2023学年完整公开课版Carbs1232019年秋季

Welcomebackeveryone!

Nicetoseeyouall!Carbohydrates

糖类

Weeks1,2&3Easywarmup热身

Tellusaboutyourholidays.告诉我们你的假期.Usethepasttense.

用过去式.Forexample:Iwenttothebeachwithmyfamily.例如：我和我的家人去了海边.Translationgame翻译游戏HowmanysynonymsinChinesecanyouthinkoffortheEnglishword?你能想到多少中文的同义词呢？Eg-Change更改,变化,改变,变更,变,更换,改,转变,换,转换,改动,演变GameFoodDrink

Answers答案Game游戏，比赛，对抗，玩，运动，玩耍Food食物，食品，粮食，美食，进食，吃的Drink

饮料，喝，酒，饮用，饮品，干杯饮茶

NowfromChinesetoEnglish我想有

Myexpectations我的期望EveryonehasadifferentlevelofEnglish.每个人的英语水平都不同。Iwouldlikeyoutoknowthecolouredwordsandtellmeinenglishasmalldefinitionaboutthem。我想让你知道颜色的单词，用英语告诉我一个关于他们的小小的定义.PLEASEASKMEQUESTIONS!!!请问我问题!!!Anyquestions?有问题吗Ifyouhaveanyquestionspleaseaskmyselfortheotherteacher.有问题？可以问老师。Whatdoesthiswordmean?这个单词什么意思？Howdoyousay.......inEnglish?英语怎么说........？

Idon'tunderstandthis.Couldyouhelpme?我听不懂看不懂？Semesteroutline学期计划Carbohydrates1,2,3

糖类Lipids4,5脂肪Proteins6,7,8蛋白质Reviewclass9复习Test#110测验Glycolysis11糖酵解Citricacidcycle12

柠檬酸循环Diabetes13糖尿病Enzymes14,15酶Physiology16生理Revision17复习Test#218测验Yourhomework你的作业Iwillgiveyouvocabtorevieweachweek.我会给你词汇每周复习。Thisisyourhomework.这是你的作业。Grammar语法nouns名词metabolismadjectives形容词metabolicverbs动词metaboliseadverbs副词metabolically

Metabolismmetabolisesfoodintoenergyusingdifferentmetabolicpathways.词汇&句型Adjectivesmicrobial微生物passive被动的active主动的high高low低介词from从to到with顺against逆Verbs动词grow生长increase增加decrease减少inhibit抑制consume消耗cross通过move移动use使用allow允许tobe(is/are)是Nouns名词microbe微生物bacteria细菌nutrients营养素molecules分子transport运输mechanism机制concentration浓度gradient梯度growth生长energy能量cellmembrane细胞膜type/kind类型English

&BiochemistryBiochemistryhasalanguageofitsown.生化学有它自己的语言。LearningbiochemicalEnglishwordsisachallenge.学习生化英语单词是一个挑战。Focusontheprefixesandsuffixes.注意前缀和后缀。Prefixes&Suffixes前缀&后缀Englishusesmanyprefixesandsuffixes.英语使用许多前缀和后缀。un-前缀in-前缀re-前缀

-tion名词的后缀-ic形容词的后缀-ism名词的后缀Prefixes&Suffixes前缀&后缀Scientificlanguageusesmanyprefixesandsuffixes.科学语言使用许多前缀和后缀。micro-(small)微小

macro-(big)大intra-(inside)里面/内

hyper-(over/more)多

lipo-(fat)脂glyco-(sugar)糖mono-(one)单

di-(two)

双-cellular(cell)细胞

-lysis(breakdown)解

-saccharide(sugar)糖

-ose(sugar)糖-ase(enzyme)酶Scientificlanguageiseasy!Lookattheprefixand/orsuffixandguesstheword'smeaning.查看前缀和/或后缀并猜测单词的含义.lipolysis,biomolecule,monosaccharide,hyperglycemic糖酵解，大分子，双糖Biochemistryintroduction

生化学介绍

Vocabulary词汇

biochemistry生化(学)baɪəʊˈkɛmɪstrɪmacromolecule(s)大分子mækrəʊˈmɒlɪˌkjuːlcarbohydrate(s)糖类(碳水化合物)

kɑːbəʊˈhaɪdreɪtsugar(s)糖类ʃʊgərmonosaccharide(s)单糖mɒnəʊˈsækəˌraɪd;-rɪdVocabulary词汇

glucose葡萄糖ɡluːkəʊz;-kəʊsstructure(s)结构strʌktʃəproperty(ies)性质prɒpətɪreducingsugar(s)还原糖rɪˈdjuːsɪŋʃʊgər

(toreduce还原)watersoluble水溶于

wɔːtəˈsɒljʊbəlbond(s)键

bɒnd(tobond结合)Bio

meansliving.生物手段生活。Chemistryisthestudyofchemicals.化学是化学研究。Biochemistry

(biochem)

isthestudyofchemicalreactionsinlivingorganisms.

