文献翻译-电子商务（适用于外文翻译+中英文对照）

山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文1-本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：ElectronicCommerce文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：ElectronicCommerceElectroniccommerce,orElectronictrade,orelectronicbusinessasanewlyrisingmodeofcommercewillhavefar-reachinginfluenceonsocialeconomyandplayanimportantroleinsocialdevelopmentworldwide.Itrepresentsthetrendofworldtradeinthe21stcenturyandbeyond.1.WhatisElectronicCommerce?Electroniccommercereferstocommercialdataexchangeindigitalformthroughelectronictransmissionmeansandcommercialactivitiesconductedon-line.Usually,electroniccommercecanbedividedintotwolevels:Oneislow-levelelectroniccommercethatis,electroniccommercialintelligence,electronictrade,andelectroniccontracts.Anotherishigh-levelelectroniccommercewhichincludesallcommercialactivitiesdoneviaInternet,rangingfromsearchingforclients,commercialnegotia-tion,makingorders,on-linepayment,releasingelectronicinvoice,toelectronicdec-larationtoCustoms,electronictax-payment,allconductedonInternet.Electroniccommercemeanselectrificationofalltradetransactions.Itisfeaturedbythesecharacters:①fairnessandfreedom,②highefficiency,③globalization,④virtualization,⑤interactivity,⑥autonomy,⑦personalizedservice.Withelectroniccommerce,clientsandsupplierscancloselyandconvenientlycontactwitheachotheronaglobalscale,sothatclientscanfindsatisfactorysuppliersfromallcomersoftheworldtomeettheirdemands.Electroniccommercewillchangetheenvironmentinwhichenterprisescompetewitheachotherandreducecostswhichwouldotherwisebehighintraditionalmarketstructure.Lowcostsintransactions,convenienceinmarketentryandgovernmentencouragementtouseInternet(exemptionfromtax)activateelectroniccommerceandboostittodeveloprapidlyrightfromitsbeginning.Asexpertspredicted,by2000,electroniccommercewouldreachascaleof300billionUSdollarsworldwide.Andithasexceededthisscale.Toensuresecurityofelectroniccommerce,anelectroniccertificationcentershouldbeestablished.DigitalIDisusedtovalidateidentity.Digital11istrustedtoathirdparty,namely,anauthorizedagency,torelease,includingidentifyinginforma-tionoftheholder(name,address,liaisonway,IDcardnumber),anencryptivekeyforcommonusebythebothparties,periodofvalidity,passwordandidentificationin-formationoftheauthorizedagency,etc.WithdigitalID,bothpartiesintransactionscanbeassuredofidentifyingtheotherpartyandvalidatethattheinformationsentoutfromtheotherpartyhasnotbeensubjecttoalteration.2.InfluenceThatElectronicCommerceMayHaveComparedwithtraditionalcommerce,electroniccommercehassuperioritiesasfollows*Extensivecoverage.AnetworksystemcombiningInternet,Intranet(localareanetworkinsideenterprises)andExtranet(networksoutsideenterprises)enablesbuy-ers,sellers,manufacturersandtheirpartnerstocontactwitheachotherandconven-ientlytransmitcommercialintelligenceanddocumentsworldwide.