2023学年完整公开课版Carbsdioligo2019年秋季

Vocab词汇生化(学)大分子碳水化合物/糖类单糖葡萄糖结构性质还原糖

键

Vocabulary词汇Biochemistry生化(学)

Macromolecule(s)大分子

Carbohydrate(s)糖类(碳水化合物)

Sugar(s)糖类

Monosaccharide(s)单糖

Glucose葡萄糖

Structure(s)结构

Property(ies)性质Reducingsugar(s)还原糖

Watersoluble水溶于

Bond(s)键

Reviewquiz复习测验

1)Whataresomeexamplesofmonosaccharides?单糖的例子是什么？2)Whichsugarshavethecarbonylgroupawayfromtheendofthemolecule?哪种糖的碳基团远离分子的末端？3)Whatsuffixesdosomesimplesugarshave?有一些糖有什么后缀？4)Whatisapropertyofglucose?葡萄糖的性质是什么？5)Whataresomedifferenttypesofcarbohydrates?

糖类不同的类型是什么？6)Whataresomeexamplesofmacromolecules?大分子的例子是什么？Answers答案1)Glucose,fructose&galactoseareallmonosaccharides.2)Ketoseshavethecarbonylgroupawayfromtheendofthemolecule.3)Simplesugarshavethesuffix-ose.E.g.glucose4)Glucoseisawatersolublereducingsugarandsolidatroomtemperature.5)

Mono,di,oligoandpolysaccharidesarealltypesofcarbohydrates.6)Carbohydrates,lipids,proteins&nucleicacidsareallmacromolecules.造句Adjectiveswatersoluble介词from从to到with顺against逆Verbs动词use使用tobe(is/are)是Nouns名词biochemistry生化(学)nutrients营养素molecule分子monosaccharidereducingsugarglucosefructoseKing/QueenoftheclassTheteacherwillshowapicture,studentsmustsaytheenglishwordforit.老师会展示一张照片，学生需要说英文单词。Thefirstpersontosaythewordisthewinner.第一个说这个词的人就是胜利者。Thewinnerremainsstandingupthefront.

赢家仍然站在前面.Carbohydrates

糖类Week2Vocab词汇disaccharide(s)双糖

daɪˈsækəˌraɪd

nonreducingsugar(s)非还原糖nɒnrɪˈdjuːsɪŋ(toreduce还原)sucrose蔗糖sjuːkrəʊz;-krəʊslactose乳糖læktəʊs;-təʊzreaction(s)反应rɪˈækʃən(react反应)dehydration(s)脱水diːhaɪˈdreɪʃən

Vocab词汇hydrolysis(es)水解haɪˈdrɒˌlɪsɪsglycosidicbond(s)

糖苷键glaɪkəˌsɪdɪkmonomer(s)单体məʊnəməpolymer(s)聚合物

pɒlɪməoligosaccharide(s)寡糖

ɒlɪgoʊ'sækəˌraɪdMonomers&Polymers

单体&聚合物mono=one单poly=many多Amonomerisasingleunit.单体是一个单位.Monomers

are

repeatedtomake

polymers.

重复单体以制造聚合物.Glucoseisamonomerthatisrepeatedtomakepolymerslikestarchandmaltose.葡萄糖是一种单体，使聚合物如淀粉和麦芽糖.Disaccharides双糖

di=2双/两Disaccharidesarewater

soluble.双糖是可溶性.Disaccharidesare2monosaccharidesjoinedtogether.

双糖2个单糖连接在一起.Thisreactionisadehydrationreaction.这种反应是脱水反应.Dehydrationreaction脱水反应It'sachemicalreactionjoiningtwomoleculesbytheremovalofawatermolecule.这是一种化学反应,通过去除水分子将两个分子结合起来。Disaccharidesareformedbyaglycosidation,adehydrationreaction.双糖是由糖苷反应形成的，一个脱水反应.Glucoseandfructose(monosaccharides)arejoinedtogetherbyaglycosidicbond.葡萄糖和果糖(单糖)通过糖苷键连接在一起.Glycosidationreaction成苷反应葡萄糖

单糖

双糖

糖苷键果糖

Glycosidationreaction

成苷反应

糖苷键Hydrolysisreaction水解反应Hydrolysisisthereversereactionofdehydration.水解是脱水的反向反应。Hydrolysisbreakstheglycosidicbondbetweendisaccharidestomake2monosaccharides.水解打破双糖之间的糖苷键形成2个单糖.Hydrolysis酶糖苷键Non-reducingsugars非还原糖Disaccharidescanbereducingornon-reducingsugars.双糖可以是还原糖或非还原糖.Somedisaccharides,likesucrose,haveglycosidicbondsbetweentheiranomericcarbons.一些双糖，如蔗糖，在一头碳之间有糖苷键.Theycannotconverttoanopen-chainformwithanaldehydegroup.双糖不能用醛类转化为开放链形式。Theyarestuckinthecyclicform.