生物化学(生化)是对生物体内化学反应的研究.Biochemistryintro生化学介绍Macromolecules大分子Macro-

meansbig/large.Moleculeswithmanyatomsaremacromolecules.

有很多原子的分子是大分子。1-carbohydrates糖类2-lipids&fats脂类

3-proteins蛋白质4-nucleicacids核酸

areallmacromolecules.

都是大分子。氨基酸核酸碳水化合物脂肪酸Carbohydrates糖类Carbohydratesaremadeof3elements.

糖类由3个元素组成.

1)Carbon碳CARB2)Oxygen氧O3)Hydrogen氢HYDRATECARB-O-HYDRATE

[kɑːrboʊˈhaɪdreɪt]Carbohydratesintroduction

碳水化合物介绍Carbohydratesareimportantforenergystorage&use,nucleicacids&cellularstructure.糖类对储能&使用、核酸&细胞结构都很重要.Starch&sugarareimportantcarbohydratesinourdiet.淀粉&糖是我们饮食中重要的碳水化合物.Carbohydratefunctions

碳水化合物功能1)Carbohydratescanbemetabolisedtoprovideenergyforcells.

糖类可以代谢为细胞提供能量.

葡萄糖碳水化合物蛋白质脂肪能量分子2)

StructureofRNAandDNARNA和DNA的结构The5-carbonmonosaccharideriboseisapartofcoenzymes.5-碳单糖核糖是辅的一部分.RiboseanddeoxyribosearethebackbonesofRNAandDNA.核糖和脱氧核糖是RNA和DNA的重要组成部分.

核糖脱氧核糖3)Structureincellwallsofbacteria.

细菌细胞壁结构.在细胞膜外面支持和保护单元TypesofCarbohydrates

糖类的种类saccharide糖类

=

carbohydrate.Saccharideshavefourchemicalgroups:

糖类有四个化学组:1)Monosaccharidesaremadeof1sugar.(Mono单)单糖是由1个糖组成的.2)Disaccharidesaremadeof2sugars.(Di双)双糖是由2个糖组成的.TypesofCarbohydrates

糖类的种类3)Oligosaccharidesaremediumlength(2-10)chainsofsugarsjoinedtogether.(Oligo寡)寡糖是中等长度(2-10)的糖链连接在一起。4)Polysaccharidesarelongchainsofsugarsjoinedtogether.(Poly多)多糖是长链的糖连接在一起。Visuallearners....单糖双糖多糖Oligo-saccharide寡糖所有的碳水化合物有这些分子：Monosaccharides单糖

Monosaccharidesarethesimplestformofsugarandareusuallycolorless,water-soluble,andsolids.单糖是最简单的糖类形式,通常是无色、水溶性和结晶性固体。Theyarethebuildingblocksforlongersugars(di&polysaccharides).它们是长糖(双&多糖)的基石。FunctionalGroups功能组

Acarbonylgroupisafunctionalgroupmadeofacarbonandoxygendouble-bondedtogether(C=O).羰基基团是由碳和氧原子双粘合在一起(C=O)组成的官能团。Prefixes&Suffixes:C(carbon)O(oxygen)H(hydrogen)FunctionalGroups功能组

Ahydroxylgroup(OH)containsanoxygenbondedtohydrogen.一个羟基(OH)含有与氢有重粘结的氧。A

carboxylgroup(C(=O)OH)includesadoublebondedoxygenandhydroxylgroup.一个羧基

(C(=O)OH)包括一个双重结合氧和羟基组。FunctionalGroups功能组

羟基羰基羧基羧基羰基羟基羟基羰基羧基葡萄糖果糖半乳糖单糖Eachcarbon(C)atomhasahydroxyl(-OH)group.每一个碳原子有一个羟基组.The1stcarbonhasanaldhydegroupattached.第一碳有一个醛类附着。葡萄糖半乳糖果糖Glucose葡萄糖Glucoseisa6-carbonmonosaccharidemonomer.葡萄糖是一种6-碳单糖单体.Glucoseisstoredasapolymer,inplantsasstarch&inanimalsasglycogen.葡萄糖被储存作为聚合物,在植物作为淀粉&在动物作为糖原.Glucosestructure葡萄糖的结构Glucoseisa6carbonmonosaccharidewith5hydroxyl(OH)groups.葡萄糖是6碳单糖与5个羟基.C-1ispartofanaldehydegroupH(C=O).