*Completefunctions.Inelectroniccommerce,usersofdifferenttypesandondif-ferenttierscanrealizedifferenttargetsintrade,forexample,releasingcommercialintelligence,on-linenegotiation,electronicpayment,establishmentofvirtualcom-mercialmarketplaceandon-linebanking,etc.*Convenienceandflexibilityinuse..BasedonInternet,electroniccommerceisfreefromrestrictionbyspecializedprotocolfordataexchange.Transactionscanbeconductedconvenientlyoncomputerscreen,byusinganytypeofPCs,atanyplacearoundtheworld.*Lowcost.Useofelectroniccommercecancutdowncostsforhiringemployees,maintainingwarehouseandstorefront,expenseforinternationaltravelandpostagetoagreatextent.ThecostforusingInternetisverylow.Electroniccommercewillhavesubstantialinfluenceonsocialeconomy:*Electroniccommercewillchangethewaypeopleusedtotakeincommercialac-tivities.Throughnetworks,peoplecanentervirtualstoresandbrowsearound,selectwhattheyareinterestedin,andenjoyvariouson-lineservices.Ontheotherhand,merchantscancontactwithconsumersthroughnetworks,decideonbuyingingoods(categoriesandquantities)andperformsettlementofaccounts.Governmentagenciescanperformelectronictenderingandpursuegovernmentpurchasethroughnetworks.*Thecoreofelectroniccommerceispeople.Itisasocialsystem.On-lineshop-pingchangesthewayofpeople'sdailylifeandfullyembodiesautonomyofconsum-ersintrade.*Electroniccommercechangesthewayenterprisesproducetheirgoods.Throughnetworks,manufacturersknowmarketdemanddirectlyandmakearrangementofproduction,inaccordancewithconsumers'need.*Electroniccommercedramaticallyraisesefficiencyoftrade.Intermediatelinkscanbecutdown;costsforsaleswillbereducedtominimum.Productioncanbear-rangedin"smallbatchesplusdiversevarieties",and"zerostock"willbereality.*Electroniccommercecallsforreformationofbankingservices.Newconceptslikeon-linebank,on-linecashcardandcreditcard,on-linesettlementofaccounts,electronicinvoice,electronic"cash"-consumerswillnolongerusetherealcashwhenshopping-willbecomereality.*Electroniccommercewillchangegovernmentbehavior.Called"on-linegov-ernment",anon-lineadministrationplaystheimportantroleofasocialchannel,maintainingorderandfairnessanddetectingandcrackingdownon-linefraud.3.ThePresentSituationofElectronicCommerceinDevelopedCountriesInthemid-1990s,whenInternetexperiencedexplosivedevelopmentandmicro-computersenteredhomesingreatnumbers,computernetworksbecameanindispen-sablepartofpeople'sdailylife.Peopleexpectformoreinterestsandconveniencebroughtinbycomputernetworks.ElectronicCommerceemergedjustintime.Inde-velopedcountries,governmentstimelymadepoliciestoboostelectroniccommercetopracticaluseanddominantpositioninanewroundofworldwidecompetition.In1998,InternethelpedtheUnitedStatestocreateproductiveoutputof507bil-lionUSdollars,nationalincomeof301billionUSdollars,and1.2millionjobop-portunities;ofthese,electroniccommercecreatedanincomeof100billionUSdollars.Internethasbe-comethefirstbigindustrywithyearlyproductiveoutputincreasingby60%，andaccountingfor6%ofGDP.ServiceexportfromtheUnitedStateshasat-tained160billionUSdollarseachyear,anditispredictedthatitcancompensatetradedeficitincommoditytrade.Internetplayedanimportantroleinpromotingex-portfromtheUnitedStates:in1999,books,automobilesandservicesweresoldthroughelectroniccommercetoforeigncountries,exceeding102billionUSdollars.AdvocatedbytheUnitedStates,132membersofWTOdecidedtoturnInternetintoafreetradezonewithinatleastone-yearterm.Somecountriesandorganizationsscrambledtoworkoutdevelopmentframeworkforelectroniccommerceandmadelawsandregulationsfordevelopingelectroniccommerce.In1996,theUNConfer-enceonTradeandDevelopmentpassed"ModelLawofElectronicCommerce".InDecember,1996,theUSgovernmentissued"PolicyFrameworkforGlobalElectronicCommerce"．InApril1997,EuropeanUnionissued"ProposalforElectronicCom-merceinEurope"．OnJuly11997,USPresidentClintonpromulgated"AframeworkforGlobalElectronicCommerce"whichhashadgreatinfluenceonglobalelectroniccommerce.InMay1998,WTOministerconferencepassed"AManifestoonGlobalElectronicCommerce",andinSeptember1998,WTOgeneralcouncilpassed"SchemeforElectronicCommerceWork"．InOctober1998,UNOrganizationofEconomyandCooperation＆Development(OECD)heldministerconferenceatOttawa,Canadaonelectroniccommerce,whichispraisedasamilestoneofglobalelectroniccommerce.InSeptember1999,GlobalBusinessDialogonElectronicCommerce(GBDE)washeldinFranceandis-sued"ParisProposal"．InDecember1999,theUnitedStatesissuedanotherInternetcommercestandard.ElectroniccommerceintheUnitedStatestakesthereinofthetradeintheworld.Atpresent,thereare60millionsubscribersofInternetintheUnitedStates.Morethan98%ofpurchasingmanagersseektargetson-line.Asestimated,by2002,thevalueinvolvedintransactionsdonethroughelectroniccommercebetweenUSenterpriseswillaccountfor6.1%ofGDP.Fortunemagazine'sstatisticsshowthe500topcom-paniesintheworldallengagedinon-linebusiness.25%ofincometoIBM(about20billionUSdollars)isrelatedwithelectroniccommerce.Thankstoelectroniccom-merce,IBMsaveditsexpensesof250millionUSdollarsduring1999.HPCompanydesignateditselectronicCommercesolutionasE-world-anelectronizedworld.Thissolutionisorientedtomedium-andsmall-sizeenterprises,andgreatinvestmentwasmadetothirdparties-softwarecompaniestodevelopsoftwaresuitedformedium-andsmall-sizeenterprisestoengageinelectroniccommerce.Intelplacesitsriskyinvest-mentmainlyonInternetandelectroniccommerce.InJuly1998,Intelbeganon-linetransactionsItsmonthlybusinessturnelectroniccommercereachedonebillionUSdollars.AsasurveymadebyEuropeanInformationTechnologyObservationshows,ofthesurveyed570companies,47%haveimplementedelectroniccommerceofsomesorts,and4/5ofthembegantheirelectroniccommerceinthelatesttwoyears.Execu-tiveCommitteeofEuropeanUnionplansatleast25%ofitspurchasedonethroughelectroniccommerceby2001.In1998,inAustralia,websitesrelatedwithelectroniccommerceonInternetdoubledinnumber,and11%ofAustralianenterpriseshavetheirwebsites.80%ofAustraliancompaniesuseInternettotransmitE-mailsandconductcommercialactivities.In1998,Singaporegovernmentpromulgated，forelectroniccommerce.SingaporeistheonlycountryinSoutheastAsiathatformallyjoinedthe"RightsandObligationElectroniccommerceIncooperationwithUSmanufacturersandfirms,SingaporeestablishedanelectroniccommerceentryinAsia,providingcomprehensiveBusiness-to-Business(BtoB)service,soastoenableAsiantradecompaniestoentertherankofglobalelectroniccommerce.4.DevelopmentofElectronicCommerceinChinaExplorationinelectroniccommerce,governmentalandcivilbeganin1993inChina.Today,electroniccommercehasfounditsapplicationsinforeigntrade,Cus-toms,financeandcommerce.LocalframeworkshavebeenestablishedinBeijingandShanghaiforelectroniccommerce.Someelectroniccommercewebsiteshavebeenopenedtoon-lineshoppingandon-linesettlementofaccounts.TheMinistryofForeignTradesetupinFebruary1996ChinaElectronicCom-merceCenterresponsibleforresearch,construction,andoperationofinternationalelectroniccommerceprojectinCTheCenterestablished"ChinaCommodityTradeMarket"onInternet,toputrichresourcesofgoodsinChinatoworldmarket,openingnewchannelforourexports.Thesubject"SecurityProofofElectronicCommerce"asakeyiteminscienceandtechnologyduringth9thFive-yearPlanperiodwasap-praisedinearly1996byStateDepartmentofScienceandTechnologyandStateEn-cryptiveCodeAdministration,whichlaidafoundationforestablishingasafeandnormalenvironmentforelectroniccommerceinourcountry.InMarch1999,theMinistryofInformationIndustryapprovedtheelectroniccommercialnetworkofpharmaceuticsandhealthasamodelprojectofelectroniccommerceforalltrades.ItisoneofthesixspecializednetworksinChina,whichpro-videall-directionserveofmarketinformation,producttransaction,warehousinganddelivery,andaccountsettlement,etc.InShanghai,in1999,"ShanghaiAdministrativeCenterofElectronicCommerceSecurityCertificate"wassetup,whichprovidesecurityplatformforelectroniccom-merceandisresponsibleforapplication,appraisal,makingandmanagementofdigitalcertificatedomesticandforeignclientsinShanghai,andoffersservicessuchascerti-ficationofdigitalidentityanddigitalsignature,electronicnotarization,secureE-mailandsecureencryption,etc.InJanuary1thefirston-linebookstoreinChina-ShanghaiBookCityOn-linestandard.ItprovidesVISAcardholdersandcard-holdersofdomesticGreatWallcard,Dragoncard,PeonycardandPacificcardwithinstantandauthorizedsecurityservice.ThemeasuretakeninBeijingtodevelopelectroniccommerceistobuildacapitalelectroniccommercecity.InNovember1998,thecapitalelectroniccommerceprojectformallyactivated,andaframe-workformallyshowedoff.TheLegendComputerCompanyopeneditselectroniccommercesysteminJune1999,andwebsites8848,sina,163,allactivatedtheirelectroniccommerce.InApril2000,sponsoredbytheMinistryofInformationIndus-try，NationalEconomyandTradeCommission,andChinaCouncilforPromotionofInternationalTrade,the4thChinaInternationalElectronicCommerceConferencewasheld.Stateleadersandsuperintendentsofvariousministriesandcommissionsjoinedtheopeningconference.Mr.Levy,secretaryofCommercialDepartmentoftheUSgovernmentledadelegationoffamousUSenterprisesandmedia,totallymorethan100persons,tojointheconference.Morethan60seminarswereheldduringtheconference,todis-cussextensivetopicsonelectroniccommerce.Despitealltheseefforts,companiesengagedinelectroniccommerceserviceinChinasufferlossesintheirB-to-Cbusiness(BreferstoBusiness,CreferstoCon-sumers).SomeChineseexpertsattributethistoChineseshoppinghabit-Chinesecon-sumerstreatshoppingasaninterestinghobby;theyenjoythepleasureofspendingtheirmoneythroughappreciatingandcomparingmerchandise,andbargaining;butallthesewillvanishfromon-lineshopping.Otherexpertsattributethisphenomenontotheubiquitousincredulityinsociety-bankscan-notinterconnecttheirbusinessbe-causetheyfeartheircustomerswillbecapturedbytheirrivals;cashcardscannotbepopularizedbecausebanksdonottrustcivilians;andciviliansdonotliketodoon-lineshoppingbecausetheydonottruston-linestores,…etc.Why？That'sbecausemanythingson-lineandinsocietyarefalse,forex-ample,falsenumberofsubscribers,falsestatisticsofaccessflux,shoddygoods,forgeddiploma,shamcurriculumvitae,shaminvestment,shamlisting,falserevenuetolistedenterprises,etc.Suchanover-allenvironmentwillnotchangewithinalongperiodoftime.Insuchenvironment,nocommercialactivitycanbedone.ManyITpractitionersaredisheartenedwithelec-troniccommerceinourcountry.5.ProspectsofElectronicCommerceAlthoughdevelopingrapidlyandseemingtohavebrilliantprospects,electroniccommercefacesaseriesofrealproblems,forexample,problemsinvolvingsecurity,technology,expense,legalsystem,taxsystem,conception,protectionofprivacy,in-frastructure,etc.However,electroniccommerceisthemainstreamofenterprisesinthenewcenturyandwilldeveloprapidlyinthecomingyears.Somecompaniespre-dictthatby2003,electroniccommercebetweenenterprisesindevelopedcountrieswillaccountforover9%ofthetotalturnover（1,300billionUSdollars）,andinconsumerelectroniccommercetheturnoverwillattain76.3billionUSdollarsby2002.Andasexpertspredicted,electroniccommerceinChinawillcatchupwithde-velopedcountriesontheaveragelevel,in10years.Theysuggested3to5yearsbespentonworkingoutplans,policiesandregulationsnecessaryfordevelopingelec-troniccommerce,buildingsubstantialandtangibleelectroniccommercesystems,fos-teringspecializedtalents,optimizingoftheelectroniccommercesystemsinsometradesandareas;andthen5to7yearsbespentonlinkingwithinternationalelec-troniccommercetoenableourelectroniccommercesystemasanimportantcompo-nentofinternationalelectroniccommerce;popularizingofelectroniccommerceinapplication,raisingelectroniccommerceinourcountrytoahigherlevelinresearch,developmentandapplication,totheaveragelevelindevelopedcountries.ThefollowingdescriptiontellswhatmajorI/estrategiessomemajormanufactur-ersintheworldaretakingindevelopmentofelectroniccommerce.IBM:IBMisthepioneerthatheldupthebannerofelectroniccommerceasanewapplicationofInternet.Inpeople'smind,IBMisnownotonlymanufacturerofmain-frames,PCs,servers,softwarebutalsothe“godfather"ofelectroniccommerce.IBMhasalwaysbeendedicatedtopromotingsecurecommerceovertheInternet.Itsin-comefromsellingservershasaccountedfor60%ofitstotalin-come.IBMnotonlyprovidesproductsforlarge-scaleapplicationsofsecure,efficient,reliableelectroniccommerceandpaymentoverInternet,butalsoforsmallelectronicbusinessaswell.IBMMicroPaymentsanapplicationenablingbuyerstopurchaselowcostitemsoverInternet-isanotherexampleofhowIBMisexpandingtonewareasofcommerce.Byenablingbillingservers,contentprovidersandothermerchantstoprofitablysellitemsforevenafewcents,IBMopensupawholenewmarket.IBMMicroPaymentsallowsbuyers,sellersandbillingsystemstosellcontent,information,andservicesoverInternet,forsmallamounts.IBM'scommitmenttoelectroniccommerceandelectronicbusinessmakesitaleaderintheareaofelectronicpayments.AnautomatedcompilertooltransformsexistingHTMLpages,creating"clickandpay"linkswitheitherfixedordynamicprices.Contentandserviceprovid-erscantakeadvantageoftheextensivesetofAPIsandauthoringtoolstoextendIBMMicroPaymentsavailablefromOEMs.BillingserverscaneasilyintegratetheIBMMicroPaymentsapplicationwithexistingbillingsystemsanduseittoattractcontentprovidersandopennewsourcesofrevenue.IBMMicroPaymentsprovidesscalabilityandinteroperability,whichallowswidespreadavailabilityacrossInternet,includingmulti-currencyandmultilingualsupport,andlowoperationalcostsiteasilysupportstransactionsaslowasonecent.SUN:SUNasagloballeadingsuppliertreatsInternetnotonlyatoolbutalsoanewmodeofcommerce.SUNhasprovidedveryflexiblesolutionstocommercialaf-fairsforBBC,ETRADE,FederalExpress,FirstAuction,FruitoftheLoom,Kodak,ThomasCook,Virgin.Microsoft:Microsoftaimsathelpingenterprisestosetupmorepowerfulrelationwiththeirclientsandpartnersbythreemeans:(I)Windows2000,BackOffice,SiteServer,Biztalk,etc;(2)MSN(intheUnitedStates,morethan40%webusersaccessMSN,andconsumerscanconductcomparativestudywhenbuyingarticlesandser-vices);(3)PartnersprovidecustomerswithvariousproductsandservicesonMi-crosoftMSNplatform,realizingelectroniccommercesolutions,includingsettlingaccount,payingtax,shopping,logistics,purchasing,accounting,ERP(ElectronicRemoteProcessing)andEDI(ElectronicDataInterchange),etc.SiteServerandBiztalkarethetwomajorproductsofMicrosoftadoptedinexist-ingsystemforenterprisestodevelopelectroniccommerce.SiteServerisusedforconstructingwebstores,basedondata-itenablestheclienttoeasilyrealizeon-linecatalog,buying/sellingorder,exchangeofdocumentsforpromotingsale,etc.Disre-gardingwhatplatform,operatingsystemortechnologyusedinlowlayer.Novell:Novelldefinesitselfas"NETServiceSupplier"after2000.ThewordNETincludesintranet,extranet,Internet,companynet,publicnet,cablenet,wirelessnet.Itsaimistobreakouttheexistingservicedomaininwhichmostsoftwareproductscanprovideservicesonlyinaspecificenvironmentorforaspecificprocedureorserver(ratherthanthewholenetwork)．