2022-年考研英语(二)真题及答案

2022年考研英语（二）真题及答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

HarlanCobenbelievesthatifyou'reawriter,you'llfindthetime;andthatifyoucan'tfind

thetime.thenwritingisn'tapriorityandyou'renotawriter.Forhimwritingisa(1)normaljob

—ajoblikeanyother.Hehas(2)compareditwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumber

doesn*t

wakeupandsaythathecan'tworkwithpipestoday.

(3)If,likemostwritersthesedays,youYeholdingdownajobtopaythebills,itsnot(4)

easytofindthetimetowrite.Butitsnotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationand

single-mindedness.(5)Rememberthatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhenthey

were

doingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly(6)well-knownoften

havetodootherworkto(7)supplementtheirwritingincome.

AsHarlanCobenhassuggestedifsa(8)questionofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority

youllhaveto(9)sacrificesomeofyourday-to-day-activitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.

Dependingonyour(10)interestsandyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstime

watching

televisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite(11)whiletheylistentomusic.

You

mighthaveto(12)cutdownontheamountofexerciseorsportyoudo.You'llhavetomake

socialmediaan(13)occasionalactivityratherthanadaily,time-consuming(14)habit.There'll

probablyhavetobelesstimewithyourfriendsanlesstimewithyourfamily.It'sa(15)gentle

learningcurve,anditwon'talwaysmakeyoupopular.

There'sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,(16)inadditiontoyour

writing—andthafsreading.Andwriteneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;ifs

the

one(17)indispensablesupporter—somethingyoucan'tdowithout.

Timeisfinite,theolderyouget,the(18)harderitseemstogo.Weneedtouseitso

carefullyandas(19)productivelywecan.Thatmeansprioritizingoutactivitiessothatwe

spend

mosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.IfyouYeawriter,thatmeans—(20)aboveall—

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,

B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Onarecentsunnyday13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown's40windsweptacresin

ShinerTexas.SomerestintheshadeofaparkedcarOthersdrinkwaterwiththecows.This

all

seemsrandom,butit'sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionUS.eggindustrybetswillbeits

nextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.

Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestill

labeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey'realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusing

regenerativeagriculture-specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhouse

gases.

Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.

"I’mexcitedaboutourprogress,"saysBrown,whoharvestseggsforDenver-based

NestFreshEggsandisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickens

to

eat.Thebirds,wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforagefor

higher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupply

to

ourcustomers.11

Theeggindustry'spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerative

farmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggs

went

frombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.More

recentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhave

exploded

intomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopen

the

floodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.

Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,

saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaState

University

Brandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts

(though

someproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).

Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchas

free-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthat

youngergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessof

plant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotectthe

environment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,MsaysJohnBrunnquell,presidentof

Egg

Innovations.uTheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventhey

understandwhatthey*redoing.”

21.theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced

A.ataconsiderablylowcost

B.atthedemandofregularshoppers

C.asareplacementfororganiceggs

D.onspeciallydesignedforms

22.LarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogressin

A.redactingthedamageof

B.accelerationthedisposalofguest

C.creatingasustainablesystem

D.attractingcustomerstohisproducts

23.theexampleoforganiceggsisusedintheparagraph4tosuggest

A.thedoubtstoovernaturalfeeds

B.thesetbreaksintheeggsindustry

C.thepotentialofregenerativeproducts

D.thepromotionalsuccessofsupermarkets

24.itcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople

A.arereluctanttochangetheirdiet

B.arelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs

C.arecuriousaboutnewfood

D.areamazedatagricultureadvances

25.JohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts

A.marketsprospects

B.standarddefinition

C.nutritionalvalue

D.moralimplication

Text2

MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatensto

upendtheoldworkforcemodel.

OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40have,orplantohaveajobinretirementto

prepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.

Even

moresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfofuunretireesM-thosewhoplantoworkinretirementor

wentbacktoworkafterretiring-saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearsevenifthey

had

enoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.

Financialneedsaren'ttheonlyculpritforthe"unretiremenftrend.Otherreasons,according

tothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomor

avoidingdepression."Theconceptofretirementisevolving"，saidChristineRussell,senior

managerofretirementatTDAmeritrade."It*snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalso

drivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement."Onereasonforthechangeinretirement

patterns:AmericansarelivinglongerOlderAmericansarealsothefastest-growingsegmentof

the

USworkforce.

Thepercentageofretirement-agepeopleinthelaborforcehasdoubledoverthepastthree

decades.About20%ofpeople65andolderwereintheworkforceinFebruary2019,upfroman

all-timelowof10%inJanuary1985accordingtomoneymanagerUnitedIncomeBecauseof

longerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,the

TD

Ameritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2000adultsbetween40to79.

