1ater在一天中在这些旧式商业公园是无法访问公共交通工具之一。没有发生事件统计在你正常工作，所以您不想使用您计算机路由型号为您选择最好路线路线上。Asyounearyourplaceofwork，youareawareofroadsidemessagesinformingyouofthenextparkandrideservice．Youchoosetoignoretheseasyouwillneedtomakeaquickgetawayforyourappointment．Youthencheckthatyourtravelcardisclearlydisplayedinsidethecar；youdon’twanttobefinedfornothavingapositivecreditforthecity’sroadpricingandparkingservice!Thesamecardgivesyouclearancetoyourparkingspace；youactivateyourparkingvisionandco1lisioncontroljusttobesureofnotscratchingtheMD’scarnexttoyou．一旦你车，你头，高速公路和选择巡航控制、车道支持和碰撞防止系统，使您能够专注于您最喜欢电台服务。突然间，这是给你一件事你路线上信息电台交通消息通道服务被中止。你不是诧异时候，在下一个路口，路边可变信息标志(VM)确认这；高速公路消息真可信现在UsingtransportelematicsAlltheseinformationandcontrolservices,andmanymorebesides,arediscussedintheUKGovernment'sconsultationdocument.Onewayofcategorisingtheseservicesisintothefollowingapplicationareas:全部这些信息和控制服务和之外，更多讨论，英国政府's咨询文件。Categorising这些服务一个方法是到下面应用领域：trafficmanagementandcontroltollingandroadpricingroadsafetyandlawenforcementpublictransporttravelinformationandticketingdriverinformationandguidancefreightandfleetmanagementvehiclesafety⑧systemintegrationAlltheseapplicationsarebeingdevelopedwithassistancefromresearchandpilotimplementationprogrammesinEurope,USAandJapan.TrafficmanagementandcontrolAnytrafficmanagementandcontrolsystemneedsinformationontrafficflows,speeds,queues,incidentsaccidents,vehiclebreakdowns,obstructionsairqualityandvehicletypes,lengthsandweights.Thisinformationwillbecollectedusinginfrared,radio,loop,radar,andmicrowaveorvisiondetectors.Inaddition,publicandprivateorganizationswillprovideinformationonplannedeventsroadworks,leisureevents,exhibitions.Theusetowhichthisinformationisputdependsontheobjectivessetformanagementandcontrol.Networkmanagementobjectivessetforurbanareasinclude:①influencingtravellerbehaviour,inparticularmodalchoice,routechoiceandthetimeatwhichjourneysaremade.②reducingtheimpactoftrafficonairquality.③improvingpriorityforbusesandLRTvehicles.④providingbetterandsaferfacilitiesforpedestrians,cyclistsandothervulnerableroadusers.⑤restrainingtrafficinsensitiveareas.⑥managingdemandandcongestionmoreefficiently.ThesoftwaresystemsusedwillincludecontrolapplicationssuchasSCOOT,SCATS,SPOTandMOTION.Theseareresponsivesystems,whichcontrolanetworkoftrafficsignalstomeettheseobjectives.Automaticvehiclelocationandidentificationwillprovideinformationforgivingpriorityorallowingaccesstocertainvehiclesonly.Interurbannetworkmanagementsystemswillhavesimilarobjectivesbutwillmakegreateruseofaccesscontrolbyrampmeteringandothermeans,andofspeedcontrolandhigh-occupancyvehiclelanemanagement.RegionaltrafficcontrolcenterswilladvisemotoristofincidentsandalternativeroutesbyVMSandbyRDS-TMC,asignalFMradioservicebroadcastinglocalizedtrafficmessagesandadvicetodrivers.TollingandroadpricingInterurbanmotorwaytollingandurbanroadpricingprovideanotherapproachtomeetingnetworkmanagementobjectiveswhileobtainingadditionalrevenuethatcanbeinvestedintransport.Singapore'selectroniczonepricing,theTOLLSTARelectronictollcollectionandADEPTautomaticdebitingsmartcardsareexamplesofsuchapplications.Thesesystemsrelyonmicrowaveorradiocommunicationtoanin-vehicletransponderinasmartcardwithdetectionofvehiclelicenceplatesusingimageprocessingforenforcementpurposes.PublictransporttravelinformationandticketingTravelinformationisneededbypassengersathomeorofficeandalsoduringtheirjourney.LondonTransport'sROUTEScomputer-basedserviceoffersrouting,timetableandfaresinformationonallpublictransportservicesinLondonthroughpublicinquiryterminals.Real-timetravelinformationisprovidedinLondonbytheCOUNTDOWNsystemwhichisbeingexpandedtocover