新标准大学英语三unit5

TextI,we,theyI,we,they1

Amedium-sizedSwedishhigh-technologycorporationwasapproachedbyacompatriot,abusinessmanwithgoodcontactsinSaudiArabia.

Thecompanysentoneoftheirengineers–letmecallhimJohannesson–toRiyadh,wherehewasintroducedtoasmallSaudiengineeringfirm,runbytwobrothersintheirmid-thirties,bothwithBritishuniversitydegrees.JohannessonwastoassistinadevelopmentprojectonbehalfoftheSaudigovernment.However,aftersixvisitsoveraperiodoftwoyears,nothingseemedtohappen.

TextJohannesson'smeetingswiththeSaudibrotherswerealwaysheldinthepresenceoftheSwedishbusinessmanwhohadestablishedthefirstcontact.ThisannoyedJohannessonandhissuperiors,becausetheywerenotatallsurethatthisbusinessmandidnothavecontactswiththeircompetitorsaswell–buttheSaudiswantedtheintermediarytobethere.Discussionsoftendweltonissueshavinglittletodowiththebusiness–likeShakespeare,ofwhombothbrotherswerefans.Text2

JustwhenJohannesson'ssuperiorsstartedtodoubtthewisdomofthecorporation'sinvestmentintheseexpensivetrips,atelexarrivedfromRiyadhinvitinghimbackforanurgentvisit.Acontractworthseveralmillionsofdollarswasreadytobesigned.Fromonedaytothenext,theSaudis'attitudechanged:Thepresenceofthebusinessman-intermediarywasnolongernecessary,andforthefirsttimeJohannessonsawtheSaudissmile,andevenmakejokes.Text3

Sofar,sogood;butthestorygoeson.Theremarkableorder

contributedtoJohannessonbeingpromotedtoa

management

positioninadifferentdivision.Thus,hewasnolongerinchargeoftheSaudiaccount.Asuccessorwasnominated,anotherengineerwith

considerableinternationalexperience,whomJohannessonpersonallyintroducedtotheSaudibrothers.AfewweekslateratelexarrivedfromRiyadhinwhichtheSaudisthreatenedtocancelthecontractovera

detailinthedeliveryconditions.

Text

Johannesson'shelpwasasked.WhenhecametoRiyadhitappearedthattheconflictwasoveraminorissueandcouldeasilyberesolved–butonly,theSaudisfelt,withJohannessonasthecorporation'srepresentative.SothecorporationtwisteditsstructuretoallowJohannessontohandletheSaudiaccountalthoughhismainresponsibilitieswerenowinacompletelydifferentfield.Text4TheSwedesandtheSaudisinthistruestoryhavedifferentconceptsoftheroleofpersonalrelationshipsinbusiness.FortheSwedes,businessisdonewithacompany;fortheSaudis,witha

person

whomonehaslearnedtoknowandtrust.Aslongasonedoes

not

knowanotherpersonwellenoughitisconvenienttohavepresentanintermediaryorgo-between,someonewhoknowsandistrustedbybothparties.Attherootofthedifferencebetweentheseculturesisafundamentalissueinhumansocieties:theroleoftheindividualversus

theroleofthegroup.Text5Thevastmajorityofpeopleinourworldliveinsocietiesinwhichtheinterestofthegroupprevailsovertheinterestoftheindividual.Iwillcallthesesocietiescollectivist,usingawordwhichtosomereadersmayhavepoliticalconnotations,butitisnotmeanthereinanypoliticalsense.TextTextItdoesnotrefertothepowerofthestateovertheindividualbuttothepowerofthegroup.Thefirstgroupinourlivesisalwaysthefamilyintowhichweareborn.Familystructures,however,differbetweensocieties.Inmostcollectivistsocietiesthe"family"withinwhichthechildgrowsupconsistsofanumberofpeoplelivingcloselytogether;notjusttheparentsandotherchildren,but,forexample,grandparents,uncles,aunts,servants,orotherhousemates.Thisisknowninculturalanthropologyastheextendedfamily.

