2023学年完整公开课版Unit4Earthquakes【省一等奖】

Emergencypreparedness

EmergencyoperationsorEmergencypreparednessisasetofdoctrinestopreparecivilsocietytocopewithnaturalorman-madedisasters.Disasterreliefisthesubsetofthesedoctrinesthatisconcernedwithrecoveryefforts.Thisisusuallyagovernmentpolicyadaptedfromcivildefensetopreparefornonmilitarycivilemergenciesbeforetheyhappen.

IntheU.S.,mostcitiesmaintainatleastacabinetinabasementconferenceroomwithseveraltelephonelines.Inanemergency,specialstationaryandothersuppliescomeoutofthecabinet,andtheconferenceroombecomesthe"emergencyoperationscenter."TheEOCthencoordinatesthecity'semergencyeffort.Eventhistinyamountofpreparation,withperiodicdrills,andcoordinationwithcivicorganizations,isamazinglybetterthannothing.

Thisarticlecoversbothcivilandpersonalpreparedness,becausetheyworktogether.However,civilpreparednessisfarlessexpensiveper-capita,andfarmorevaluable,eventhoughitcanbehardertoarrange.

Copingwithdisasterhasfouractivities:mitigation,preparation,response,andrecovery.

Mitigations

Mitigationsattempttopreventthedisasterfromeveroccurring,orreducetheeffectsofthedisaster.

Floodsandstormdamagearethemostcommondisasters.So,forexample,aprojectcanraisethelevelofacitysothatastormsurgewillnotdrownthousands.ThiswasactuallyaccomplishedforGalveston,Texasafteradevastatingstormsurgedrownedthousands.Foranotherexample,acitycanbuildleviestopreventfloods,or(asinSanAntonio,Texas)arrangeforfloodzonestobenonessentialparksandwalks.

Mitigationisthemostpreferredmethod,whenitcanbeachievedatanacceptablecost.Mitigationisoftenpracticalforfloodprevention,famineprevention,publichealthmeasures,andoutagesofpower,waterandsewerservices.

Preparations

Themostimportantgovernmentpreparation,andoneofthecheapest,issimplyforacityorregiontohaveanemergencyoperationscenter,andapracticed,region-widedoctrineformanagingemergencies.

(Forpersonalpreparations,seebelow)

Anemergencyoperationscenter(EOC)is,atminimum,acoupleofcabinetsinaconferenceroom,andaratherlargegroupofcooperativepeople.Itshouldhavereliabletelephonesandreliableaccesstocivilandamateurradionetworks.Onecabinethastheradios,emergencylightsandaportablegenerator.Theothercabinetcontainsspecializedstationary,manuals,andvestsorlargebadgestomarkpeoplewithparticularrolesintheemergencyprocess.

Thistypeofemergencycenterissufficientlycheapthatanyregioncanaffordtwo,orcanhaveonethat'sfancy,andonethat'scheap,incasethemainoneisdamaged.

OnecommondoctrineforanEOChasanemergencycoordinatorandassistantsupportedbyteamsofsecretary,manager,assistantandrunnerforeachoffinancialservices,emergencyservices,planning,andlogistics.Thereisusuallyatrainofuptotenalternatepeoplefortheemergencycoordinator,sixtotenforeachteam'sleader,andfourforeachroleintheEOC.Alternatesagreetocarrypagersorcellularphones.Amateurradiooperatorstrainandorganizetooffercivilemergencycommunicationservicesattheirownexpense,andformserviceorganizationsforthispurpose.

Otherpreparationsprepositiontraining,suppliesandequipmentforuseintheresponseandrecoverystages.Forexample,stormsheltersandevacuationroutesareveryhelpfulforextremeweather.Infloods,prepositioncachesoffood,fuel,boatsandradioequipmentcanbeveryhelpful.