第一碳是醛类的一部分.Cyclicstructure环式结构Openchainstructure开链结构openchainformop开链形式chainform循环形式cyclic在这节课不太重要Properties性质Physicalproperties物理性质:-Glucoseiswatersoluble,colorless,solid&hasasweetodouratroomtemperature.葡萄糖在室温下是水溶性的、无色的、固体的、甜味的。Chemicalproperties

化学性质:

-Itisareducingsugar.它是一种还原糖.-Itcanbeusedin

glycosidationtomakediandpolysaccharides.它可用于糖苷的生产双糖和多糖的制备。Configuration配置(不太重要)

Thetwoisomersofglucosewillgraduallyrotatethepolarizationdirection.两异构体葡萄糖将逐渐旋转极化方向.Thetwo(stereo)isomershavetheprefixesD-andL-.两个异构体有前缀D-和L-.configuration配置D-葡萄糖L-葡萄糖Reducingsugar还原糖Areducingsugarisasugarthathasafreealdehydeorketonegroup.还原糖是一种有游离醛或酮基团的糖。Allmonosaccharidesarereducingsugars,alongwithsomedisaccharides.所有的单糖是非还原糖糖,一些双糖也是这样.hemiacetalhydroxyl半缩醛羟基羟基在下面羟基在上面α-葡萄糖β-葡萄糖羟基在上面羟基在下面葡萄糖异构体α-葡萄糖β-葡萄糖Ketoses酮糖

Ketoseshavethecarbonylgroupawayfromtheendofthemolecule.酮糖的羰基基团远离分子的末端。Allmonosaccharideketosesarereducingsugars.所有的单糖酮都在还原糖.

awayfromtheendattheend在分子的末端远离分子的末端葡萄糖果糖Aldoses醛糖Analdoseisamonosaccharidewithanaldehydegroupattheendandotherhydroxylgroups.醛糖是一种单糖，由末端一个醛基，其它一些羟基组成。醛糖酮糖Functions功能Glucose

isanenergysource

forcellularrespiration.葡萄糖是细胞呼吸的能量来源.GlucoseismetabolisedtoATP.

葡萄糖代谢ATP.Glucoseisalsoacarbonsourceforotherbiomolecules.

葡萄糖也是其他生物分子的碳源.Glucosecanalsobeconvertedtofat.葡萄糖也可以转化为脂肪.Applications应用Liquidglucoseisusedinfoodprocessingindustryasasweetener,thickener,infoodpreservation&tokeepfoodsmoist.液态葡萄糖被用作食品加工业中的一种甜味剂,稠料,食品保鲜&保持食品湿润。Fructose

果糖Fructoseisaketoneandamonosaccharide.果糖是一种酮和单糖。

葡萄糖果糖Properties性质Physicalproperties物理性质:-Fructoseishighlywatersoluble,colorless,solid,hasasweetodourandissolid.

果糖是高水溶性,无色,有一个甜美的气味固体.Chemicalproperties

化学性质:-Itisareducingsugar它是一种还原糖.-Itcanbeusedin

glycosidationtomakediandpolysaccharides.果糖可用于糖苷中的双糖和多糖的制备。Functions功能Fructosealsofunctionsasanenergysource.果糖也作为一种能量来源起作用。Sucroseisbrokendownintoglucose&fructose.蔗糖分解成葡萄糖&果糖.Itisabsorbedinthesmallintestine.它被吸收在小肠里。糖类摄取单糖小肠小肠肠绒毛糖类在小肠摄取毛细血管去肝脏氨基酸肽类果糖脂肪酸小肠Applications应用Comercially,fructoseisderivedfromsugarcane,sugarbeets,andcorn.从商业上来说,果糖来源于甘蔗、甜菜和玉米。Fructoseisaddedtofoodsanddrinksfortasteenhancement,andforbrowningofsomefood(bakedgoods).果糖添加到食品和饮料中，增强口感,并某些食品变成褐色(烘培商品)。葡萄糖果糖乳糖蜂蜜蔗糖麦芽糖半乳糖高果糖玉米糖浆糖的相对甜度Sugars&ezymes糖类&酶Thenamesofthemonosaccharidesanddisaccharidesoftenendinthesuffix-ose.单糖和双糖的名称通常以后缀

-ose.Glucose,lactose,sucrose.

葡萄糖,乳糖,蔗糖.Enzymesthatbreakdownthesesugarshavethesuffix-ase.分解这些糖的酶有后缀-ase.Lactasebreaksdownlactose.

乳糖酶分解乳糖.Fillintheblanks填空

...arethesimplestformofsugarsandareusuallycolorless,water-soluble,andcrystallinesolids.