Novell'snetworkservicesoftwareNDSeDirectoryasanucleushelpsclientstoreducecomplexityofbusinessonnetwork,andimprovesecurity,sothatitenablesnetwork,applicationsandbusinessprocessingtoadapttoelectroniccommerce,andthusspeeduptheirtransfertoelectroniccommerce.SCO:SCO’sTarantellaisthebestsolutionforexistinguserstoconductelectroniccommerce.Userscanuseonlyabrowsertoaccessanyapplicationsofplatformsinbackcounter,withouttheneedofre-writingexistingapplications,intheirefforttotransfertheirbusinesstoelectroniccommercialmode.Toensureelectroniccommercetocontinuallyoperate,SCOprovidesanincessantclustersolutionbasedonUNIXWARE7.Thisproductiseasytouse,easytomanageanditscostisone-tenthoflarge-scaleproductofthesamesortformainframeswhileitsperformancedoubles.Itisasecuritysolutionwithhigherperformance/costratioamongthesamesortforelectroniccommerce.

TivoliSystemsInc.todayannouncedTivoliBusinessSystemsManager,anew,fullyintegratedsolutionthatallowsbusinessestomanagetheirITenvironmentsfromthetopdown,creatingapowerfulviewofbusinesssystemsmanagement.

TheTivoliBusinessSystemsManagersolutionprovidesuswithbusinessviewsandcontrolmechanismstomanageallofourdistributedITresourcesintheretail,bankingandelectroniccommerceenvironments-includingsystemresources,data-bases,applicationservers,webserversandelectroniccommerceapplications-fromonecentrallocation.TheGraphicalUserInterfaceallowsustomonitorallofourre-sourcesonasinglescreen,regardlessofgeographicallocation.

CombiningthefeaturesofTivoliGlobalEnterpriseandTivoliManagerforOS/390,TivoliBusinessSystemsManagerprovidestrueend-to-endenterprisemanagementfromoneconsole,simplifyingtheadministrationofheterogeneousenvironments.TivoliBusinessSystemsManagerenablescustomerstomanageandcontrolmultipleapplicationsthatarerequiredfordifferentbusinessfunctions.山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文中文译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。它代表了世界贸易的趋势在21世纪和以后。1.什么是电子商务？电子商务是指商业数据交换以数字形式通过电子传送手段和进行的商业活动在网上进行。通常情况下，电子商务可以分为两个层次：一个是低层次的电子商业就是电子商业情报，电子贸易，电子合同。另一个是高层次电子商务，其中包括所有商业活动的开展通过互联网，从寻找客户，商业negotia化，使订单，网上付款，释放电子发票，电子十二月宣言海关，电子税务付款，所有在互联网上进行。电子商务是指所有电气化交易。这是精选的这些字符：①公平和自由，②高效率，全球化③，④虚拟化，⑤交互性，⑥自主权，⑦个性化的服务。电子商务，客户和供应商可以方便地联系密切，彼此在全球范围内，从而使客户可以找到令人满意的供应商来自所有来者不拒的世界，以满足他们的要求。电子商务将改变环境，使企业互相竞争和降低成本的本来是很高的传统市场结构。在交易成本低，方便进入市场和政府鼓励使用因特网（豁免税）启动电子商务和推动它迅速发展权从一开始。正如专家预测，到2000年，电子商务将达到规模300billion美元全球。它已经超过了这一规模。为了确保安全，电子商务，电子认证中心应设立。数字证书是用来验证身份。数字11是一个值得信赖的第三方，即授权机构，发布，包括确定信息的持有人（姓名，地址，联系方式，身份证号码），一个关键的encryptive共同使用的双方，有效期，密码和识别信息的授权机构，等等数字编号，双方的交易中可以放心确定等党和验证的信息发出了从另一方当事人没有受到改建。2.电子商务的优势如下:*广泛报道。一个网络系统相结合的互联网，内联网（局域网内的企业）和外联网（网络以外的企业）可以购买者，销售商，制造商和其合作伙伴相互联系和公约iently转交商业情报和文件，全世界。