Manycitiesalsooffertrainingforcommunityemergencyresponseteam.Basically,thisismasstrainingtoprovideteamsofamateuremergencyworkersineveryneighborhood.Thesearetrulyusefulbecauseinanemergency,realfiremenareinstantlyoverloaded,withhundredsofcalls,andtheabilitytorespondtoonlyafew.Thetrainedamateurscanhandleroughly90%ofallemergencyrescues,andmanalmostallotheremergencyservices.

Response

Citiesshouldplantorescuetheircitizens,andplanemergencyservices.

Generally,alargeemergencyisfirstreportedtoadispatcherforfireorpoliceservices.Thedispatcherhasapredefinedcriteriontocontacttheemergencyservicescoordinator,oranalternate.Thecoordinatordecideswhethertoactivatetheemergencyoperationscenter.

Whenthecoordinator,andmembersofthesupportingteamsareinplace,theEOCbecomesactive.TheEOCusuallybeginsbydispatchingcrewstogatherinformation.Thenitprioritizesneeds,anddispatchesemergencyservices.Italsobeginsnegotiationsforemergencyfundingsources.

Acontinuingnastyprobleminmassemergenciesisalackoftrainedresponders.Mostprofessionalemergencyservicessupportabouttentrucksper100,000people,andtakeatleastahalfhourperrescue.Ifamassemergencyinjuresortraps2%ofthepopulation,thisforcewillfinishitsrescuesinabout100hours.

Inthistime,upto3/4ofthesalvageablevictimscandie.Simpleshockvictimswilldieinabouttwohours.Trappedchildrenwilldieofthirstin24hours,trappedadultsandshut-insin48.

Inmassemergencies,pertained,volunteercommunityemergencyresponseteams(CERTs)canrescuethe95%ofvictimsthatneedonlybasicfirst-aidorlightsearchandrescueskills.CERTsalsocanlocatemostoftheroughly5%ofvictimsthatrequireprofessionalrescueskills.Withatwenty-foldreductionindemand,andlessneedtosearchforvictims,theprofessionalscanthencompletethemostdemandingrescuesintentofifteenhours.Mostsalvageablepeoplewillberescued.

TheCERTscanalsoformneighborhoodshelterandsupportgroups,andarrangeprofessionalrescues,withtriagedmedicalevacuationtopreparedmedicalorganizationsviapre-arrangedcommunicationswiththeemergencyoperationscenter.

TheCERTsalsoprovideapowerfulmethodforinformingandorganizingmassevacuationstomassshelters.Responsemobilizesemergencyservices,suchasfiremen,police,andcommunityemergencyresponseteams,andshelteringgroupssuchasRedCross.Theemergencyoperationscenterisessentialtothiseffort,becausecentrally-directedservicesaremuchmoreefficientatsavinglivesandproperty.

Recovery

Recoveryrebuildsdamagedinfrastructure,andrestorespeopletonormalwork.Oftenrecoverycanbegreatlyaidedbysmallamountsofinfrastructure.Forexample,asubsidized"tourist"ferrycanhelpacityonariverrecoverfromanearthquakeorflood-damagedbridgesinafewhours,ratherthanweeks,bylettingemergencytrafficimmediatelyrestart.

Thefirstpracticalresponseistodiscoverfunding.Thisisusuallyapoliticalprocess.Next,recoveryneedsareprioritized.ThisprioritizationmayoccurintheEOC,althoughformanyrecoveryitems,prioritieswillhavetobesetpolitically.

Theusualrecoveryistorepairessentialbridges,roads,power,waterandsewagesystems.Somecitieswithcrucialbridges"backthemup"bysubsidizinga"tourist"ferry,thatcancarryemergencytrafficwhenabridgegoesdown.

Someadvocatesbelievethatgovernmentshouldchangebuildingcodestorequireautonomousbuildingsinordertoreducecivilsocieties'dependenceoncomplex,fragilenetworksofsocialservices.