双糖被困在环形式.蔗糖葡萄糖果糖这是一种双糖，也是非还原糖。Reducingsugars还原糖Reducingdisaccharides,likelactose,haveonlyoneoftheirtwoanomericcarbonsinvolvedintheglycosidicbond.还原双糖,乳糖,只有他们的两个一头碳参与糖苷债券。Theycanconverttoanopen-chainformwithanaldehydegroup.它们能醛类转化为开放链形式。Disaccharides双糖Themostcommonare:最常见的双糖是:sucrose,which

istablesugar.

蔗糖是表糖。lactose,which

isfoundinmilk.

乳糖是在牛奶中发现的.maltose,which

isusedinbeer.

麦芽糖用于啤酒.TheirmolecularformulaisC12H22O11.它们的分子公式是C12H22O11.蔗糖乳糖麦芽糖Sucrose蔗糖

Sucroseisadisaccharide.蔗糖是一种双糖.Sucroseisadisaccharideformedfromaglucose&fructosemoleculejoinedwithanα(1→2)bond.蔗糖是由一个葡萄糖&一个果糖分子结合α(1→2)键形成的双糖。α(alpha而发)蔗糖糖苷键Reducibility还原Ifthereisanoxygenintheringstructure,doeseithercarbonnexttothatoxygenhaveanhydroxyl

(OH)groupattachedtoit?如果环形结构中有氧,那么与氧相邻的碳是否有一个羟基(OH)组直接附着在它上？Ifyes,itisareducingsugar.如果有,它是一种还原糖.Ifno,itisanon-reducingsugar.如果没有,它是一个非还原糖.Properties性质Physicalproperties物理性质:Sucroseisusuallyacolorless,odorless,watersoluble

(temperaturedependent)powderwithasweettaste.蔗糖通常是无色、无味、水溶性

(温度依赖性)的结晶性粉末,口感甜美。Whenheatedto186°C,sucrosecaramelizes.加热到186°C时,蔗糖熔化而变成焦糖。

Chemicalproperties

化学性质:Sucroseisanonreducingsugar.蔗糖是一种非还原糖.Functions功能Sucroseprovidesacarbonsourceformetabolicprocesses.蔗糖为新陈代谢过程提供了碳能量来源.Itismetabolisedtoglucoseandfructosewhichcanbeabsorbedandusedbythebody.它是代谢葡萄糖和果糖,可以吸收和使用的身体。Applications应用Sucroseisusedasasweetenerandisfoundintable(normal)sugar.蔗糖用作甜味剂,在表(正常)糖中被发现.Itisimportanttothestructureofmanyfoodsincludingbiscuits.它对包括饼干在内的许多食品的结构很重要.Maltose麦芽糖

Maltoseisadisaccharideformedfromtwoglucosemoleculesjoinedwithanα(1→4)bond.麦芽糖是由两个葡萄糖分子结合α(1→4)键形成的双糖。Intheisomer,isomaltose,thetwoglucosemoleculesarejoinedwithanα(1→6)bond.在异构体,麦芽糖中,两个葡萄糖分子结合α(1→6)键。麦芽糖葡萄糖葡萄糖Properties性质Physicalproperties物理性质:Meltingpoint:102-103oC熔点:102-103oCItis

watersoluble,hasasweettaste(notassweetassucrose).它是水溶性的,有甜的味道(不像蔗糖那样甜).Chemicalproperties

化学性质:Maltoseismetabolisedtoglucosebymaltase.

麦芽糖代谢葡萄糖麦芽糖酶.Maltoseisareducingsugar.麦芽糖是一种还原糖.Functions功能Wecanabsorbandmetabolizemaltoseintoglucosemoleculesforenergy.我们可以吸收和代谢麦芽糖为葡萄糖分子的能量.Afterit'sbrokendowninto2glucosemolecules,maltosefunctionssimilartoglucoseinthebody(moreslowlydigested)Applications应用Itisusedasasweetenerandfermentablesugarinthebrewingindustry.在酿造工业中用作甜味剂和可发酵糖.fermentatingsugarsinabeer.Lactose乳糖

Lactoseisadisaccharidemadefromtheglycosidationofgalactoseandglucosewhichforma

β-1→4glycosidicbond.乳糖是由半乳糖和葡萄糖缩合而成的双糖,形成β-1→4糖苷键.StructureofLactose乳糖的结构糖苷键半乳糖葡萄糖Properties性质Physicalproperties物理性质:Lactoseisawhite,water-soluble,odorless,powderwithasweettaste(mildlysweet).乳糖是白色的,水溶性的,无气味的结晶粉末,有甜味(有些甜).Chemicalproperties

化学性质:

Lactoseismetabolisedtoglucose&galactosebylactase.

