传统费用管理系统

TraditionalCostManagementSystemsChapter4第一页，共七十页。LearningObjective1

Understandjobordercostingsystems.第二页，共七十页。JobOrderCostingSystemAjobordercostingsystemestimatesthecostsofmanufacturingproductsfordifferentjobsrequiredforspecificcustomerorders.Eachindividualjobistreatedasasingleunitofoutput.Whatisanexample?customframes第三页，共七十页。ProcessCostingSystemAprocesscostingsystemisapplicablewhenallunitsproducedduringaspecifiedtimeframearetreatedasoneunitofoutput.Usuallyeveryunitmadeduringthetimeperiodisidentical.Whatisanexample?fiberglass第四页，共七十页。TraditionalJobOrderCostingInatraditionaljobordercostingsystem,detailedrecordsarekeptoftheflowofcostsforeachjob.RawMaterialsWorkInProcessFinishedGoodsLabor&SupportResources第五页，共七十页。LearningObjective2

Understandhowusingjobbidsheetsiseffectiveforestimationproductcostsinajobordercostingsystem.第六页，共七十页。JobBidSheetAjobbidsheetisaformatusedforestimatingjobcosts.Abidsheethasfivedistinctpanels.第七页，共七十页。JobBidSheetPanel1identifiesthecustomer.theproduct,andthenumberofunitsrequired.BidNumber:J4369 Date:July6,2000Customer:MichiganMotorsProduct:Automobileenginevalves(Valve#L181)EngineeringDesignNumber:JDR-103NumberofUnits:1,500第八页，共七十页。JobBidSheetPanel2

listsallthematerialsrequiredtocompletethejob.Materials

Quantity

Price

AmountBarsteelstock3” 3,600lbs $11.30 $40,680Subassembly 1,500 39.00 58,500Totaldirectmaterials $99,180第九页，共七十页。JobBidSheetPanel3

liststheamountofdirectlaborrequiredforthejob.Labor Hours

Rate

AmountLatheoperators 480 $26.00 $12,480Assemblyworkers 900 18.00 16,200Totaldirectlabor 1,380 $26,680第十页，共七十页。JobBidSheetPanel4

containsestimatedforcostdrivercosts.SupportCosts Amount600machine-hours@$40/hour $24,0001,380directlaborhours@$36/hour 49,680Totalsupportcosts $73,680第十一页，共七十页。JobBidSheetPanel5

showsthetotalcostsestimatedforthejob.

Directmaterial $99,180 Directlabor 28,680 Supportcosts 73,680 Totalcosts $201,540第十二页，共七十页。JobCostsandMarkupAssumingthatthemarkuprateis25%,whatisthebidpriceperunit?Totalcosts $201,540Add25%markup 50,385Bidprice $251,925Unitcost $134.36Unitprice $167.95第十三页，共七十页。LearningObjective3

Usecostdriverratestoapplysupportactivitycoststoproducts.第十四页，共七十页。DeterminationofCostDriverRatesWhatisacostdriverrate?Itistherateatwhichsupportactivitycostsareappliedtoindividualjobs.ActivityCostDriverRate=NormalCostofSupportActivityNormalLevelofCostDriver第十五页，共七十页。DeterminationofCostDriverRatesWhatarenormalactivitycosts?Normalactivitycostsarethecostsoftheresourcescommittedtotheparticularactivity.Whatisthenormallevelofthecostdriver?Thenormallevelofthecostdriveristhelong-termcapacitymadeavailablebytheamountofresourcescommittedtotheactivity.第十六页，共七十页。DeterminationofCostDriverRatesDeterminingrealisticcostdriversrateshavebecomeincreasinglyimportantinrecentyears.Why?Becausesupportcostsnowcomprisealargeportionofthetotalcosts.第十七页，共七十页。DeterminationofCost

DriverRatesSupportactivitycostsarecausedbythelevelofcapacityofeachactivitythatismadeavailable.Activitycostdriverratesshouldbecalculatedbasedonthenormalcostperunitoftheactivitylevelcommitted.第十八页，共七十页。LearningObjective4

Discusswhycostsystemswithmultiplecostdriverratesgivedifferentcostestimatesthancostsystemswithasinglerate.第十九页，共七十页。NumberofCostPoolsHowmanycostpoolsshouldtherebe?Aseparatecostpoolshouldbeusedifthecostorproductivityofresourcesisdifferentandifthepatternofdemandvariesacrossresources.Theoptimalnumberofcostpoolswillchangeovertimeasanorganizationchanges.第二十页，共七十页。LearningObjective5