Sixin10"unretirees'1areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife.Amongthe

mostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverall

expenses,

securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Unfortunately,

manypeoplewhomareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyare

worriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,SaloBrentWeiss,aco-founderat

Baltimore-basedfinancialplanningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretireesshould

speak

withafinancialadvisortosetlongtermfinancialgoals."Themostchallengingmomentsinlife

aregettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring"Weisssaid."It'snotjustafinancial

decision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan'tretire.'*

26.ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat

A.overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforwork

B.theoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungerone

C.oneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirement

D.moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirement

27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat

A.retirementmaycauseproblemsforthem

B.boredomcanberelievedafterretirement

C.thementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked

D.^unretiremenfcontributestotheeconomy

28.Retirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto

A.laborshortages

B.populationgrowth

C.longerlifeexpectancy

D.risinglivingcosts

29.Manyretireesareincreasingtheirsavingsby

A.investingmoreinstocks

B.takingupoddjobs

C.gettingwell-paidwork

D.spendingless

30.Withregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare

A.unpreparedB.unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiastic

Text3

Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthe

timesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamless

signup

processbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcan

be

complicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseare

examplesofdarkpatterns.

Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,Mdarkpatterns"isacatch-all

termforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityof

users.

O,Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrom

misdirectionandhiddencoststouroachmotel/*whereauserexperienceseemseasyand

intuitive

atthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.

Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthatabout

onein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdark

patternsis

stillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsand

try

toavoidthegrayareastheyengender.

Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?Businessesshould

engageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacy

policy,

andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsible

for

thecompany'suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsiblefor

sign-ups,

checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingor

avoiding"digitaldeception.M

Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,

mostrecentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedthe

approval

ofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethat

consumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights/*

The

regulationsaimtobandarkpatterns—thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing

"confusing

languageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlisten

to

reasonswhytheyshouldn,toptout.”

Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreater

accountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedona

self-regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegal

requirementsbutalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.

31.ltcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns

A.improveuserexperience

B.leakuserinformationforprofit

C.undermineusers'decision-making

D.remindusersofhiddencosts

32.The2019studyandarkpatternismentionedtoshow_

A.theirmajorflaws

B.theircomplexdesigns

C.theirseveredamage

D.theirstrongpresence

33.Tohandledigitaldeceptionbusinessshould

A.listentocustomerfeedback

B.talkwithrelevantteams

C.turntoindependentagencies

D.relyonprofessionaltraining

34.TheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendto_

A.guideuserthoughopt-outprocesses

B.protectconsumersfrombeingtricked

C.grantcompaniesdataprivacyright

D.restrictaccesstoproblematiccontent

35.Accordingtothelastparagraphakeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis.

A.newlegalrequirements

B.businessself-discipline

C.strictregulatorystandards

D.consumers'safetyawareness

Text4

Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessons

canactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratory

testsor

sometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inat

least

onereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.

Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession'simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethis

particularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,a

philosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students'attitudesonthetopicare

variable

andunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateating

less

meatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthe

studentsin

fourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionally

watchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalf

focusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unbeknownsttothestudents,theresearchers

studied

theiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester—nearly14,000receiptsforalmost

500

students.

Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthat

ethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvoting

rates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussed

meat

ethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent—andthiseffectheld

steadyforthestudy'sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat

52

percent.

“That'sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,nSchwitzgebelsays.

Strohmingeragrees:"Thethingthatstillblowsmymindisthattheonlythingthat'sdifferent

betweenthesetwocasesisjustthatonedayinclass.HShesaysshewantstheeffecttobe

realbut

cannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,Strohmingernotes,itmight

be

reversiblebyanothernudge:"Easycome,easygo.”

Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence-classmatesor

teachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,

showingitas

achievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Least

rousing,

hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authors(UniversityofKansas'sBradford

CokeletandPrincetonUniversity'sPeterSinger)sayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowthe

researchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,T.A.s'eatinghabitsandstudents*

videoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel—whohadpredictednoeffect—willbeeatinghis

words.

36.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare_.

A.hardtodetermineB.narrowlyinterpreted

C.difficulttoignoreD.poorlysummarized

37.Whichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearcherstostudymeat-eating?

A.Itiscommonamongstudents.

B.Itisabehavioreasytomeasure

C.Itisimportanttostudents'health

D.Itisahottopicinethicsclasses

38.EricSchwitzgebePspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicsprofessors.

A.areseldomcriticaloftheirstudents

B.arelesssociablethanotherprofessors

C.arenotsensitivetopoliticalissues

D.arenotnecessarilyethicallybetter

39.NinaStrohmingerthinksthattheeffectoftheinterventionis_

A.permanentB.predictableC.uncertainD.unrepeatable

40.EricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudentschangeinbehavior_.