IntheUnitedStates,disasterreliefisundertakenbygovernmentalentities,includingmunicipalities,states,theFederalGovernment,andbynon-governmentalorganizationssuchastheAmericanRedCross,SalvationArmy,andlocalchurches.

Personalmitigation

Thebasicthingistomakeone'shomesafeagainstlikelydisastersinone'sarea.

Themostcommondisastersarefloodsandstorms.Preparationagainstfloodsiseasy:don'tbuyabuildinginafloodplain.Ideally,oneshouldatleastconsiderlivinginanareawithoutviolentstorms.

MostoftheU.S.(includingtheeastcoastandmid-west)issubjecttorare,extremelyviolentearthquakes.Thesafestareafromearthquakesisinthemiddleofalargeshieldofunmovingrock,suchastheCanadianShield,orthecentralEurasianshield.

Inearthquakeareas,thebasicmitigationistoinstallcabinetchild-locks(tokeepitemsinthecabinets),andmountfurniture,refrigerators,waterheatersandbreakablestothewalls.InCaliforniaandJapan,specialsiliconeputtykitsareavailabletostickdisplaycrockerytoshelves.

PersonalPreparations

Ifviolentstormsoccur,haveastormshelter,orhavewarningdevicesandanevacuationroute.Newdesignscanbuildashelterasaconcrete-blockbathroom,usingapprovedmethods.

SomecoastalcitiesinCaliforniahavedisastersasoftenaseverytwoyears.Theseareashavedevelopedpowerfultechniquesforpersonalpreparedness.Asincivilpreparedness,theycombinemitigation,preparation,responseandrecovery.

Peoplehaveabagorknapsackfilledwithgearandattachedtotheirbed.Inanearthquakeormajorstorm,abagmerelyunderabedislostwhenthebedmoves.

Manydisasterscausewindowstobreakatnight.Oneofthemostcommondisasterinjuriesoccurswhenpeopletrytorunonbrokenglassinbarefeet.Thiscausesimmediatecasualtieswhocannotself-evacuate.Topreventfootinjuries,trainyourselftoputonshoesatnight,andtrainchildrentostayinbedandwaitforyoutocomeforthem,unlesstheyseeflame,smellsmokeorfeelheat.

Manydisasterscausepowerfailures,andhappenatnight.Atnight,withoutstreetlightsorlights,itisdifficulttoself-rescue.Thegearinthebagshouldthereforeincludeatleastshoesandaflashlight.Aplasticgrocerybagwithtennisshoesandaflashlightisimmenselybetterthannothing.Doitnow,andimproveitlater.

Attachingthebagtothebedassuresthatitremainsinaknownplaceevenifthedisasteroccursatnightandrearrangesthefurnitureordamagesthestructure.Someotherwisepreparedpeoplelostthebagsundertheirbedswhentheirfurnituremovedduringthe1994earthquakeinNorthridge,California.

Othersuggesteditemsforthebagarekeys,money,medicines,food,water,insuranceandIDinformation,andrescuetoolsincludinggloves,aknife,alightsawandaprybar.Usefulprotectiveclothingincludesahelmet,goggles,anddustmask.

Confinementathome

Inahomeconfinementscenario,afamilyshouldbepreparedtosurviveandtreatmoderatemedicalproblemsforaminimumofthreedays(twoweeksisbetter)withoutdeliveriesofentertainment,food,fuel,utilities,water,orpower,orpickupsoftrashandsewage.Likelyscenariosincludeflood,lossofbridgesorroads,extremeweather,earthquakes(whichoccurinallpartsoftheworld),andcivildisorder.

Homesinareaswithextremeweathershouldhaveappropriateradiosandstormshelters.Considermakingthesedual-usesheltersforfallout.(Seestormcellarorfalloutshelter)

Entertainmentishelpful.Haveaselectionoffavoritenon-electronictoys,booksandgames,andenjoythematothertimessotheyseemfamiliarandfun.Musicalinstrumentsarehelpful.Inexpensive