Whenchildrengrowuptheylearntothinkofthemselvesaspartofa"we"group,arelationshipwhichisnotvoluntarybutgivenbynature.The"we"groupisdistinctfromotherpeopleinsocietywhobelongto"they"groups,ofwhichtherearemany.The"we"group(orin-group)isthemajorsourceofone'sidentity,andtheonlysecureprotectiononehasagainstthehardshipsoflife.Thereforeoneoweslifelong

loyaltytoone'sin-group,andbreakingthisloyaltyisoneoftheworstthingsapersoncando.Betweenthepersonandthein-groupadependencerelationshipdevelopswhichisbothpracticalandpsychological.TextText6

Aminorityofpeopleinourworldliveinsocietiesinwhichtheinterestsoftheindividualprevailovertheinterestsofthegroup,societieswhichI

willcallindividualist.Inthese,mostchildrenarebornintofamiliesconsistingoftwoparentsand,possibly,otherchildren;insomesocietiesthereisanincreasingshareofone-parentfamilies.Otherrelativesliveelsewhereandarerarelyseen.Thistypeisthenuclearfamily(fromtheLatin“nucleus”meaningcore).Text

Childrenfromsuchfamilies,astheygrowup,soonlearntothinkofthemselvesas"I".This"I",theirpersonalidentity,isdistinctfromotherpeople's"I"s,andtheseothersarenotclassifiedaccordingtotheirgroupmembershipbuttoindividualcharacteristics.

Playmates,forexample,arechosenonthebasisofpersonalpreferences.Thepurposeofeducationistoenablethechildtostandonitsownfeet.TextThechildisexpectedtoleavetheparentalhomeassoonasthishasbeenachieved.Notinfrequently,children,afterhavinglefthome,reducerelationshipswiththeirparentstoaminimumorbreakthemoffaltogether.Neitherpracticallynorpsychologicallyisthehealthypersoninthistypeofsocietysupposedtobedependentonagroup.我、我们、他们1有一位瑞典商人和本国的一家中等规模的高科技公司进行了接洽，这位商人在沙特阿拉伯有许多关系良好的客户。于是，该公司派了一名工程师——就叫他约翰尼森吧——去利雅得，经这位商人引见，和一家小型的沙特工程公司合作，这家公司由一对兄弟经营着，他俩三十五岁左右，都拥有英国大学的学位。约翰尼森要做的是代表沙特政府协助一项建设工程。约翰尼森要做的是在为沙特政府的一项建设工程中给予协助。但是，双方在两年间进行了六次接触均无结果。Text

每次约翰尼森和沙特兄弟商谈时，那位最初帮他们建立关系的瑞典商人都在场。这令约翰尼森和他的上司感到非常不快，因为他们不敢肯定这位商人是否跟他们的竞争对手也有来往，但沙特人却执意要介绍人在场。他们经常讨论一些与生意毫无关系的话题，比如莎士比亚，哥俩都是莎士比亚迷。Text2

正当约翰尼森的上司开始怀疑公司花大笔旅费派人去洽谈是否明智时，利雅得那边来了电报，邀请约翰尼森迅速赶赴利雅得，因为一份价值几百万美元的合同已准备好，等着他来签。一夜之间，沙特人的态度也发生了变化：那位中间商再也不用出场了，约翰尼森还第一次看见沙特人笑了，他们甚至还相互开起了玩笑。Text3

到现在为止，一切都进行得不错；但故事还没有结束。由于得到了这份大订单，约翰尼森被提拔为另一个部门的经理，他也因此不用再管沙特那单生意了。另一位国际交流经验丰富的工程师被提名接替他的工作，约翰尼森还亲自把他介绍给了那两位沙特兄弟。几星期后，从利雅得发来一份电报，两位沙特兄弟威胁说要取消合同，仅仅是因为一个有关交货条件的细节问题。Text他们请约翰尼森去协助解决。约翰尼森到利雅得后才发现，双方的矛盾源于一个很容易解决的无关紧要的小问题，但沙特人觉得一定要约翰尼森代表公司出面才能解决。因此，瑞典公司不得不打破惯例，允许约翰尼森处理沙特那边的生意，虽然他现在的职责是管理另外一个完全不同的领域。Text4