Evaluateacostsystemtounderstandwhetheritislikelytodistortproductcostsandexplaintheimportanceofrecordingactualcostsandcomparingthemwithestimatedcosts.第二十一页，共七十页。RecordingActualJobCostsInadditiontopreparingbids,jobordercostaccountingsystemsalsorecordcostsactuallyincurredonindividualjobs.Thisprocessallowscomparisonofactualcostswiththeestimatedcoststodeterminewhetherunexpectedvariationsoccurredinthequantityofpricesoftheresourcesused.第二十二页，共七十页。RecordingActualJobCostsWhenthecompanyreceivesthecustomer’sorder,itpreparesthematerialsrequisition.MaterialsRequisitionDate:August2,2000NoteNumber:M47624From:MachiningDepartmentApprovedby:MikeMachina(MachiningSupervisor)

SteveStuart(StoresSupervisor)JobNumber:J4369EngineeringDesign:JDR-103第二十三页，共七十页。RecordingActualJobCostsAmaterialsrequisitionnoteliststhematerialsrequiredtobeginproduction.

IdentificationDescription

Quantity

Rate

Amount

Number24203Barsteel720lbs$11.50$8,280.00stock3”第二十四页，共七十页。RecordingActualJobCostsWhatisatimecard?Atimecardisaformusedtorecordthehoursspentbyeachworker,eachdayorweek,ondifferentjobs.Whatisajobcostsheet?Itisaformforrecordingactualcostsofajob.第二十五页，共七十页。

JobCostSheetJobNumber:J4369 Date:August12,2000Customer:MichiganMotorsProduct:AutomobileenginevalvesEngineeringDesignNumber:JDR-103Numberofunitsordered:1,500Panel1第二十六页，共七十页。

JobCostSheetPanel2MaterialRequisitionNumber

Description

Quantity

Rate

Amount

47624Barsteel720lbs$11.50 $8,280.00stock3”A35161Subassemblies290units38.00 $11,020.00Totaldirectmaterialscost $19,300.00第二十七页，共七十页。

JobCostSheet

Dates

Number

Hours

Rate

Amount8/2,8/3,8/4,8/5 M16 24 $28.00 $672.008/2,8/3,8/4,8/5 M18,M19,M20 64 26.00 1,664.008/6,8/7,8/8,8/9,8/10 A25,A26,A27 120 18.00 2,160.008/6,8/7,8/8,8/9,8/10 A32,A34,A35 60 17.00 1,020.00Totaldirectlaborcost 268 $5,516.00Panel3第二十八页，共七十页。

JobCostSheetPanel4

SupportCosts Amount117Machinehours@$40perhour $4,680.00268Directlaborhours@36perhour 9,648.00

Totaloverheadcost $14.328.00第二十九页，共七十页。Totalcost $39,144.00Numberofunitsproduced 290Costperunit $134.98Projectedunitcost $134.36

JobCostSheetPanel5第三十页，共七十页。LearningObjective6

Appreciatetheimportanceofconversioncostsandthemeasurementofcostsinmultistagecontinuous-processingindustries.第三十一页，共七十页。MultistageProcessCostingSystemsWhatiscontinuousprocessing?Itisaprocessinwhichproductionofrelativelyhomogenousproductsflowsfromonestagetothenext.Ateachsuccessiveprocessstage,thereisfurtherprogresstowardconvertingtherawmaterialsintothefinishedproduct.第三十二页，共七十页。MultistageProcessCostingSystemsWhatismultistageprocesscosting?Itisasystemfordeterminingproductcostsinmultistageprocessingindustries.Whataresomeexamplesofmultistageprocessingindustries?chemicalsbasicmetalspharmaceuticals第三十三页，共七十页。MultistageProcessCostingSystemsIncontinuousprocessing,itisnecessaryfirsttodeterminecostsforeachstageoftheprocessandthentoassigntheircoststoindividualproducts.Thecostsofthematerialinputrequiredatvariousstagesareidentified.第三十四页，共七十页。MultistageProcessCostingSystemsWhatareconversioncosts?Theyarethecostsofproductionlaborandsupportactivitiestoconvertthematerialsorproductateachprocessstage.Conversioncostsareappliedtoproductsastheypassthroughsuccessiveprocessstages.第三十五页，共七十页。LearningObjective7

Understandthesignificanceofdifferencesbetweenjobordercostingandmultistage-processcostingsystems.第三十六页，共七十页。JobOrderandMultistageProcessCostingMultistageprocesscostingsystemshavethesameobjectivesasjobordercostingsystems.Bothtypesofsystemsassignmaterial,labor,andmanufacturingsupportactivitycoststoproducts.Therearealsoimportantdifferencesbetweenjoborderandmultistageprocesscosting.第三十七页，共七十页。JobOrderandMultistageProcessCostingWhatarethedifferences?Differencescanbegroupedintofourmajorpoints.ProductionProductionrequirementsCostVariances第三十八页，共七十页。JobOrderandMultistageProcessCostingInjobordercostingproductioniscarriedoutindifferentjobs.Inmultistageprocesscosting,productioniscarriedoutcontinuously,semi-continuously,orinlargebatches.第三十九页，共七十页。JobOrderandMultistageProcessCostingInjobordercosting,production