*功能完备。电子商务中，用户的不同类型和不同的差异不一样可以实现不同层次的贸易目标，例如，释放商业情报，在线谈判，电子支付，建立虚拟COM，商业市场和网上银行，等*方便和灵活的使用..基于互联网的，电子商务是不受制约的专门协议的数据交换。交易可以进行方便的电脑屏幕上，通过使用任何类型的电脑，在任何地点，任何世界各地。*成本低。利用电子商务可以降低成本，雇用的员工，保持仓库和店面，国际旅行费用和邮费在很大的程度上。费用使用Internet非常低。电子商务将有重大影响的社会经济：*电子商务将改变人们使用采取商业交流tivities。通过网络，人们可以进入虚拟商店和社区周围，选择他们感兴趣的，并享受各种网上服务。另一方面，商家与消费者可以通过网络，决定购买的商品（类别和数量），并执行清算帐目。政府机构可以进行电子投标，并通过推行政府采购网络。*核心的电子商务人。这是一个社会制度。网上商店平改变了人们的日常生活，充分体现自主性consum物贸易。*电子商务改变了企业生产的货物。通过网络，了解市场需求，制造商直接和安排生产，根据消费者的需要。*电子商务大大提高贸易效率。中间环节可以降低成本，销售将减少到最低限度。生产可氩不等“小批量多品种多样”和“零库存”将成为现实。*电子商务呼吁改革的银行服务。新概念，例如网上银行，网上现金卡和信用卡，网上结算，电子发票，电子“现金”，消费者将不再使用时的实际现金购物将成为现实。*电子商务将改变政府的行为。所谓的“网上政务，ernment”，一个网上政府发挥的重要作用的社会通道，维持秩序和公平和侦查和打击网上欺诈。3.现状电子商务发达国家在90年代中期，当互联网经历爆炸性发展和微型计算机进入家庭大量，计算机网络成为indispen，塞布尔的一部分人民的日常生活。人们期待更多的利益和便利所带来的计算机网络。电子商务的出现正是时候。扫雷发育，各国政府及时提出政策，以推动电子商务的实际使用和主导地位的新一轮全球竞争。1998年，互联网帮助美国创造生产出了507胆红素狮美元，国家收入301亿美元,1.2百万就业运算portunities;这些，电子商务创造的收入为100亿美元。互联网已经成为来的第一大产业，每年生产产量增加了60％，占GDP的6％。服务出口从美国在涉及一千六百点零亿美元每年，它是预测，它可以弥补贸易赤字的商品贸易。互联网发挥了重要作用，促进前港口来自美国：1999年，图书，汽车和服务通过电子商务销售的外国国家，超过一千零二十○万点零万美元。所倡导的美国，132个世贸组织成员的决定将互联网变成一个自由贸易区范围内至少有一名，任期一年。一些国家和组织纷纷制定发展电子商务框架，并提出法律和法规的发展电子商务。1996年，联合国会议时室贸易和发展组织通过了“示范法的电子商务”。去年12月，1996年，美国政府发表了“政策全球电子商务框架”。1997年4月，欧盟发表了“关于电子商务在欧洲”。在1997年7月1日，美国总统克林顿颁发的“全球框架电子商务“这有很大的影响全球电子商务。1998年5月，世贸组织大臣会议通过了“的宣言对全球电子商务”，并于1998年9月，世贸组织总理事会通过了“电子商务计划工作”。1998年10月，联合国组织的经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）举行记者招待会上，加拿大渥太华关于电子商务，这是称赞的一个里程碑全球电子商务。1999年9月，全球商业对话的电子商务（GBDE）是在法国举行的是，起诉“巴黎的建议”。1999年12月，美国发布了另一项因特网商务标准。电子商务在美国采取的遏制的贸易在世界上。目前，有6000万用户的互联网在美国。超过98％的采购经理人寻求的目标线。据估计，到2002年，参与的价值交易通过电子商务的美国企业将占到国内生产总值的6.1％。财富杂志的统计数据显示，500顶端COM-panies在世界上所有从事网上business.25％，IBM公司的收入（约20亿美元）是与电子商务。由于电子商务，IBM公司节省了开支二万五千点零万美元1999年期间。惠普公司指定其电子商务解决方案，电子世界，一个电子化的世界。这个解决方案是面向中型和小型企业，以及巨大的投资是向第三方软件公司开发的软件适用于中型和小型企业从事电子商务。英特尔将其风险投资的主要是互联网和电子商务。1998年7月，英特尔开始在网上交易的每月业务转向电子商务达到100亿美元。作为一项调查所作的欧洲信息技术观察显示，被调查的570家公司，47％已实施电子商务的一些种类，以及4月5日开始了他们在电子商务的最新两年。Execu性欧洲联盟委员会的计划，至少25％的采购通过电子商务的2001年。于1998年，在澳大利亚，网站与电子商务对互联网的人数增加了一倍，11％的澳大利亚企业自己的网站。80％的澳大利亚企业使用因特网来传输电子邮件和进行商业活动。1998年，新加坡政府颁布，为电子商务。新加坡是唯一的东南亚国家，正式加入了“权利和义务电子商务的合作，美国制造商和公司，新加坡设立了一个电子商务项目在亚洲，提供全面的企业对企业（B到b）服务，所以使亚洲的贸易公司进入排名全球电子商务。4.电子商务发展的中国探索电子商务，政府和民间自1993年开始在中国。今天，电子商务已经发现及其应用在外贸，海关，金融和商业。当地的框架已经建立了在北京和上海的电子商务。一些电子商务网站已开始对网上购物和网上结算帐目。外贸部成立于1996年2月我国电子商务中心负责研究，建设和运作的国际电子商务项目的CT他在中心设立“中国商品交易市场”在互联网上，把丰富的资源中的货物中国向世界市场，开辟新的渠道，我们的出口。主题为“安全证明电子商务”作为一个重要项目在科学和技术在th9th个五年计划期间的AP-称赞在1996年初由国家科学技术部和国家恩cryptive代码管理，这奠定了基础为建立一个安全和正常的环境，电子商务在我国。1999年3月，信息产业部批准的电子商业网络的制药和健康作为一个示范项目，以及电子贸易对所有行业。这是一个6个专门网络中，这有利于视频全方位服务的市场信息，产品交易，仓储和交货和结算等在上海，在1999年，“上海管理中心电子商务安全证书”成立，以提供安全平台，电子商务，并负责申请，评估，决策和管理的数字证书国内外客户在上海，并提供服务，如认证fication的数字身份和数字签名，电子公证，安全电子邮件，安全的加密，等1月1日第一次在网上书店中，上海书城网上标准。它提供持卡人和信用卡持有者国内长城卡，龙卡，牡丹卡和太平洋卡，即时和授权的安全服务。采取的措施在北京发展电子商务是建立一个资本电子商务城市。1998年11月，首都电子商务工程正式启动，并框