A.canbringpsychologicalbenefits

B.canbeanalyzedstatistically

C.isaresultofmultiplefactors

D.isasignofself-development

PartB

Directions:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitable

subheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwo

extrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.Makeitahabit

B.Don'tgoitalone

C.Startlow,goslow

D.Talkwithyourdoctor

E.Listentoyourbody

F.Gothroughthemotions

G.Roundoutyourroutine

Movingyourbodyhasbeenshowntoreduceanxietyanddepression,lowerratesofmany

typesofcancerandtheriskofaheartattack,andimproveoverallimmunity.Italsohelpsbuild

strengthandstamina.

MOREONSTAYINGFIT

TheMajorHealthBenefitsofEvenModestExerciseBestWaystoWorkOutonaTreadmill

AHomeExercisePlanThatReallyWorksHowtoUseYourHeartRatetoHelpYouWorkOut

BestEquipmentforaHomeGym

Gettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsand

in-personexerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedaysbecauseofCOVID-19

concerns,it

canbetrickytoknowwheretostart.Andit'simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity."Too

muchtoosooneitherresultsininjuryorburnout,"saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberin

Gettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-person

exerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedaysbecauseofCOVID-19concerns,itcan

be

trickytoknowwheretostart.Andit'simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity."Toomuchtoo

sooneitherresultsininjuryorburnout,"saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthe

kinesiologydepartmentatIndianaUniversityInBloomington.

Followthisadvicetoreturntoexercisesafely.

41.C.Startlow,goslow

Don'ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesa

day,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof

10

reps,reduceactivityto1/mileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshort

walks

onotherdays,oruse5-pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.

Increasetime,distance,andintensitygradually."Thisisn'tsomethingyoucandoovernight/1

Denaysays.

Butyou'llreapbenefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.

42.E.Listentoyourbody

Ifyou*rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goa

littlelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalertto

serioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,or

faintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.

43.A.Makeitahabit

Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.

Tenminutesofactivityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysical

therapistattheUniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommend

walkingbecauseit'stheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbea

workouton

itsown,ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractiv-ity,

walkingisalsoagreatfirststep.

44.F.Gothroughthemotions

Evenifyoucan'tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves.Withorwithouta

cluborracket,swinglikeyouYehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyou'reinakayakorcanoe.Mimic

yourfavoriteswimmingstrokes.Theactionwill-remindyouofthejoytheactivitybroughtyou

andprimeyourmusclesforwhenyoucangetoutthereagain.

45.B.Don'tgoitalone

Exercisingwithothers“cankeepyouaccount-ableandmakeitmorefun,soyouYemore

likelytodoitagain,M-Jackovitzsays.

Youcandoactivitiessuchasgolfandtennisortakeawalkwithothersandstillbesocially

distant.Butwhenyoucan'tconnectinperson,considerusingtechnology.Chatonthephone

with

afriendwhileyouwalkaroundyourneighborhood.FaceTimeorZoomwitharelativeasyou

strengthtrainorstretchathome.

Youcanalsojoinalivestreamoron-demandaexerciseclass.SilverSneakersoffersthem

forolderadults,ortryEverWalkforvirtualchallenges.Editor'sNote:Aversionofthisarticle

alsoappearedintheJanuary2021issueofConsumerReportsOnHealth.

SectionIIITranslation

46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.Writeyourtranslationonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(15points)

Althoughwetryoutbest,sometimesourpaintingsrarelyturnoutasoriginallyplanned.

Changesinthelight,thelimitationsofyourpaintingmaterials,andthelackofexperienceand

techniquemeanthatwhatyoustartouttryingtoachievemaynotcometolifethewaythatyou

expected.

Althoughthiscanbefrustratinganddisappointing,itturnsoutthatthiscanactuallybegood

foryou.Unexpectedresulthavetwobenefits:youprettyquicklylearntodealwith

disappointment

andrealisethatwhenonedoorcloses,antheropens.Youalsoquicklylearntoadaptand

comeup

withcreativesolutionstotheproblemsthepaintingpresentsandthinkingoutsidetheboxwill

becomeyoursecondnature.

Infact,creativeproblem-solvingskillsareincrediblyusefulindailylife,withwhichyouare

morelikelytobeabletofindasolutionwhenaproblemarises.

尽管我们尽了自己最大的努力，但有时我们的绘画成品并不像原来计划的那样。光线的

变化、你所采用的绘画材料的限制以及缺乏经验和技巧，都意味着你最初努力去达到的可能

呈现出来和你预想的方式不一样。

尽管这