在这个真实的故事里，瑞典人和沙特人对人际关系在商业中的作用有着不同的理解。对瑞典人来说，他们是在和一个公司做生意；但对沙特人来说，他们是在和一个他们了解并且信任的人做生意。只要他们对某个人还不够了解，就会让一位双方都认识并信任的中间人或介绍人在场，这样做会比较方便。这两种文化的差异源于人类社会的一个根本问题：即个人角色与集体角色的问题。Text5

世界上大多数人都生活在团体利益大于个人利益的社会里,我把这类社会称作集体主义社会，集体主义这个词在某些读者看来具有政治意义，但我在使用这个词时不带任何政治色彩。Text它并不是指国家权力对个人的压制，而是特指团体的力量。我们生命中的第一个团体向来都是我们出生的那个家庭。但不同社会有着不同的家庭结构。在大多数集体主义社会里，小孩子成长的“家庭”有许多人生活在一起；有父母，有别的孩子，还有比如爷爷、奶奶、叔伯、姑姑、佣人及其他的家庭成员。这种家庭在文化人类学上被称为扩展型家庭。Text小孩在成长的过程中就学着把自己看作是“我们”团体中的一员，这种关系并不是出于个人的选择，而是与生俱来的。“我们”团体不同于社会上众多隶属“他们”团体里的他者。“我们”团体（或内部团体）是个人认同感的主要来源，是个人应对生活艰辛所能依赖的唯一的安全保障。所以每个人一生都忠于自己的内部团体，而背叛这个团体是个人所能犯下的最严重的错误。个人和内部团体之间会逐渐建立起一种相互依存的关系，这种关系既有实用价值，又能给人心理上的依靠。Text6

世界上还有少数人生活在个人利益大于团体利益的社会里，我把这类社会称为个人主义社会。在这类社会中，多数小孩出生在由父母和孩子组成的家庭里，当然，可能还会有别的孩子；在某些社会中，单亲家庭的数量呈逐渐上升的趋势。其他的亲戚住在别处，彼此很少见面。这类家庭被称为核心家庭（源于拉丁词nucleus，意为“核心”）。Text

核心家庭里的孩子在成长过程中，很快就学会把自己看成是“我”。这个“我”——即他们的个人身份——区别于其他人的“我”，而且这所谓的其他人并不是以不同团体的成员身份来区别的，而是以个人特点来分类的。例如玩伴是根据个人的喜好来选择的。教育的目标是使孩子最终能自立。Text孩子一旦有了自立的能力，父母就会鼓励他们离开家。孩子离开父母家后，与父母的往来频率通常会降至最低点，或者完全断绝往来。在这类社会里，一个健全的人无论在实际生活中还是在心理上都不会依赖一个团体。TextWords&Phrasescompatriotcompetitorintermediarydwellinvestmenttelexcontractcollectivistprevailversusgo-betweendeliverythreatennominatecorenucleusnuclearfamilyindividualistloyaltylifelongin-groupremarkablemanagementsuccessorextendedfamilyanthropologyhousemateenableplaymatemembershipWords&Phrasesonbehalfofdwellon/uponSofar,sogood.bebornintostandonone’sown(two)feetparentalWords&PhrasesSwedish瑞典的SaudiArabia沙特阿拉伯王国（位于阿拉伯半岛）Johannesson约翰尼森（人名）Riyadh利雅得（沙特阿拉伯首都）compatriot

n.[C]someonewhoisfromthesamecountryasyou同胞；同国人e.g.1.

ChrisRobertsonofAustraliabeathiscompatriotinthefinal.来自澳大利亚的选手克里斯·罗伯森在决赛中战胜自己的同胞赢得了比赛。2.Mydearcompatriots,itistimethatwedidsomethingforourcountry.亲爱的同胞们，为国效劳的时候到了。Words&Phrasescompetitor

n.[C]1)anorganizationorcountrythatisengagedincommercialoreconomiccompetitionwithothers（商业）竞争对手e.g.U.S.businessischallengedbyaggressiveoverseascompetitors.

美国企业正受到咄咄逼人的海外竞争者的挑战。2)someonewhotakespartinasportscompetition（体育比赛的）参赛者e.g.Thefirstprizewasawardedtotheyoungestcompetitor.一等奖授给了最年轻的比赛者。Wordfamily:

petitionn.

competitivea.Words&Phrasesintermediary

n.[C]someonewhotalkstoeachofthepeopleorgroupsinvolvedinsomething,usuallypassinginformationfromonetotheotherortryingtopersuadethemtoagreewitheachother中间人；调解人e.g.1.Theywereapproachedindirectlythroughanintermediary.