乳糖代谢葡萄糖和半乳糖乳糖酶.Lactoseisareducingsugar.

乳糖是一种还原糖.Functions功能Lactosemakesuparound2–8%ofmilk(byweight).乳糖在牛奶的2–8%附近(按重量)组成.Thesmallintestinessecretelactasetodigestlactose小肠分泌乳糖酶消化乳糖.

Lactasecleaveslactoseintoglucoseandgalactose,whichcanbeabsorbed.乳糖酶将乳糖裂解成葡萄糖和半乳糖,可以吸收.Applications应用Lactosecanbeusedasacarrier&stabiliserofaromasandpharmaceuticals.其易于处理的性能可以作为一个载体和稳定的香味和药品.Lactoseisnotfermentedbymostyeastduringbrewing.在酿造过程中,大多数酵母不发酵乳糖.Lactosecansweetencertainbeers.乳糖能某些啤酒变甜.Lactoseintolerance

乳糖不耐受Mammalsonlydrinkmilkwhenveryyoung,solactaseproductiondecreases.哺乳动物在很小的时候只喝牛奶,所以乳糖酶的生产减少了.Withoutlactase,lactosewillpassintactintothelargeintestine,whereitisbrokendownbybacteria.如果没有乳糖酶,乳糖就会完整地传递到大肠,在那里它被细菌分解.Duringbacterialfermentation,gasisproduced.在细菌发酵过程中,产生气体.乳糖酶乳糖乳糖葡萄糖小肠大肠大肠小肠Enzymesuffix酶的后缀

Eachdisaccharide(-ose)

ismetabolizedbyanenzyme(-ase).每个双糖(-ose)都是由酶代谢的(-ase).Sucroseismetabolisedbysucrase.蔗糖是由蔗糖酶活性代谢的.Lactoseismetabolisedbylactase.乳糖是由乳糖酶代谢的.Oligosaccharides寡糖Oligosaccharidesare

usually3-10moleculeslong.寡糖通常是3-10个分子长.Polysaccharidesareoligosaccharideslinkedtolipidsoraminoacidsidechainsbyglycosidicbonds.多糖是一种寡糖与脂质或氨基酸侧链的糖苷债券.Glycosylationjoinscarbohydratestoanorganicmolecule.

糖基化将碳水化合物与有机分子连接起来.Oligosaccharides寡糖Oligosaccharidesareinvolvedincellrecognitionandbinding.

寡糖参与细胞识别和结合.Oligosaccharides+proteins=

glycoproteins.寡糖

+蛋白

=

糖蛋白.Oligosaccharides+

lipids=glycolipids.

寡糖

+脂肪

=

糖脂寡糖细胞外细胞内蛋白质糖Glycoproteins糖蛋白

Glycoproteinsareproteinswitholigosaccharidesattachedtoaminoacidside-chains.

糖蛋白是蛋白质与寡糖附着在氨基酸侧链.Thecarbohydrateisattachedtotheproteininaprocesscalledglycosylation.碳水化合物是附着在蛋白质的过程中称为糖基化.Glycoproteinsareimportantforwhitebloodcellrecognition(antibodies).

糖蛋白对白细胞识别(抗体)很重要.多蛋白质糖蛋白糖类Glycolipids

糖脂Glycolipidsarecarbohydrates&lipidsjoinedbyglycosidicbonds.糖脂是由共价键或糖苷键加入的碳水化合物和脂质.Theystabilizecellmembranesandfacilitatecellularrecognition.它们稳定细胞膜,促进细胞识别.Glycolipidsarefoundonthesurfaceofalleukaryoticcellmembranes.

糖脂在所有真核细胞膜的表面上被发现.细胞外细胞内糖蛋白糖脂糖类脂肪糖糖脂肪Sentencepractice

...are

usually3-10moleculeslong....通常是3-10个分子长....areproteinswitholigosaccharidesattachedtoaminoacidside-chains.

...是蛋白质与寡糖附着在氨基酸侧链...arecarbohydratesandlipidsjoinedbycovalentorglycosidicbonds....是由共价键或糖苷键加入的碳水化合物和脂质....arealldisaccharides...都是双糖。

复习段蔗糖是一种非还原双糖,是由糖苷键结合的2个单糖。寡糖通常是3-10个糖长。糖可以附着在其他大分子形成糖脂和糖蛋白。

Reviewparagraph

Sucroseisanon-reducingdisaccharide,whichare2monosaccharidesjoinedbyaglycosidicbond.Oligosaccharides

areoften3-10sugarslong.Sugarscanattachtoothermacromoleculestoformglycolipidsandglycoproteins.ReviewtimeAr