4000busstops.AsimilarsystemcalledSTOPWATCHisavailableinSouthamptonaspartoftheROMANSEprojectandisbasedonPeek'sBusTrackersystemwhichcandetectbusesusingeitherradiobeaconsorGPS(GlobalPositioningSystem)whichusessatellitestoidentifylocations.ROMANSEalsoincludesTRIPlannerinteractiveenquiryterminalswithtouchscreensprovidingtravelinformation.Problemswithticketsforthroughjourneyscanbeadeterrentfortravelerschoosingpublictransport.Smartcardstored-valueticketscanprovideasingleticketforcarparkingandalllegsofajourneyservedbydifferentoperators.DriverinformationandguidanceDriverinformationsystemsincludetheRDS-TMCradiodatasystem-trafficmessagechannel,initiallytrialledbetweenLondonandParisinthePLEIADESprojectandelsewhereinEuropeinsimilarEC-fundedprojects.ThereisalsotheTrafficmasterservicewhichusesinfraredmonitorstoidentifycongestionandanin-carvisualmap-basedscreentoinformdriversofcongestion.Driverguidancesystemsaimtotakethisastepfurtherbyinformingdriversoftheirrouteandgivingguidanceonnavigation.CommunicationbetweenthecontrolcenterandthevehiclecanbebyroadsidebeaconorbydigitalcellularradionetworkbasedonGSM(globalsystemofmobilecommunications)asinSOCRATES.CommercialproductsincludeDaimlerBenz'scopilotdynamicrouteguidancesystemtrialledinBerlinandStuttgartandPhilip'sCarSystemsCARIN.Similarproducts,suchastheVICSadvancedmobileinformationservice,arecommonlyavailableinJapan.Notes1．Transporttelematics，alsoknownasintelligenttransportsystems(ITS)，areconcernedwiththeapplicationofelectronicinformationandcontroltoimprovetransport．交通运输远程信息处理系统，通常也被称为智能交通系统(ITS系统)，是利用电子信息和控制技术来改进交通系统。2．Onthisoccasion，youchoosetotravelbycarasyouhaveanappointmentlaterinthedayatoneofthoseold-fashionedbusinessparksthatareinaccessiblebypublictransport．在这种情况下，当你在这天稍后有一个约会，而约会地点是在公交车所不能抵达一个旧式商业停车场，那么你就能够选择乘坐小汽车前往。3．Anytrafficmanagementandcontrolsystemneedsinformationontrafficflows，speeds，queues，incidents(accidents，vehiclebreakdowns，obstructions)airqualityandvehicletypes，lengthsandweights．任何一个交通管理和控制系统都需要以下信息：交通流、车速、排队、交通事件(事故、车损、障碍物)、空气质量以及车辆类型、长度与重量。4．Interurbannetworkmanagementsystemswillhavesimilarobjectivesbutwillmakegreateruseofaccesscontrolbyrampmeteringandothermeans，andofspeedcontrolandhigh-occupancyvehiclelanemanagement．城市间网络管理系统将会有相同目标，不过在经过匝道车流调整和其余一些方法来进行人口控制与速度控制以及高拥有率车道管理方面也会起到很大作用。5．Thesesystemsrelyonmicrowaveorradiocommunicationtoanin-vehicletransponderinasmartcardwithdetectionofvehiclelicenseplatesusingimageprocessingforenforcementpurposes．为实施管理目标，这些系统依靠微波或无线技术与设在一张小卡片上车载发射机应答器实现通信联络，这张卡片采取图像处理技术来探测车辆驾驶执照。Unit4PublicTransportPriorityTextDesignobjectivesPublictransportpriorityhastobeseeninthecontextofanoverallurbantransportstrategywithobjectiveswhichincludenotonlyimprovedbusortramoperationandrestraintofcar-bornecommutingbutalsoanenhancedenvironmentforresidents,workersandvisitors.Measuresproposedmustservealltheseobjectivesandyetalsobedemonstrablycost-effectiveandenforceable.Typicaldesignobjectivesforpublictransportprioritymeasuresinclude:toimprovetheconditionsandreliabilityofbusoperationsthroughtheintroductionofappropriatebusprioritymeasures.toalterthetrafficbalanceinfavorofbusesatthoselocationswherethiscanbeproperlyjustified.toimproveconditionsforbuspassengersatstopsandinterchanges.toimproveroadsafetygenerallyand,inparticular,forpedestrians,cyclistsandpeoplewithdisabilities.toreview,whereappropriate,hoursofoperationofwaitingandloadingrestrictions.toestablishandimplementthecoordinatedandcoherentapplicationofwaiting,parkingandloadingenforcementregimesonbusroutecorridors.toimproveconditionsforallroadusersandfrontagersonbusroutecorridors.Achievingtheseobjectivesofteninvolvescompromisesbetweenimprovingbusoperationandtheneedsoflocalbusinessesandresidentsforreasonableaccessandofpedestriansandcyclistsforsafeandconvenientmovement.BusPriorityMeasuresTypicalbusprioritymeasuresfallintofourmaincategories:buslanesandbuswaystrafficandparkingmanagementmeasurestrafficsignalcontrolbusstopimprovements.Theseareconsideredseparately,butinpracticethedesignforabusroutecorridorwilldrawonmeasuresfromallthesecategories.BuslanesandbuswaysWith-flowbuslanesarerelativelycommonplace.Theyenablebusestoavoidqueuesoncongestedsectionsofroadbyprovidingalanemarkedandsignedclearlyandimplementedunderatrafficregulationorderprohibitingusebygeneraltraffic.Contraflowbuslanesenablebusestoavoidcircuitousroutes,e.g.inagyratorysystem,bypermittingtwo-waymovementforbusesonlyoveraroadsection.Themaindisadvantageofacontinuouscontraflowbuslaneisthatitpreventskerbsideaccessbyvehicles,suchasgoodsvehicles,thatarenotpermittedtouseit.Buswaysandbus-onlystreetsprovideadedicatedtrackforusebybuses.Buswaysareeitherseparateroadwaysorapartofaroadwaybutsegregatedfromit,normallybykerbs.TrafficandparkingmanagementmeasuresThesearetypicallyno-entryandbannedturncontrolswhichallowbusesandpossiblyalsocycliststomakeamovementprohibitedtoothervehicles.Financeandspacepermit.Onesolutionisforthehighwayauthoritytoenableprovisionaccessroutetocommercialpropertiesandtoprovidedroppedkerbsandallowresidentstogainaccessoverthefootwaytoparkingwithinthecurtilageoftheirproperties.TrafficsignalcontrolTrafficsignalcontrolinclude:①Signalrephrasingforpassivebuspriority②Selectivevehicledetection-activebuspriority③Overlapphases④Queuerelocationandtrafficmetering⑤Presignalsandbusadvanceareas.BusstopimprovementsOneofthemajorcausesofdelayinurbanareasforbusesandgeneraltrafficisinconsiderateparkingnearbusstops.Buseshavedifficultyingainingaccesstobusstopsandsubsequentlyrejoiningthetrafficstream.Passengershavetoresorttowalkingbetweenparkedcarstoboardabus.Sometimestheimpositionofwaitingandloadingrestrictionsisinappropriatebecausethiswouldpreventthereasonableuseoflengthsofroadkerbbylocalresidentsandbusinesses.Onesolutionistodeterparkinglocaltothebusstopandprovideeasierboardingforpassengersbyconstructingbusboarderswhichconsistoflocalextensionsofthefootwayintothecarriagewayofabout1.0-2.0m.Thepositioningofbusstopsisoftendictatedbypracticalitiessuchasavoidingbanksandpostoffices,wherespaceforspecialdeliveriesisrequired,andavoidingcreatingpoorsightlinesforsideroadtraffic.Bussheltersareanobviousimprovementatbusstops,providingprotectionfromtheweather.Timetableinformationshouldalsobeprovidedatbusstopsincommonstaticformlistingthescheduleoftimesofbusesarrivingatthestopandofreachingdestinations,orasreal-timeinformation.Passelkerbsarehigh-sidedcurvedkerbswhichallowbusdriverstoaligntheirvehiclespreciselyatbusstops.Thegreatadvantageisthatboardingandalightingpassengershaveanear-levelentryandexittothevehicle,withouttheneedtostepontotheroad.Notes1．Publictransportpriorityhastobeseeninthecontextofanoverallurbantransportstrategywithobjectiveswhichincludenotonlyimprovedbus(ortram)operationandrestraintofcar-homecommutingbutalsoanenhancedenvironmentforresidents．workersandvisitors．公交优先应被看作是整个城市交通战略一部分，它目标不不过改进公交(或电车)运行和限制小汽车通勤交通，而且也是为居民、工作人员和游客提供一个愈加好环境。2．Achievingtheseobjectivesofteninvolvescompromisesbetweenimprovingbusoperationandtheneedsoflocalbusinessesandresidentsforreasonableaccessandofpedestriansandcyclistsforsafeandconvenientmovement．为了实现这些目标通常需要协调改进公交运行与各种要求之间关系，这些要求包含地域商业和居民合理进入需要、步行者和骑脚踏车人安全便利通行需要。3．Oneofthemajorcausesofdelayinurbanareasforbusesandgeneraltrafficisinconsiderateparkingnearbusstops．随意在公交车站附近停车是引发市区公交车和总体交通延误主要原因之一。