海运合同与能效

IMOModelCourse4.05EnergyEfficientOperationofShipsLecture2-3:ShippingcontractsandenergyefficiencyHangzhou,China8to9December2016DrZabiBazariEnergyandEmissionsSolutionsLondon,UKShippingcontractsTypeofcontractstobecoveredBillofladingCharterparty/contractofcarriageVoyageChartersTimeChartersDemiseChartersContractsofAffreightmentBillofLadingThebillofladingisalegaldocumentthatgovernstherelationshipbetweentheshipperandthecarrierThereareanumberofbillofladingtypes;forexample:“Endorsedorderbillsoflading”canbetradedasasecurityorserveascollateralagainstdebtobligations.Thereforeabillofladingis:Astandardformdocument.Couldbetransferablebyendorsement.Isareceiptfromtheshippingcompany.Thebillofladingthereforemayperform3functions:Evidencethatthegoodshasbeenreceivedbythecarrier.Evidenceoftheactualcontractofcarriage.Documentoftitletothegoods.Charterparty“Charterparty”or“charter”:Isacontractbywhichtheshipownerletstheshiptoanotherperson.Thecontentwillincludelegalandcommercialaspectsplusadditionalconditionsonhowtheshipwillbeusedoroperated.Thusacharter-partygovernstherelationshipbetweentheship-ownerandthecharterer.Charterpartynormallydealswiththehiringofthefullshipwhilea“contractofaffreightment”dealswithcarriageofgoodsformingonlypartofthecargoandcomingunderabilloflading.CharterpartiesarehighlystandardizedandaregroupedintothreemaintypesVoyagecharterTimecharterDemiseorbareboatcharterVoyagecharterAvoyagecharterisacontractofcarriageforoneormorevoyages.Theshipremainsunderthecontroloftheownerincludingmanning,maintenanceandnavigation.Fuelcostisnormallypaidbytheowner(couldbeotherways).Cargocarriedmayalsohaveabilloflading.Thecontractwillnormallyhavea‘duedispatch’clause.Therearealsoanumberofdays‘laydays’agreedinthecontractfortheloadinganddischargeofthecargo.Forthecommencementoflay-timethreethingsarerequired;Thevesselmustbefittoloadorunload.Shemustbean‘arrivedship’.The‘noticeofreadiness’toloadordischargemustbegiventothecharterer.VoyagecharterUnderatypicalvoyagecharter-party,theshipoperatordecidesoncruisingspeedsoastoarriveattheportattheduedate.Forashiptobean‘arrivedship’themastermusttendhis/her“noticeofreadiness”.Whenarrivedandonce‘laydays’areusedup,fromthentheshipownerisentitledto‘demurrage’.Basedontheabovearrangement,theincentiveisfortheshipownertosailtheshipfasttobesuretobecomean“arrivedship”earlysothatthelaydaysstarttocount.Thefrequentoutcomeofthisprocessisthatshipswillsteamatunnecessaryhighspeedinordertoarriveasearlyaspossible.Thisoftenresultsintheshipsittingatanchororalongsideforlongperiods.Thisprocessworksagainstenergyefficiency.TimecharterTheshipismannedandnavigatedbytheownerbuthercapacityislettothechartererforaspecifiedtime.Chartererhas:Noownershipresponsibility.Noshipmanagementresponsibility.Noshipmaintenanceresponsibility.Itisnormalthatthechartererpaysforthefuelandportcostsbuttheshipownermusttakecareoftheotheroperatingcosts.Timecharterswillnormallyhaveaspeedandfuelwarrantyclausestatingthespeedandfuelconsumptionofaship.Undertimecharter,thecharterercanexercisecontrolonthewaytheshipisusedoroperated.DemisecharterThisisacharterpartyinwhichthecharterertakescontrolofashipasifitishisownship.Itissometimesknownasa‘bare-boat’charterparty.Insuchacharter-party,themasterandthecrewarelikethecharterersemployees.Thedemisechartererisforallpracticalpurposesthetemporaryowneroftheship.The“demisecharter”arrangementisanothergoodexampleofthe‘splitincentive’astheownerwillnotbewillingtoinvestforenergyefficiency.However,insuchcasesthechartererwillhavemorecontrol,thuswillhavemoreincentivetoachieveoperationalenergyefficiencyorpresstheownertoinvest.CharterpartyandsplitincentivesThecharterpartyinanyform(time,voyageordemise)isagoodexampleofthe‘splitincentive’

problem.Theowner:Duetothecontractualrequirements,willtendtooversteamduringthevoyage.Normallydoesnotpayforfuel,thuswillhavenoincentivestosavefuelthrougheitheroperationalimprovementsortechnologicalinvestment..Thecharterer:Paysforthefuelbuthasnoinvestmentcontrolonship;sonoincentivestoinvestinsomebody’selseship.Hasnosignificantoperationalspeedcontrolsespeciallyforvoyagecharterduetonatureofcontracts.Theaboveactasamajorbarrierforenergyefficiencyactivities.ContractofaffreightmentInthistypeofcontract,aship-owneragreestomoveaspecifiedquantityofcargooveraspecifiedperiodoftimefromoneporttoanotherwithoutdesignatingaparticularship.Theshipownerpaysforthevoyagecostsandthevessel.Contractsofaffreightmentareoftensetforaperiodoffeworseveralyears.Suchcontrac