...是最简单的糖类形式,通常是无色、水溶性和结晶性固体。...havethecarbonylgroupawayfromtheendofthemolecule....的羰基基团远离分子的末端。A...group(...)containsoxygenbondedtohydrogen.一个...(..)含有与氢有重粘结的氧。...isa6-carbonmonosaccharidemonomer.

...是一种6-碳单糖单体.复习段生化学有许多前缀&后缀。糖类是大分子,是重要的细胞结构和能量储存。单糖,如葡萄糖和果糖,是水溶性还原糖。Reviewparagraph

Biochemistryhaslotsofprefixes&suffixes.Carbohydratesaremacromoleculesthatareimportantforcellularstructureand

energystorage.Monosaccharides,likeglucoseandfructose,arewatersolublereducingsugars.Wash洗Spray喷发胶Trim修剪Comb梳Dye染色Blowdry吹干Cut理发Straighten拉直Curl卷曲Compliments夸奖Youlookfabulous/greattoday你今天看起来很极好/棒Iloveyournewhaircut/shoes/boyfriend我爱你的新发型/鞋/男朋友That'sabeautiful/lovelybracelet这是一个可爱的手镯You'reagenius!天才I'msojealous!我很羡慕对赞美的回应Chainspelling连锁拼写Sayaword.Thenextwordmuststartwithlastletterofthepreviousword.说一个单词.下一个单词需要以上一个单词的最后一个字母开头。E.g-house,eat,time,everything,goodThereare2teams.有两个队。Eachteamhas1minutetosayasmanywordsaspossible.

每个队只有1分钟说单词。。。。Wordmemory文字记忆Onestudentsaysoneword一个学生说一个单词.Thenextstudentaddsanotherword.Thiscontinuesuntilastudentmakesamistake.这种情况一直持续到学生犯错。Iwenttotheparkto....我去了公园...Iwenttotheparktorun我去了公园去跑步

Iwenttotheparktorun,walk跑步，散步Iwenttotheparktorun,walk,eat...

跑步,散步,吃...

Vocab词汇生化(学)大分子碳水化合物/糖类单糖葡萄糖结构性质还原糖

键

Vocabulary词汇Biochemistry生化(学)

Macromolecule(s)大分子

Carbohydrate(s)糖类(碳水化合物)

Sugar(s)糖类

Monosaccharide(s)单糖

Glucose葡萄糖

Structure(s)结构

Property(ies)性质Reducingsugar(s)还原糖

Watersoluble水溶于

Bond(s)键

Reviewquiz复习测验

1)Whataresomeexamplesofmonosaccharides?单糖的例子是什么？2)Whichsugarshavethecarbonylgroupawayfromtheendofthemolecule?哪种糖的碳基团远离分子的末端？3)Whatsuffixesdosomesimplesugarshave?有一些糖有什么后缀？4)Whatisapropertyofglucose?葡萄糖的性质是什么？5)Whataresomedifferenttypesofcarbohydrates?

糖类不同的类型是什么？6)Whataresomeexamplesofmacromolecules?大分子的例子是什么？Answers答案1)Glucose,fructose&galactoseareallmonosaccharides.2)Ketoseshavethecarbonylgroupawayfromtheendofthemolecule.3)Simplesugarshavethesuffix-ose.E.g.glucose4)Glucoseisawatersolublereducingsugarandsolidatroomtemperature.5)

Mono,di,oligoandpolysaccharidesarealltypesofcarbohydrates.6)Carbohydrates,lipids,proteins&nucleicacidsareallmacromolecules.造句Adjectiveswatersoluble介词from从to到with顺against逆Verbs动词use使用tobe(is/are)是Nouns名词biochemistry生化(学)nutrients营养素molecule分子monosaccharidereducingsugarglucosefructoseKing/QueenoftheclassTheteacherwillshowapicture,studentsmustsaytheenglishwordforit.老师会展示一张照片，学生需要说英文单词。Thefirstpersontosaythewordisthewinner.第一个说这个词的人就是胜利者。Thewinnerremainsstandingupthefront.

赢家仍然站在前面.Carbohydrates

糖类Week2Vocab词汇disaccharide(s)双糖

daɪˈsækəˌraɪd

nonreducingsugar(s)非还原糖nɒnrɪˈdjuːsɪŋ(toreduce还原)sucrose蔗糖sjuːkrəʊz;-krəʊslactose乳糖læktəʊs;-təʊzreaction(s)反应rɪˈækʃən(react反应)dehydration(s)脱水diːhaɪˈdreɪʃən

Vocab词汇hydrolysis(es)水解haɪˈdrɒˌlɪsɪsglycosidicbond(s)

糖苷键glaɪkəˌsɪdɪkmonomer(s)单体məʊnəməpolymer(s)聚合物

pɒlɪməoligosaccharide(s)寡糖

ɒlɪgoʊ'sækəˌraɪdMonomers&Polymers

单体&聚合物mono=one单poly=many多Amonomerisasingleunit.单体是一个单位.Monomers

are

repeatedtomake

polymers.

