系统解剖学英文版教学课件：Introduction of splanchnology and digestive canal

Splanchnology03-31-2015Introduction:Splanchnologyisthescientificstudyofthevisceraanditsorgans.Including:Alimentary(Digestive)systemRespiratorysystem,UrinarysystemGenitalsystem.Generalstructuresofviscera1.TubularorgansCenterpart–lumenPeripheralpart-wall(fourlayers)MucosaSubmucosaMuscularlayerSerosaoradventitia2.ParenchymatousorgansFibrouscapsuleLobulesHilumorportaTheDigestivesystemComposition:DigestivecanalDigestiveglands4I.TheDigestivecanal5Functions:①Ingestion–takingfoodintothedigestivetract②Propulsion–swallowingandperistalsis(wavesofcontractionandrelaxationofmusclesintheorganwalls)③Mechanicaldigestion–chewing,mixing,andchurningfood6Functions:④Chemicaldigestion–catabolicbreakdownoffood⑤Absorption–movementofnutrientsfromtheGItracttothebloodorlymph⑥Defecation–eliminationofindigestiblesolidwastes.TheDigestivecanalI.DigestivecanalComponents:MouthPharynxEsophagusStomachSmallIntestineLargeintestineAnusOralcavityisdividedintotwoparts:Vestibule–thespacebetweenlipsexternallyandteethandgumsinternallyOralcavityproper–theareabehindtheteeth

lateralwall-teethRoof:Hardpalate(anterior)andSoftpalate(posterior)Floor:theareaoftheoralcavitybeneaththetonguecoveredbymuscles(mylohyoid)1.Mouth(OralCavity)Mouth(OralCavity)-roof

andfloor(1)PalateHardpalate:anterior2/3Softpalate:posterior1/3Uvula:thelittlepieceoffleshthathangsdownfromtherearportionofthesoftpalate.1.Mouth(OralCavity)(2)Isthmusoffaucestheconstrictedandshortspacethatestablishestheconnectionbetweenthecavityofthemouthandtheoropharynx,boundedanteriorlybythepalatoglossalfolds

andposteriorlybythepalatopharyngealfolds;thelateralwallisthetonsillarfossa(containspalatinetonsil).Thesetwofoldsareformedbythepalatoglossusmusclesandthepalatopharyngeus

musclerespectively,coveredwithmucousmembrane.111213(3)Palatinetonsilontheleftandrightsidesatthetonsillarfossa.Tonsillitisisaninflammationofthetonsilsandwilloftencauseasorethroatandfever.In

chroniccasestonsillectomymaybeindicated.(4)TongueAmuscleonthefloorofthemouthFunctions:①Digestiveorgan-manipulatesfoodandsecretessalivaforchewingandswallowing.②Taste

organ-theuppersurfaceofthetongueiscoveredinpapillaeandtastebuds.③Pronounceorgan-speech.④Teethcleaner1)TongueanatomyDivision:Root(posteriortoterminalsulcus)Body(anteriortoterminalsulcusApexTwosurfaces:Dorsumorsuperiorsurface

①Papillae:CircumvallatepapillaeFungiformpapillaeFiliformpapillae②Lingualtonsil:Roundedmassesoflymphatictissuethatcovertheposteriorregionofthetongue.

Ventralorinferiorsurface①Frenulumoftongue(f)②sublingualcaruncle(SC)

atwhichthesubmandibularglandemptiesintotheoralcavity.③sublingualfold(arrows)Itextendsfromtheposterolateralaspectoftheflooroftheoralcavitytothesublingualpapilla(sp)besidethebaseofthefrenulumofthetongueatthemidlineanteriorly.SCSCfsp2)Tonguemuscles①IntrinsicmusclesLongitudinalTransverseVertical②ExtrinsicmusclesGenioglossusstyloglossushyoglossus(5)Tooth

①Division:crownoftoothNeckrootoftoothDentalpulpcavityDentalpulpRootcanaloftooth②DentaltissuesEnamelCementumDentin③PeriodontalstructureGumsAlveolarbone

Periodontalligament19GumsAlveolarbone

NeckRootcanal④TwosetsofteethDeciduous(milk):20permanent:28~32Arrangementoftheteeth(fromthemidlinetothelateral)Incisors(2)Canine(1)Premolars(2)Molars(3)2.pharynxThepartofthroatsituatedimmediatelyposteriortothemouthandnasalcavity,superiortotheesophagus,larynx.Subdivisions:①Nasopharynx②Oropharynx③Laryngolpharynx①OropharynxLocation:thespacebehindtheoralcavity,btwnasopharyxandlaryngopharyx②NasopharynxLocation:Thespacebetweenthesoftpalateandthebaseoftheskull,superiortotheoralcavity,andposteriortonasalcavitythroughposteriornasalapertures.②NasopharynxStructuresFeatures:PharyngealopeningofauditorytubeTubaltorusPharyngealrecessPharyngealtonsil(Adenoid)Waldeyer'stonsillarring:anlymphoidtissueringlocatedinthepharynxandtothebackoftheoralcavity.Formedby:Pharyngealtonsil(Adenoid)TubaltonsilPalatinetonsilsLingualtonsils24Waldeyer'stonsillarring③LaryngopharynxLocation:theportionofthepharynxbelowtheupperedgeoftheepiglottis,openingintothelarynxandesophagus.Feature:Piriformrecess(