通过一位中间人，他们进行了间接接触。2.Herefusedtoactasanintermediarybetweenthetwodirectors.他拒绝充当这两个董事之间的调解人。Wordfamily:

intermediatea.中间的，中级的Seealso:go-between.Words&Phrasesdwell

vi.

(literary)

livesomewhere（尤指作为常住居民）居住e.g.1.Fairiesaresaidtodwellintheheaven.

传说神仙住在天上。2.TheyareconcernedforthefateoftheforestandtheIndianswhodwellinit.他们十分关注森林以及居住在其中的印第安人的命运。Seealso:dwellon/upon.Words&Phrasesinvestment

n.

1)[C,U]moneyusedinawaythatmayearnyoumoremoney,forexamplemoneyusedforbuyingpropertyorsharesinacompany投入的资本；投资e.g.1.

Greatchangesareinprospectinthisareaduetoforeigninvestment.因为外资的引进，该地区会发生很大变化。2.Whenbuyingshares,it’swisetospreadyourinvestmentoverseveralcompanies.买股票要分散投资于不同的公司才是明智之举。3.Idon’treallylikemodernartbutIboughtitasaninvestment.我并非真的喜欢现代艺术，购买作品只是作为一种投资。Words&Phrases2)[sing,U]theamountoftime,energy,oremotionneededinordertomakesomethingsuccessful投入；投资e.g.1.Ihadmadeapersonalinvestmentintimeandenergy.

我个人投入了时间和精力。2.Thetimespentinattendingaone-dayseminarisaninvestmentinourprofessionalfutures.花时间参加一日研讨会是对我们事业未来的一种投资。Wordfamily:invest

v.Words&Phrasestelex

1)

n.[U]asystemforsendingandreceivingmessagesusingatelephonelineandamachinecalledateleprinterthatprintsthe电传（一种通讯方式）e.g.Ishallsendyoutheinformationbytelex.我将用电传把这一信息给你传来。2)

n.[C]amessagesentbytelex,orthemachineusedtosendorreceiveit

电传电报（通过电传发送的信息）e.g.HerushedinwithanurgenttelexfromHongKong.他手里拿着一份香港发来的紧急电传冲了进来。3)v.send(amessage)bytelex发电传e.g.Theytelexedtheirprovisionalacceptanceofthecontract.Words&Phrases他们拍出电传表示暂时接受合同。contract

1)n.[C]awrittenlegalagreementbetweentwopeopleorbusinessesthatsayswhateachmustdofortheotherorgivetotheother合同；契约e.g.1.Youshouldn'tenterintoacontractuntilyouhavestudieditsprovisionscarefully.

你应该先仔细研究合同的条款，然后再签订。2.Thefirmoperatesschoolsundercontracttostateeducationauthorities.这家公司和州教育局签约办学。3.I'mnotapermanentemployee;I'mworkinghereonafixed-termcontract.我并不是永久雇员，而是根据定期合同在此工作的。Words&Phrases2)v.

enterintoaformalandlegallybindingagreement订立合同，订契约e.g.1.

Havingcontractedwiththemtodotherepairs,wecannotwithdrawnow.我们与他们订有维修合约，现在不能撤消。2.Theyarecontractedtowork35hoursaweek.他们签下合同每周工作35小时。Words&Phrasesremarkable

a.

worthyofattention;striking;unusualinawaythatsurprisesorimpressesyou值得注意的；显著的；非凡的e.g.1.Heshowedremarkableendurancethroughouthisillness.他生病的整个阶段都表现出非凡的忍耐力。2.

Theregionisremarkableforitsscenery.这个地区以其风景而著称。3.Thesecarsareremarkableforthequietnessoftheirengines.

这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。Words&Phrasesmanagement

n.