requirementsaredifferentforthedifferentjobs.Inmultistageprocesscosting,production

requirementsarehomogeneousacrossproductsorjobs.第四十页，共七十页。JobOrderandMultistageProcessCostingInjobordercosting,costs

aremeasuredforindividualjobs.Inmultistageprocesscosting,costsaremeasuredforindividualprocessstages.第四十一页，共七十页。JobOrderandMultistageProcessCostingInjobordercosting,variancesbetweenactualandestimateddirectmaterialanddirectlaborcostsaredeterminedforeachindividualjobs.Inmultistageprocesscosting,variancesbetweenactualandestimatedcostsaredeterminedforindividualprocessstages.第四十二页，共七十页。LearningObjective8Understandthetwo-stageallocationprocessandservicedepartmentallocationmethods.第四十三页，共七十页。Two-StageCostAllocationTraditionalcostaccountingsystemsassignoperatingexpensestoproductswithatwo-stageprocedure.Whatisthisprocedure?Inthefirst

stage,expensesareassignedtoproductiondepartments.Inthesecond

stage,expensesareassignedtotheproducts.第四十四页，共七十页。Two-StageCostAllocationWhatareproductiondepartments?Theyaredepartmentsthathavedirectresponsibilityforconvertingrawmaterialsintofinishedproducts.Whatareservicedepartments?Theyaredepartmentsperformingactivitiesthatsupportproduction.第四十五页，共七十页。Two-StageCostAllocationTotalIndirectCosts$1,550$50$100$200$300$400$500ServiceDepartmentsProductionDepartments第四十六页，共七十页。Two-StageCostAllocationServicedepartmentcostsareallocatedtoproductiondepartments.ServiceDepartmentsProductionDepartments$50$100$200$425$550$575第四十七页，共七十页。Two-StageCostAllocationProductionDepartmentsProductiondepartmentcostsareallocatedto jobsandproducts.Job1Job2Job3$425$550$575第四十八页，共七十页。EndofChapter4第四十九页，共七十页。Appendix第五十页，共七十页。Stage1AllocationDirectallocationmethod:Allocatesservicedepartmentcostsdirectlytoproductiondepartmentsonly.Sequentialmethod:Allocatesservicedepartmentcoststooneservicedepartmentatatimeinsequentialorder.Reciprocalmethod:Usessimultaneousequations.第五十一页，共七十页。Stage1AllocationThefollowinginformationpertainsto“TheBicycleShop”.Theshophastwoproductiondepartments,AssemblyandMachining,andtwoservicedepartments,SchedulingandAdministration.第五十二页，共七十页。Stage1AllocationTotalnumberofhours=48,000Totalnumberofemployees=24Schedulingisallocatedusingnumberofmachinehours.Administrationisallocatedusingnumberofemployees.第五十三页，共七十页。Stage1Allocation

Scheduling

AdministrationDepartmentcosts $60,000 $49,200Hours 3,000 1,000No.ofemployees 4 2第五十四页，共七十页。Stage1Allocation

Assembly

MachiningDepartmentcosts $260,000 $180,000Hours 22,000 22,000No.ofemployees 12 16第五十五页，共七十页。DirectMethodHowmuchisallocatedtoeachproductiondepartment?TheallocationofSchedulingtoAssemblyis:22,000÷44,000×$60,000=$30,000TheallocationofSchedulingtoMachiningis:22,000÷44,000×$60,000=$30,000第五十六页，共七十页。DirectMethodTheallocationofAdministrationtoAssemblyis:12÷18×$49,200=$32,800TheallocationofAdministrationtoMachiningis:6÷18×$49,200=$16,400第五十七页，共七十页。

Assembly

MachiningDepartmentcosts $260,000 $180,000Scheduling($60,000) 30,000 30,000Administration($49,200) 32,800

16,400Total $322,800 $226,400DirectMethod第五十八页，共七十页。SequentialMethodTheallocationofAdministrationtoSchedulingis4÷22or18%×$49,200=$8,856.TheallocationofAdministrationtoAssemblyis12÷22or55%×$49,200=$27,060.TheallocationofAdministrationtoMachiningis6÷22or27%×$49,200=$13,284.第五十九页，共七十页。SequentialMethod

Department Allocated

costs

costsAdministration $49,200 ($49,200)Scheduling 60,000 8,856Assembly 260,000 27,060Machining 180,000 13,284Schedulingcoststobeallocatedbecome$60,000+$8,856=$68,856第六十页，共七十页。SequentialMethodTheallocationofSchedulingtoAssemblyis22÷44or50%×$68,856=$34,428.TheallocationofSchedulingtoMachiningis22÷44or50%×$68,856=$34,428.第六十一页，共七十页。

Assembly

MachiningDepartmentcosts $260,000 $180,000Administration($49,200) 27,060 13,284Scheduling($68,856) 34,428

34,428