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2009版强化班

Unit!

Passage5

Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutnevertheless

remarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularly

namedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformance

onthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.

So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementfor

reasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependson

memory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlier

experiences.

Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.

Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptive

consequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseento

beadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthrougha

processofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone'smemoryofanemotionallypainful

experienceleadtoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionary

interpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessof

forgettingsurvivednaturalselection.

Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpful

toconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationin

time,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferring

duration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviourthat

mighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(by

ordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.This

forgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.

Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovides

adaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremade

betweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethat

therateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdata

offersgrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.

67.Fromtheevolutionarypointofview,.

[A]forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive

[B]ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive

[C]thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual'sadaptability

[D]suddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveconsequences

68.Accordingtothepassage,ifapersonneverforgets,.

[A]hewouldsurvivebest

[Bjhewouldhavealotoftrouble

[C]hisabilitytolearnwouldbeenhanced

[D]theevolutionofmemorywouldstop

69.Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat.

[AJforgetfulnessisaresponsetolearning.

fB]thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputsystem

[C]memoryisacompensationforforgetting

[D]thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingoccurs

70.Inthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof

[A]remembering[B]forgetting

[C]adapting[D]experiencing

Unit3

Passage3

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital'*and"labour*'wereenlargingandperfecting

theirrivalorganisationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliability

companywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsof

thenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythat

socommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationafterthe

energeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivism

andmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusiness

managedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametime

thegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothe

taxpayers.

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportant

consequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthe

numbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresenting

irresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequally

detachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,

America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,and

Britishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld'smovementtowardsindustrialisation.Towns

likeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge"comfortable"classeswhohadretired

ontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawing

dividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders*meetingtodictatetheirorderstothe

management.Ontheotherhand''shareholding"meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedby

manyoftheVictoriansforthehighestpuiposeofagreatcivilisation.

The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmen

employedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapital

andlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelation

withthemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeofthe

workmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamily

businessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmen

involvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpower

andorganisationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeeton

equaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrike

andlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother'sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffair

negotiation.

9.Itstrueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat.

(A)theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations

(B)theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative

(C)theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies

(D)theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers

10.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin.

(A)theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement

(B)theownershipofcapitalbymanagers

(C)theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses

(D)theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness

11.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat.

(A)theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers

(B)theoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers

(C)thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly

(D)thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole

12.Theauthorismostcriticalof.

(A)familyfirmowners(B)landowners(C)managers(D)shareholders

Unit4

Passage1

Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingand

final16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegal

authorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.

Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.Almostimmediatelywordflashedonthe

Internetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRightto

DieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:

"Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedin

Australia.It'sworldhistory."

Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleft

physiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehave

breathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedical

Association,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturn

back.InAustralia一whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchanging

communityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart—otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakinga

similarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementis

gatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.

UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,andadultpatientcanrequestdeath-probablybya

deadlyinjectionorpill-toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminally

illbytwodoctors.Aftera"coolingoff*periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateof

request.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwin

residentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwith

livingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.

"Fmnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,

becauseFvewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,nhe

says.

1.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat.

[AJtheobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries

fB]physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia

[C]changingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw

[D]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw'spassage

2.Whentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans

fA]observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia

[B]similarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries

[CJobserversarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes

[D]theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastop

3.WhenLloydNicksondies,hewill.

[A]facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia

fB]experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient

[C]haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering

ID]undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendays

4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof.

[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval[D]indifference

Unit5

Passage3

Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo's

17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake'sharsh

remarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthe

humanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.

Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreits

critics一butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked

"antiscience1'inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistatthe

UniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andThe

Demon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.

Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfrom

ScienceandReason,1'heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and"ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)

information,"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.

Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfault

primarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience's

objectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandother

phenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.

Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomany

othergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocks

ofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.

FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin

1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnot

meanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscience,asan

essayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.

Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,

arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewho

questiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandother

consequencesofindustrialgrowth.

Indeed,someobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.

nTheterm'antiscience'canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings/1notesHarvard

UniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science,"Theyhavein

commononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmore

enlightened.'1

9.Theword"schism"(Line3,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobablymeans.

[A]confrontation[B]dissatisfaction

[C]separation[D]contempt

10.Paragraphs2and3arewrittento.

[A]discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience'spower

fB]showtheauthor'ssymphathywithscientists

[C]explainthewayinwhichsciencedevelops

(DJexemplifythedivisionofscienceandthehumanities

11.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

[A]Environmentalistswereblamedforantiscienceinanessay.

[B]Politiciansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofantiscience.

[CJThe"moreenlightened"tendtotagothersasantiscience.

[D]Taggingenvironmentalistsas"antiscience"isjustifiable

12.Theauthor*attitudetowardtheissueof"sciencevs.antiscience"is.

[A]impartial[B]subjective[C]biased[D]puzzling

Unit6

Passage5

Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparedness

ofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscovered

gravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesand

thousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseof

theorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn'ttheyfalloutof

thesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthe

questionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandthe

planets.

Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?

Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwas

readyfortheunpredictable.Unpredicabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon't

haveunpredictablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheir

cutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.

Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthat

theyfindthe"scientificmethod'1asubstituteforimaginativethought.Fveattendedresearch

conferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuinga

certainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid"thedataarestill

inconclusive.0"Weknowthat,'*themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,nbutwhatdoyouthink?

Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?"Thescientisthasbeenshockedat

havingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.

Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisown

writings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthem

himself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperiments

areplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournals

indicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresults

measurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswho

knowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythe

necessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,if

regularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhis

paperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"odd

balls"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam."

17.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat.

[AJinquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments

[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted

[CJscientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch

[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch

18.Theauthorassertsthatscientists.

[A]shouldn'treplace"scientificmethod"withimaginativethought

[B]shouldn'tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings

[Clshouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals

[D]shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings

19.Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists.

[AJhaveakeeninterestinprediction

fB]oftenspeculateonthefuture

[C]thinkhighlyofcreativethinking

[D]stickto"scientificmethod1'

20.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch.

[A]maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected

[B]canbemeasuredindollarsandcents

[C]relyonconformitytoastandardpattern

[D]aremostlyunderestimatedbymanagement

Unit7

Passage2

Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100

females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldsthere

aretwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.

Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbe

anexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,

anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy

(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavy

meantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationis

duetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.

Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.

Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomen

have15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Most

ofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandthe

opportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatis

happening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremaining

tribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday一everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumber

ofoffspring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost81%ofitspowerinuper-middle-classIndia

comparedtothetribes.

Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithas

involvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast

100,000year-eventhepast100years-ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshave

not.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphraseto

describethoseignorantofevolution:they"lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,as

atsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.MNodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturyway

oflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.Buthoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeat

howfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.

5.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

[A]Alackofmates.

[B]Afiercecompetition.

[C]Alowersurvivalrate.

[D]Adefectivegene.

6.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?

[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.

fB]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.

[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.

[DJIndiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.

7.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause.

[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance

[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining

[CJourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution

[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing

8.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution

(BJWaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution

[C]theEvolutionaryFutureofNature

[DJHumanEvolutionGoingNowhere

Unit7

Passage5

Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition一wealth,distinction,control

overone'sdestiny——mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition*sbehalf.Ifthe

traditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighly

regardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanodd

way,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.What

isoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition一ifnotalwaystheirownthen

thatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosing

thebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped一withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.

Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.

Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs—thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmay

change,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.What

hashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncethey

could,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofine

hypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmerican

materialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshis

mealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesof

life,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhaps

notsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,"Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious."

Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangels;itspublicdefendersarefew

andunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambition

asahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylower

thanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,that

peoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itis

lessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambition

isdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,on

therightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtoget

oninlife.

17.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif.

[A]itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrifices

fB]itisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpower

[C]itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial

(DJitissharedbytherichandthefamous

18.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis.

[A]customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords

[B]toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout

[CJdishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal

[DIimpracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition

19.Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause.

[A]theythinkofitasimmoral

[B]theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealth

[C]ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefits

[D]theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible

20.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained

[Alsecretlyandvigorously

[B]openlyandenthusiastically

[CJeasilyandmomentarily

[D]verballyandspiritually

Unit8

Passage1

Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationof

scientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinue

tohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecialisationwasonly

oneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.

A