1)[sing,U]thepeoplewhocontrolandoperateabusinessororganization:canbefollowedbyasingularorpluralverb管理层，资方（后可接动词的单数或复数形式）e.g.Themanagementis/areconsideringclosingthefactory.主管部门正在考虑把工厂关闭。2)[U]thecontrolandoperationofabusinessororganization

经营；管理e.g.Thefarmprosperedthroughgoodmanagement.由于管理有方，农场兴旺发达。Wordfamily:manage

v.

manager

n.

Words&Phrasessuccessor

n.[C]someonewhohasanimportantpositionaftersomeoneelse继任人；继承人；继位人e.g.1.ThechairmanhasdesignatedChristinaashissuccessor.主席已指定克里斯蒂娜作他的继任人。2.Sheprovedherselfaworthysuccessortotheformerchampion.她证明了自己是前冠军的当之无愧的接替人。3.Shewillhandovertohersuccessorinoneyear’stime.她将在一年内向继任者移交权力。Words&PhrasesWordfamily:succeed

v.

bethenextpersontotakeapositionorjobaftersomeoneelse接替；继任；继承e.g.1.

Whowillsucceedhimtothethrone?谁将继承他的王位？2.

Mr.Jones

willsucceedMr.Smithaschairman.

由琼斯先生接替史密斯先生任董事长。Words&Phrasesnominate

vt.

officiallysuggestthatsomeoneshouldbegivenajob,orthatsomeoneorsomethingshouldreceiveaprize提名；推荐e.g.1.InominateBillastheclubpresident.我提名比尔为俱乐部主席候选人。2.ThefilmwasnominatedforseveralOscars.那部影片被提名好几项奥斯卡奖。

3.Hehasnowbeenformallynominatedaspresidentialcandidate.他已获得正式提名为总统候选人。Wordfamily:nomination

n.

Words&Phrasesthreaten

vt.

1)

tellsomeonethatyoumightoryouwillcausethemharm,especiallyinordertomakethemdosth.（尤指为使对方做某事而）恐吓，威胁e.g.1.Thestrikerswerethreatenedwithdismissaliftheydidnotreturntowork.罢工者受到威胁说，如果他们不复工，就会被解雇。2.Thehijackersthreatenedtokillallthepassengersiftheirdemandswerenotmet.劫机者扬言若不满足他们的要求，就把乘客都杀死。Words&Phrases2)

belikelytoharmordestroysth.危害到；危及e.g.1.Meltingglacierswillultimatelythreatenfoodproduction.冰川融化最终会威胁到粮食生产。2.

Itwillseriouslythreatentheprosperityofthecountry.这将严重威胁国家的繁荣。3.Manyspeciesarenowthreatenedwithextinction.许多物种面临灭绝之虞。Words&Phrasesdelivery

n.[C,U]theprocessofbringinggoodsorletterstoaplace送货；投递e.g.Wehavetwopostaldeliverieseachday.

我们每天收到两次信。Choosethebestanswer.

Tospeedupthe___ofletters,thePostOfficeintroducedautomaticsorting.(CET4-2005-12-42)

A)treatment B)delivery C)transmission D)departureWordfamily:deliver

v.

e.g.Hisworkwastodelivertelegrams.他的工作就是送电报。Words&PhrasesBgo-between

n.[C]someonewhotakesmessagesbetweenpeoplewhocannotmeetorwhodonotwanttomeet中间人；信使e.g.1.Insomecountriesmarriagesarearrangedbygo-betweens.在有些国家，缔结婚姻要靠媒妁之言。2.

AUNrepresentativewillactasago-betweenforleadersofthetwocountries.一名联合国代表将在两国领导人之间斡旋。

Seealso:intermediary.Words&Phrasesversus

prep.

1)

usedforstatingthattwothingsarebeingcomparedinordertoshowthattheyaredifferentorthatoneisbetterthantheother与……相对；与……相比e.g.Weeklyconsumptionhitanewhigh,jumpingto68%versus64%lastyear.每周消费达到了新高，从去年的64%跃至68%。2)usedforshowingthattwopeople,groups,orteamsarecompetingagainsteachotherinasportseventoracourtcase（体育比赛或诉讼中）以……为对手e.g.ThemostexcitinggamewasHarvardversusYale.

最紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛对阵耶鲁。

Words&Phrasesprevail

vi.