重复单体以制造聚合物.Glucoseisamonomerthatisrepeatedtomakepolymerslikestarchandmaltose.葡萄糖是一种单体，使聚合物如淀粉和麦芽糖.Disaccharides双糖

di=2双/两Disaccharidesarewater

soluble.双糖是可溶性.Disaccharidesare2monosaccharidesjoinedtogether.

双糖2个单糖连接在一起.Thisreactionisadehydrationreaction.这种反应是脱水反应.Dehydrationreaction脱水反应It'sachemicalreactionjoiningtwomoleculesbytheremovalofawatermolecule.这是一种化学反应,通过去除水分子将两个分子结合起来。Disaccharidesareformedbyaglycosidation,adehydrationreaction.双糖是由糖苷反应形成的，一个脱水反应.Glucoseandfructose(monosaccharides)arejoinedtogetherbyaglycosidicbond.葡萄糖和果糖(单糖)通过糖苷键连接在一起.Glycosidationreaction成苷反应葡萄糖

单糖

双糖

糖苷键果糖

Glycosidationreaction

成苷反应

糖苷键Hydrolysisreaction水解反应Hydrolysisisthereversereactionofdehydration.水解是脱水的反向反应。Hydrolysisbreakstheglycosidicbondbetweendisaccharidestomake2monosaccharides.水解打破双糖之间的糖苷键形成2个单糖.Hydrolysis酶糖苷键Non-reducingsugars非还原糖Disaccharidescanbereducingornon-reducingsugars.双糖可以是还原糖或非还原糖.Somedisaccharides,likesucrose,haveglycosidicbondsbetweentheiranomericcarbons.一些双糖，如蔗糖，在一头碳之间有糖苷键.Theycannotconverttoanopen-chainformwithanaldehydegroup.双糖不能用醛类转化为开放链形式。Theyarestuckinthecyclicform.

双糖被困在环形式.蔗糖葡萄糖果糖这是一种双糖，也是非还原糖。Reducingsugars还原糖Reducingdisaccharides,likelactose,haveonlyoneoftheirtwoanomericcarbonsinvolvedintheglycosidicbond.还原双糖,乳糖,只有他们的两个一头碳参与糖苷债券。Theycanconverttoanopen-chainformwithanaldehydegroup.它们能醛类转化为开放链形式。Disaccharides双糖Themostcommonare:最常见的双糖是:sucrose,which

istablesugar.

蔗糖是表糖。lactose,which

isfoundinmilk.

乳糖是在牛奶中发现的.maltose,which

isusedinbeer.

麦芽糖用于啤酒.TheirmolecularformulaisC12H22O11.它们的分子公式是C12H22O11.蔗糖乳糖麦芽糖Sucrose蔗糖

Sucroseisadisaccharide.蔗糖是一种双糖.Sucroseisadisaccharideformedfromaglucose&fructosemoleculejoinedwithanα(1→2)bond.蔗糖是由一个葡萄糖&一个果糖分子结合α(1→2)键形成的双糖。α(alpha而发)蔗糖糖苷键Reducibility还原Ifthereisanoxygenintheringstructure,doeseithercarbonnexttothatoxygenhaveanhydroxyl

(OH)groupattachedtoit?如果环形结构中有氧,那么与氧相邻的碳是否有一个羟基(OH)组直接附着在它上？Ifyes,itisareducingsugar.如果有,它是一种还原糖.Ifno,itisanon-reducingsugar.如果没有,它是一个非还原糖.Properties性质Physicalproperties物理性质:Sucroseisusuallyacolorless,odorless,watersoluble

(temperaturedependent)powderwithasweettaste.蔗糖通常是无色、无味、水溶性

(温度依赖性)的结晶性粉末,口感甜美。Whenheatedto186°C,sucrosecaramelizes.加热到186°C时,蔗糖熔化而变成焦糖。

Chemicalproperties

化学性质:Sucroseisanonreducingsugar.蔗糖是一种非还原糖.Functions功能Sucroseprovidesacarbonsourceformetabolicprocesses.蔗糖为新陈代谢过程提供了碳能量来源.Itismetabolisedtoglucoseandfructosewhichcanbeabsorbedandusedbythebody.它是代谢葡萄糖和果糖,可以吸收和使用的身体。Applications应用Sucroseisusedasasweetenerandisfoundintable(normal)sugar.蔗糖用作甜味剂,在表(正常)糖中被发现.Itisimportanttothestructureofmanyfoodsincludingbiscuits.它对包括饼干在内的许多食品的结构很重要.Maltose麦芽糖