piriformsinus)the

laryngeal

orifice.FunctionofPharynx:Servesasapassagewayforairandfood3.EsophagusAnorganconsistsofamusculartubethroughwhichfoodpassesfromthepharynx(C6)tothestomach(about25-30cmlong).Subdivisions:CervicalpartThoracicpartAbdominalpartFunction:conductsfoodfromthemouthtothestomachbyperistalsis(slowrhythmicsqueezing)Threeconstrictions①Pharyngoesophagealconstriction-atitscommencement,15cmfromtheincisor②Thoracicconstriction-crossedbyleftprincipalbronchus,25cm③Diaphragmaticconstriction-passesthroughthediaphragm,40cm3.Esophagus4.StomachAmuscular,hollow,dilatedpartofthealimentarycanal.Location:betweentheesophagusandthesmallintestine.AnatomyoftheStomachCardiacorifice(opening)Pyloricorifice(opening)GreatercurvatureLessercurvatureAngularincisureIntermediategrooveTheangularincisureusedasseparationpointbetweentherightandleftportionsofthestomach.Animaginarylinedrawnperpendiculartothelessercurvatureofthestomachthroughtheangularincisuremakesuptheboundarybetweenthebodyofthestomachandpylorus.

AnatomyoftheStomachIntermediategrooveAnatomyoftheStomachDivisions：①Cardia-Wherethecontentsoftheesophagusemptyintothestomach.②Fundus-Formedbytheuppercurvatureoftheorgan.③BodyorCorpus-Themain,centralregion.④Pylorus-Thelowersectionoftheorganthatfacilitatesemptyingthecontentsintothesmallintestine.Pylorusisdividedintopyloricantrumandpyloriccannalbyintermediategroove.Intermediategroove32①Mixfood②Reservoir

(thesecondphaseofdigestion)

③mastication(chewing)④Startdigestionof(Protein,

NucleicacidsandFats)⑤Activatessomeenzymes⑥Destroysomebacteria⑦Makesintrinsicfactor–B12absorptionFunctionsoftheStomach5.SmallintestineSubdivisions:Duodenum-attachedtothestomach,curvesaroundtheheadofthepancreasJejunum-attachesanteriorlytotheduodenum.Ileum-extendsfromjejunumtolargeintestineThepartofthegastrointestinaltract(gut)btwthestomachandthelargeintestine.①DuodenumThefirstsectionofthesmallintestine,ahollowjointedtubeabout25-30cmlongconnectingthestomach

tothejejunum.Subdivision:1)Superiorpart:3cm2)Descendingpart:8-10cm3)Horizontalpart:10cm4)Ascendingpart:3cm35①DuodenumDescendingpart:MajorduodenalpapillaMinorduodenalpapillaHepatopancreaticampulla②JejunumandileumComparison:

JejunumIleumLocation:ULQLRQLength2/53/5CalibrelargesmallCircularfoldmoreandhigherlesserandlowerLymphatic

FolliclessolitaryaggregatedArterialarcadesoneortwothreeorfour

39JejunumandileumLocation:Length:ULQLRQ2/53/5JejunumandileumCircularfold

moreandhigherlesserandlowerLymphaticFolliclessolitaryaggregatedArterialarcades

oneortwothreeorfour41FunctionsofSmallIntestine①Digestion:SourceofenzymesthataremixedwithchymeBileentersfromthegallbladderFunctionsofSmallIntestine②Absorption:80%ingestedwaterElectrolytesVitaminsMineralsCarbonatesActive/facilitatedtransportMonosaccharidesProteinsDi-/tripeptidesAminoacidsLipidsMonoglyceridesFattyacidsMicellesChylomicrons6.largeintestineDivision：CecumVermiformappendixColonAscendingTransverseDescendingsigmoidRectumAnalcanal43(1)CecumCecum–saclikefirstpartofthelargeintestineLocation-rightiliacfossaFeatures：Ileocecalvalvesileocecalsphinctor(2)Vermiformappendix

isablind-endedworm-shapedtubeconnectedtothe

cecum.RootHangsfromtheposteromedialwallofthecaecum.TipPositions(varied):

Beloworbehindthecaecum(subcaecalorretrocaecal).Belowthebrimofthelesserpelvis

(pelvic).Behindorinfrontoftheterminalpartoftheileum

.McBurney’pointisthenamegiventothepointovertherightsideoftheabdomenthatisone-thirdofthedistancefromtheASIS(anteriorsuperioriliacspine)totheumbilicus

(thebellybutton).Thispointroughlycorrespondstothemostcommonlocationofthebaseoftheappendixwhereitisattachedtothececum.(2)Vermiformappendix(3)ColonDivision:AscendingcolonRightcolicflexureTransversecolonLeftcolicflexureDescendingcolonSigmoidcolonFeatures:Colicbands–threebandsofsmoothmuscleHaustra–bulgescausedbycontractionoftaeniaecoliEpiploicappendages–smallfataccumulationsontheviscera(4)RectumContinuouswithsigmoidcolonatS3①Externalfeature:Sacralflexure-Theanteroposteriorcurvewithconcavityanteriorw