(fml)

1)

defeatsomeoneinagame,competition,argumentetc.（在比赛、竞争或争辩中）击败，获胜e.g.Yourinnerstrengthwillenableyoutoprevailoverlife'sobstacles.内心力量将促使你战胜生活中的困难。2)existataparticulartimeorinaparticularsituation

存在；盛行；流行e.g.Theoldcustomsstillprevailinthemountainousarea.这些旧习俗在这一山区仍很盛行。Wordfamily:prevailing

a.e.g.Ourguidelineistheprevailingworldmarketprices.

我们以当时国际市场的价格为准绳。Words&Phrasescollectivist

n.[C]asupporterofcollectivism

集体主义者e.g.theidealofcollectivists

Wordfamily:

collectivism

n.

thepracticeorprincipleofgivingagrouppriorityovereachindividualinit,oftheownershipoflandandthemeansofproductionbythepeopleorthestate

集体主义（制度），公有制e.g.Undercollectivism,themeansofproductionisownedandcontrolledbythestateorthepeopleasawhole.在集体主义制度下,生产工具由国家或全民拥有和支配。Seealso:individualist.Words&Phrases集体主义者们的理想housemate

n.[C]someonewholivesinthesamehouseasyoubutisnotamemberofyourfamily

同住一所房子的人e.g.Thisformwillgiveyouafewtipsabouthowtochooseahousemateandthenhowtogetalongwithhim.这张表格会提示你如何选择同住的屋友以及如何与他相处。Wordformation:-matei.e.:classmate schoolmate roommate playmate

Words&Phrasesanthropology

n.[C]thestudyofhumansocieties,customs,andbeliefs

人类学e.g.1.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.人类学是社会科学中的一支。2.Socialanthropologyexaminesfamilyrelationshipsindetail.社会人类学深入探讨家庭关系。Wordfamily:

anthropologist

n.[C]人类学家Words&Phrasesextendedfamily

n.[C]afamilygroupthatincludesgrandparents,cousins,auntsetc.（包括祖父母或外祖父母及近亲的）大家庭e.g.1.

ThemainchangeoftheFrenchsincethewaristhatthefocusofloyaltyhasbeensteadilynarrowedfrom“extendedfamily”tothe“nuclearfamily”.战后以来，法国人对家庭的忠诚焦点早已从相对的大家庭而稳步缩小，转向了核心家庭。2.Ourextendedfamilyisspreadacrossthecountry.

我们这个大家庭的成员遍布全国。Seealso:nuclearfamily.Words&Phrasesin-group

n.[C]asmallgroupofpeoplewhoshareinterestsorattitudesandshowloyaltytooneanother小集团；自己人团体；圈内e.g.In-groupsourcesattributedthedifficultcircumstancesconfrontedbythehighartlargelytotheunmatchedpromotionwork.

圈内人士认为，高雅艺术面临困境主要是因为宣传工作没有跟上。Antonym:

out-group

e.g.out-groupsources圈外人士

Words&Phraseslifelong

a.

continuingallthroughone’slife

终生的；毕生的e.g.1.Educationwithintheenterpriseisalifelongprocess.企业中的培训是个终生教育的过程。2.Achildhoodjourneysparkedhislifelonginterestinrailways.儿童时代的一次旅行引发了他对铁路持续终生的兴趣。3.Hechosegeneticengineeringtobehislifelongcareer.他选择了遗传工程学作为终生的事业。Words&Phrasesloyalty

n.[U]supportthatyoualwaysgivetosomeoneorsomethingbecauseofyourfeelingsofdutyandlovetowardsthem

忠诚；忠贞；忠心e.g.1.Inthesecountriesloyaltytothefamilyisplacedatapremium.在这些国家人们把对家庭的忠实看得尤其重要。2.Bymakingthebuyingexperienceaspleasantaspossible,thecompanyhelpsboostcustomerloyalty.这间公司尽力使顾客在购物过程中感到愉快，从而提升客户的忠诚度。Wordfamily:

loyal

a.Words&Phrasesindividualist

n.[C]someonewhodoesthingsintheirownwaywithoutworryingaboutwhatotherpeoplethinkordo

个人主义者；我行我素的人e.g.1.Geoffwastoomuchofanindividualisttobeteamcaptain.杰夫过于我行我素了，没法当队长。2.Individualistssaythatyoushouldbeabletowearwhatyouwant.强调个性的人认为人们应该根据自己的想法穿着打扮。Wordfamily:individualism

n.