Maltoseisadisaccharideformedfromtwoglucosemoleculesjoinedwithanα(1→4)bond.麦芽糖是由两个葡萄糖分子结合α(1→4)键形成的双糖。Intheisomer,isomaltose,thetwoglucosemoleculesarejoinedwithanα(1→6)bond.在异构体,麦芽糖中,两个葡萄糖分子结合α(1→6)键。麦芽糖葡萄糖葡萄糖Properties性质Physicalproperties物理性质:Meltingpoint:102-103oC熔点:102-103oCItis

watersoluble,hasasweettaste(notassweetassucrose).它是水溶性的,有甜的味道(不像蔗糖那样甜).Chemicalproperties

化学性质:Maltoseismetabolisedtoglucosebymaltase.

麦芽糖代谢葡萄糖麦芽糖酶.Maltoseisareducingsugar.麦芽糖是一种还原糖.Functions功能Wecanabsorbandmetabolizemaltoseintoglucosemoleculesforenergy.我们可以吸收和代谢麦芽糖为葡萄糖分子的能量.Afterit'sbrokendowninto2glucosemolecules,maltosefunctionssimilartoglucoseinthebody(moreslowlydigested)Applications应用Itisusedasasweetenerandfermentablesugarinthebrewingindustry.在酿造工业中用作甜味剂和可发酵糖.fermentatingsugarsinabeer.Lactose乳糖

Lactoseisadisaccharidemadefromtheglycosidationofgalactoseandglucosewhichforma

β-1→4glycosidicbond.乳糖是由半乳糖和葡萄糖缩合而成的双糖,形成β-1→4糖苷键.StructureofLactose乳糖的结构糖苷键半乳糖葡萄糖Properties性质Physicalproperties物理性质:Lactoseisawhite,water-soluble,odorless,powderwithasweettaste(mildlysweet).乳糖是白色的,水溶性的,无气味的结晶粉末,有甜味(有些甜).Chemicalproperties

化学性质:

Lactoseismetabolisedtoglucose&galactosebylactase.

乳糖代谢葡萄糖和半乳糖乳糖酶.Lactoseisareducingsugar.

乳糖是一种还原糖.Functions功能Lactosemakesuparound2–8%ofmilk(byweight).乳糖在牛奶的2–8%附近(按重量)组成.Thesmallintestinessecretelactasetodigestlactose小肠分泌乳糖酶消化乳糖.

Lactasecleaveslactoseintoglucoseandgalactose,whichcanbeabsorbed.乳糖酶将乳糖裂解成葡萄糖和半乳糖,可以吸收.Applications应用Lactosecanbeusedasacarrier&stabiliserofaromasandpharmaceuticals.其易于处理的性能可以作为一个载体和稳定的香味和药品.Lactoseisnotfermentedbymostyeastduringbrewing.在酿造过程中,大多数酵母不发酵乳糖.Lactosecansweetencertainbeers.乳糖能某些啤酒变甜.Lactoseintolerance

乳糖不耐受Mammalsonlydrinkmilkwhenveryyoung,solactaseproductiondecreases.哺乳动物在很小的时候只喝牛奶,所以乳糖酶的生产减少了.Withoutlactase,lactosewillpassintactintothelargeintestine,whereitisbrokendownbybacteria.如果没有乳糖酶,乳糖就会完整地传递到大肠,在那里它被细菌分解.Duringbacterialfermentation,gasisproduced.在细菌发酵过程中,产生气体.乳糖酶乳糖乳糖葡萄糖小肠大肠大肠小肠Enzymesuffix酶的后缀

Eachdisaccharide(-ose)

ismetabolizedbyanenzyme(-ase).每个双糖(-ose)都是由酶代谢的(-ase).Sucroseismetabolisedbysucrase.蔗糖是由蔗糖酶活性代谢的.Lactoseismetabolisedbylactase.乳糖是由乳糖酶代谢的.Oligosaccharides寡糖Oligosaccharidesare

usually3-10moleculeslong.寡糖通常是3-10个分子长.Polysaccharidesareoligosaccharideslinkedtolipidsoraminoacidsidechainsbyglycosidicbonds.多糖是一种寡糖与脂质或氨基酸侧链的糖苷债券.Glycosylationjoinscarbohydratestoanorganicmolecule.

糖基化将碳水化合物与有机分子连接起来.Oligosaccharides寡糖Oligosaccharidesareinvolvedincellrecognitionandbinding.

寡糖参与细胞识别和结合.Oligosaccharides+proteins=

glycoproteins.寡糖

+蛋白

=

糖蛋白.Oligosaccharides+

lipids=glycolipids.