4．Thepositioningofbusstopsisoftendictatedbypracticalitiessuchasavoidingbanksandpostoffices，wherespaceforspecialdeliveriesisrequired,andavoidingcreatingpoorsightlinesforsideroadtraffic．公交站点位置通常以实用性标准来选定，比如避开银行和邮局，因为那里要有进行尤其递送活动空间，而且也要防止造成路边交通视线不好情况。Unit6HighwaySystemsandFunctionalClassificationsTextSystemsandclassificationsTheclassificationofhighwayintodifferentoperationalsystems，functionalclasses，orgeometricfeaturesisnecessaryforcommunicationamongengineers，administrators,andthegeneralpublic.Differentclassificationschemeshavebeenappliedfordifferentpurposesindifferentruralandurbanregions.Classificationofhighwaysbydesigntypesbasedonthemajorgeometricfeatures(e．g．，freewaysandconventionalstreetsandhighways)isthemosthelpfuloneforhighwaylocationanddesignprocedures．Classificationbyroutenumbering(e．g．，U.S.，Stateprimary，Statesecondary，andcountynumberingsystems)，isthemosthelpfulfortrafficoperations.Administrativeclassification(e．g．，StateFederalaidprimary，StateFederalaidsecondary，Stateprimary，andstatesecondary)isusedtodenotethelevelsofgovernmentresponsiblefor,andthemethodoffinancing,highwayfacilities．Functionalclassification，thegroupingofhighwaysbythecharacterofservicetheyprovide，wasdevelopedfortransportationplanningpurposes．Comprehensivetransportationplanning，anintegralpartoftotaleconomicandsocialdevelopment，usesfunctionalclassificationasanimportantplanningtool．Theemergenceoffunctionalclassificationasthepredominantmethodofgroupinghighwaysisconsistentwiththepoliciescontainedinthispublication．TheconceptoffunctionalclassificationAcompletefunctionaldesignsystemprovidesaseriesofdistincttravelmovements．Thesixrecognizablestagesinmosttripsincludemainmovement，transition，distribution，collection,access,andtermination．Forexample，ahypotheticalhighwaytripusesafreeway，wherethemainmovementofvehiclesisuninterrupted，high-speedflow．Whenapproachingdestinationsfromthefreeway，vehiclesreducespeedonfreewayramps，whichactastransitionroadways．Thevehiclesthenentermoderate-speedarterialsdistributorfacilitiesthatbringthemnearertothevicinityoftheirdestinationneighborhoods．Theynextentercollectorroadsthatpenetrateneighborhoods．Thevehiclesfinallyenterlocalaccessroadsthatprovidedirectapproachestoindividualresidencesorotherterminations．Attheirdestinationsthevehiclesareparkedatanappropriateterminalfacility．Eachofthesixstagesofatypicaltripishandledbyaseparatefacilitydesignedspecificallyforitsfunction.Becausethemovementhierarchyisbasedonthetotalamountoftrafficvolume,freewaytravelisgenerallyhighestinthemovementhierarchy,followedbydistributorarterialtravel,whichisinturnhigherinthemovementhierarchythantraveloncollectorsandlocalaccessroutes.Althoughmanytripscanbesubdividedintoallofthesixrecognizablestages,intermediatefacilitiesarenotalwaysneeded.Thecompletehierarchyofcirculationfacilitiesrelatesespeciallytoconditionsoflow-densitysuburbandevelopment,wheretrafficflowsarecumulativeonsuccessiveelementsofthesystem.However,itsometimesisdesirabletoreducethenumberofcomponentsinthechain.Forinstance,alargesingletrafficgeneratormayfilloneormorelanesofafreewayduringcertainperiods.Inthissituation,itisexpedienttoleadtrafficdirectlyontoafreewayrampwithoutintroducingarterialfacilitiesthatunnecessarilymixalready-concentratedtrafficflowswithadditionalvehicles.Thisdeletionofintermediatefacilitiesdoesnoteliminatethefunctionalneedfortheremainingpartsoftheflowhierachyorthefunctionaldesigncomponents,althoughitmaychangetheirphysicalcharacters.Theorderofmovementisstillidentifiable.Thefailuretorecognizeandaccommodatebysuitabledesigneachofthedifferenttripstagesofthemovementhierarchyisaprominentca