个人主义；利己主义Seealso:collectivist.Words&Phrasesnuclearfamily

n.[C]afamilyunitconsistingofamother,afather,andtheirchildren

（包括父母和子女的）核心家庭，小家庭e.g.The“nuclearfamily”isanothercharacteristicofAmericanfamilies.“小家庭”是美国式家庭的又一个特征。Seealso:extendedfamily.Words&Phrasesnucleus

n.[C](pl.nuclei)1)thecentralorbasicpartofsomething

核心；中心e.g.1.Intellectualsarethenucleusofthesociety.知识分子是社会的中坚力量。2.Thefortresswasthenucleusoftheancientcity.这城堡是这座古城的中心。2)thecentralpartofanatom,consistingofprotonsandneutrons原子核（由质子和中子构成）e.g.

atomic/cellnucleus原子/细胞核Words&Phrasescore

n.[C]1)themostimportantormostbasicpartofsomething

核心；中心e.g.1.

Emotionistheaestheticcoreofthepaintingart.情感是绘画艺术的美学内核。2.HeisanEnglishmantocore.他是彻头彻尾标准的英国人。2)thepartinsideanobjectthatisnearestitscentre

中心部分e.g.

Theatomhasanucleusatitscore.

在原子的中心有一个原子核。Words&Phrasesmembership

n.

1)[U]thefactofbeingamemberofaclub,organization,orgroup

会员身份；会籍e.g.Theclubmembershipwasoncelimitedtoaristocrats.这个俱乐部成员的资格一度仅给予贵族。2)[C,U]thepeoplewhobelongtoaclub,organization,orgroup

（全体）会员e.g.

1.Themembershipareveryannoyedatyoursuggestion.

会员们对你的建议甚为恼火。2.Membershipoftheclubhasfallenoffthisyear.今年该俱乐部的成员已经减少。Words&Phrasesplaymate

n.[C]

achildwhoanotherchildplayswith

（儿童的）玩伴e.g.

1.Tomwasmychildhoodplaymate.

汤姆是我童年的玩伴。2.Herchiefplaymatewasherdog.她的主要玩伴是她的狗。Words&Phrasesenable

vt.

givesomeonetheabilityoropportunitytodosomething

使能够；使有机会e.g.

1.Listeningtomusicenablesustofeelrelaxed.

听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。2.Thespreadoftelevisionenablesustoenjoythesceneryofforeigncountries.电视的普及使我们能够欣赏国外的乡村景色。Words&Phrasesparental

a.

involvingorprovidedbyparents

父亲的；母亲的；家长的e.g.

1.Toorigidparentalcontrolfostersrebellioninchildren.

父母管教过严会促使子女反抗。2.Themoviewasgivenaparentalguidance(PG)ratinginHongKong,.在香港，该片被评为PG级影片，即需要在父母指导下观看的影片。Wordfamily:parent

n.Words&Phrasesonbehalfof:1)

insteadofsomeone,orasarepresentativeofsomeone

代表某人；代替某人e.g.

1.Johnacceptedthechampionshipawardonbehalfoftheteam.

约翰代表队伍领取冠军奖。2.Onbehalfofallofyourguestshere,Iwishtothankyouforgivingusthisbanquet.我谨代表所有在座的宾客，对你们的盛情款待表示感谢。Words&Phrases2)intheinterestsofsomeone;inordertohelpsomeone;onaccountof为某人之利益；为了帮助某人；为了……的缘故e.g.

1.Thelegalguardianmustactonbehalfofthechild.法定监护人应该维护这个孩子的利益。

2.Heflatlydeclinedtoacceptabriefonbehalfoftheaccused.

他断然拒绝为被告辩护。3.Wecollectedmoneyinbehalfofthehomeless.我们为那些无家可归的人募捐。Words&Phrasesdwellon

/

upon:spendalotoftimethinkingortalkingaboutsomethingunpleasant

详述；强调e.g.