寡糖

+脂肪

=

糖脂寡糖细胞外细胞内蛋白质糖Glycoproteins糖蛋白

Glycoproteinsareproteinswitholigosaccharidesattachedtoaminoacidside-chains.

糖蛋白是蛋白质与寡糖附着在氨基酸侧链.Thecarbohydrateisattachedtotheproteininaprocesscalledglycosylation.碳水化合物是附着在蛋白质的过程中称为糖基化.Glycoproteinsareimportantforwhitebloodcellrecognition(antibodies).

糖蛋白对白细胞识别(抗体)很重要.多蛋白质糖蛋白糖类Glycolipids

糖脂Glycolipidsarecarbohydrates&lipidsjoinedbyglycosidicbonds.糖脂是由共价键或糖苷键加入的碳水化合物和脂质.Theystabilizecellmembranesandfacilitatecellularrecognition.它们稳定细胞膜,促进细胞识别.Glycolipidsarefoundonthesurfaceofalleukaryoticcellmembranes.

糖脂在所有真核细胞膜的表面上被发现.细胞外细胞内糖蛋白糖脂糖类脂肪糖糖脂肪Sentencepractice

...are

usually3-10moleculeslong....通常是3-10个分子长....areproteinswitholigosaccharidesattachedtoaminoacidside-chains.

...是蛋白质与寡糖附着在氨基酸侧链...arecarbohydratesandlipidsjoinedbycovalentorglycosidicbonds....是由共价键或糖苷键加入的碳水化合物和脂质....arealldisaccharides...都是双糖。

复习段蔗糖是一种非还原双糖,是由糖苷键结合的2个单糖。寡糖通常是3-10个糖长。糖可以附着在其他大分子形成糖脂和糖蛋白。

Reviewparagraph

Sucroseisanon-reducingdisaccharide,whichare2monosaccharidesjoinedbyaglycosidicbond.Oligosaccharides

areoften3-10sugarslong.Sugarscanattachtoothermacromoleculestoformglycolipidsandglycoproteins.Superstitions迷信Whatsuperstitionsdoyouhave?你们有什么迷信?It'sbadluckto......./.....isbadluck.如果(你这样做).....是倒霉的事./不吉利.

It'sgoodluckto......../isgoodluck.如果(你这样做)......是好运气/吉利.

Ifyou..(dothis),thenyoumust..(dothat)如果你...(这样做),那么你必须...(这样做)Superstitions迷信Herearesomecommonsuperstitions:以下是一些常见的迷信:It'sbadlucktowalkunderaladder.(Walkingunderaladderisunlucky)在梯子下行走是倒霉的事。It'sbadlucktobreakamirror.如果你打碎了一面镜子,那就太倒霉了。Openinganumbrellaindoorsisbadluck在室内开伞是倒霉的事Blackcatsareunlucky黑猫是倒霉的。Thenumber13isunlucky13号不吉利ExamplesofsuperstitionsWarmupgame热身游戏Iwillaskyoua“wouldyourather”question,youhavetoanswerusingthechoicesprovided.我会问你们一个"你愿意"的问题,您必须使用提供的选项来回答.EgWouldyouratheronlyeatsteamedbunsoronlyeatbananasfortherestofyourlife？你宁愿只吃包子,还是一辈子只吃香蕉？Toanswerthequestionyoushouldsay:Iwouldrather

...(onlyeatbananasfortherestofmylife).

要回答这个问题,你应该说:我(我的余生只吃香蕉)。个讨厌的名人还是个被爱的普通人？飞还是隐形？告诉你最深的秘密还是在电视上尴尬

总是让人悲伤还是生气？AlwaysmakepeopleangryAlwaysmakepeoplesad有一个富有的丑陋的伙伴还是英俊的可怜的伙伴？Makeyourown自己写Makeyourown“wouldyourather”question我要你自己写问题Wouldyourather...........or..............?你宁愿。。。。还是。。。。?E.g:WouldyouratherbeanAustralianoraChineseperson?例如：你宁愿你是澳大利亚人还是中国人？ReviewtimeArethesemoleculesaldosesorketoses?