1.Sometimeshismindwoulddwellonthehorrorshehadbeenthrough.有时他会老是想着他所经历过的种种恐怖。2.Heimprovedtheoccasiontodwellontheevilsofdrinking.他趁机大谈喝酒的弊端。3.I'vegotbetterthingstodothandwellonthepast.我有更重要的事情要做，不能老是想着过去。Seealso:dwell.Words&PhrasesSofar,sogood.

usedforsayingthatsomeoneorsomethinghasbeensuccessfuluptothispoint

到目前为止（或就某种范围或程度来说）一切顺利。e.g.

1.Theyarehalffinishedwiththeirproject.Sofar,sogood.

他们已经完成了工程的一半，到目前为止，一切都进展顺利。2.Askedabouthissuccessatcollege,hereplied,"Sofarsogood."有人问起他上大学的情形如何，他答道：“截至目前，一切尚可。”Words&Phrasesbeborninto/to:beborninaparticularsituation,typeoffamilyetc.出生于……；诞生于……e.g.

1.Itisnotgiventomanyofustobebornintoawealthyfamily.

我们中并不是有很多人注定要生在富人之家的。2.Hehappenstobebornintoanerawherethemassmediaisking.

他刚好出生在大众传媒为王的年代。3.Hewasborntothepurple,soheisdestinedtoliveinthepubliceye.

他出身皇室，所以他的一言一行注定要受到公众的注意。Words&Phrasesstandonone’sown(two)feet:behaveinanindependentway,especiallybynotaskingforfinancialhelpfromanyone（尤指经济上）自立，自主e.g.

1.Itriedtostandonmyowntwofeetratherthanturnedtomyparents.

我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。2.Thevotersdon'talwaysagreewithhimbuttheyreallylikethewayhestandsonhisownfeetandmakeshisowndecisionsonwhichwaytovote.

选民们不一定都同意他的观点，但是他们倒很欣赏他在对各种提案投票时的那种独立自主精神。Words&PhrasesSwedish1)a.oforrelatingtoSweden,itspeople,ortheirlanguage瑞典的2)n.[mass]theScandinavianlanguageofSweden,alsospokeninpartsofFinland.Ithasover8millionspeakers

瑞典语SwedenisaNordiccountryontheScandinavianPeninsulainNorthernEurope.SwedensharesborderswithNorwaytothewestandFinlandtotheeast,andisconnectedtoDenmarkbyabridge.ItisthethirdlargestcountryintheEuropeanUnionbyarea,Swedenhasarelativelylowpopulationdensityof21inhabitantspersquarekilometerwiththepopulationconcentratedtothesouthernhalfofthecountry.Sweden'scapitalcityisStockholm,itisalsoSweden'slargestcity.Words&PhrasesSaudiArabia沙特阿拉伯王国（位于阿拉伯半岛）Words&PhrasesTheKingdomofSaudiArabia,foundedin1932,isthethird-largestArabcountry.SaudiArabia'sgovernmenttakestheformofanIslamicabsolutemonarchy.SaudiArabiahastheworld'slargestoilreservesandistheworld'slargestoilexporter.Oilaccountsformorethan90%ofexportsandnearly75%ofgovernmentrevenues,facilitatingthecreationofawelfarestate.Riyadh利雅得（沙特阿拉伯首都）

Words&PhrasesRiyadhisthecapitalandlargestcityofSaudiArabia.ItissituatedinthecenteroftheArabianPeninsulaonalargeplateau.Thecityisdividedinto15municipaldistricts.Amedium-sizedSwedishhigh-technologycorporationwasapproachedbyacompatriot,abusinessmanwithgoodcontactsinSaudiArabia.ASwedishbusinessmancontactedthecorporationbecausehecouldofferopportunitiestodobusinesswithSaudiArabiancompanies.翻译：

有一位瑞典商人和本国的一家中等规模的高科技公司进行了接洽，这位商人在沙特阿拉伯有许多关系良好的客户。LanguagePointsThecompanysentoneoftheirengineers–letmecallhimJohannesson–toRiyadh,wherehewasintroducedtoasmallSaudiengineeringfirm…ThewordSaudiistheadjectiveaboutthecountryofSaudiArabia,usedtodescribethepeopleandrelatedmatters,butnotthelanguage.ItslanguageisArabic,spokenasthemajorl