这些分子是醛糖还是酮糖？Lookattheirstructure.看他们的结构Vocab词汇双糖非还原糖蔗糖乳糖麦芽糖反应脱水水解糖苷键单体聚合物寡糖

Vocab词汇Disaccharide(s)双糖

Nonreducingsugar(s)非还原糖

Sucrose蔗糖Lactose乳糖

Reaction(s)反应

Dehydration(s)脱水

Hydrolysis水解

Glycosidicbond(s)

糖苷键Monomer(s)单体Polymer(s)聚合物Oligosaccharide(s)寡糖

Reviewquiz复习测验

1)Whatdisaccharideismadeupofoneglucoseandonefructosemolecule?哪种双糖是由葡萄糖和果糖分子组成？

2)Whatreactionhelpsformdisaccharides?哪种反应有助于形成双糖？3)Whichdisaccharideisfoundinmilk?牛奶中发现哪一种双糖？4)Whatoligosaccharidesarefoundinthecellmembrane?那种寡糖在细胞膜？5)Whataretheirfunctions?它们的作用是什么？6)Islactoseareducingornon-reducingsugar?乳糖是一种还原糖还是非还原糖？Answers答案1)Sucroseismadeupofoneglucoseandonefructosemolecule.2)Dehydrationreactionshelpformdisaccharides.3)Lactoseisfoundinmilk.4)Glycoproteinsandglycolipidsarefoundinthecellmembrane.5)Theyareimportantincellrecognitionandattachment.6)Lactoseisareducingsugar.Carbohydrates

糖类Week3

Vocab词汇polysaccharide(s)多糖pɒlɪˈsækəraɪdinsoluble不溶于ɪnˈsɒljʊblglycoprotein(s)糖蛋白glaɪ′kəprəʊtiːnglycolipid(s)糖脂glaɪ′kəlˈɪpɪdstructural结构的

strʌkʧərəl

Vocab词汇storage贮藏的stɔːrɪʤcellulose纤维素sɛljʊləʊsstarch(es)淀粉stɑːʧglycogen糖原glaɪ′kəˈʤɛnbranched分支brɑːnʧtPolysaccharides多糖Polysaccharidesarepolymers

madeofmonosaccharides

joinedbyglycosidicbonds.多糖是由糖苷键结合的单糖组成的聚合物。Theyrangeinstructurefromlineartohighlybranched.

它们的结构范围从线性到高度分支.Theyhavenoreduceability,notsweet.多糖不还原糖,不甜.Polysaccharides

多糖Polysaccharidesare

insolubleinwater.多糖不溶于水Thereare:有：-structuralpolysaccharides结构多糖-celluloseandchitin纤维素和甲壳素-storagepolysaccharides贮藏多糖-starchandglycogen淀粉和糖原纤维素淀粉糖原甲壳素Starch淀粉Starchisastoragepolysaccharideinplantcells.

淀粉是植物细胞中的一种贮藏多糖.Starchisapolymermadeofmanyglucosemonomersjoinedtogether.淀粉是由许多葡萄糖单体组成的聚合物,它们结合在一起.Itconsistsoftwotypesofmolecules:thelinear&

helicalamylose,

&thebranchedamylopectin.它由两种类型的分子组成:线性和螺旋直链淀粉,和支链支链淀粉。支链淀粉不支链淀粉多糖淀粉的类型淀粉葡萄糖分子淀粉Typesofstarches淀粉的类型α(1→4)糖苷键α(1→6)糖苷键直链淀粉Physicalproperties物理性质:-Purestarchisawhite,tastelessandodorlesspowder.纯淀粉是一种白色,无味,无味的粉末。-Itis

insolubleinalcoholandcoldwater.它不溶于酒精和冷水(但部分溶于热水)。Chemicalproperties

化学性质:-Whenmixedwithiodine,linearstarchbecomesadeepbluecolour.当与碘混合时,线性淀粉变成深蓝色。-Branchedstarchbecomesafuchsiacolour.

支链淀粉变成紫红色。Functions功能Duringphotosynthesis,plantsconvertlightenergyintochemicalenergy.在光合作用过程中,植物将光能转换成化学能。Glucoseisstoredasstarchinstarchgranules.葡萄糖在淀粉颗粒中作为淀粉储存。Applications应用Starchisusedasathickenerandastabiliser.淀粉用作增稠剂和稳定。Starchcanbeconvertedintosugarsbymalting&fermentedtoproduceethanol.淀粉可以转化为糖,发酵生产乙醇。Itisalsousedasabinderanddisintegrantinpharmaceuticals.

它也被用作粘合剂和崩解剂在药物。Glycogen糖原Glucoseunitsarelinkedbyα(1→4)glycosidicbonds.Branchesarelinkedtothechainsbyα(1→6)glycosidicbonds.葡萄糖单位由α(1→4)糖苷键连接。分支通过α(1→6)糖苷键链接到链上。Glycogenisananalogueofstarch.糖原是一种淀粉的模拟物.Itisamorebranchedversionofamylopectin.它是一种更分枝的支链淀粉。糖原糖苷键糖苷键支链淀粉糖原线性淀粉Properties性质Physicalproperties物理性质:-Meltingpoint:270-280C(veryhigh).熔点:270-280C(非常高).Chemicalproperties

化学性质:-Whenmixedwithiodine,glycogen(whichishighlybranched)becomesred.当与碘混合时,