四六级词汇书电子版四级2014年6月第二套真题

PartIWriting(30Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthefollowingquestion.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Supposeaforeignfriendofyoursiscomingtovisit,whatisthemostinterestingceyouwouldliketotakehimhertoseeandwhy?PartⅡListeningComprehension(30SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.A)HecannotfinishhisassignmentbeforetheHehasprovedtobeabetterreaderthantheHehasdifficultyunderstandingtheHecannotgetaccesstotheassignedA)ShecanpickthemanupatthegroceryShewilldrivethemantotheThemanshouldbuyacarofhisThemanneedn'tgoshopeveryA)HoldaGetmorefoodandAskhisfriendtocomeTidyuptheA)ThewomanshouldcontactJohnSmithThetalkscanbeheldanydayexceptthisHecouldchangehisscheduletomeetJohnThefirst-roundtalksshouldstartassoonasA)TheteacherisjustfollowingtheHeunderstandsthewoman'sHehasgonethroughasimilarThewomanshouldhavegoneonthefieldA)ShehastoinviteDavidtotheShewillmeetthemanSheissorrythemanwillnotShewillaskDavidtotalkA)ManystudentshavedroppedProf.Johnson'sFewstudentsunderstandProf.Johnson'sFewstudentsmeetProf.Johnson'sManystudentsfindProf.Johnson'slecturesA)AssembleaChecktheircomputerMakesomeStudyacomputerQuestions9to12arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)IthelpshimunderstandpeopleItallowshimtomakealotofItrequireshimtoworklongItenableshimtoapplytheorytoA)ItdemandsphysicalenduranceandItisinlectuallyItrequireshimtodowashing-upalltheItexposeshimtooilysmokealldayA)InahoInaAtacoffeeAtaA)KnowingtheneedsofGettingalongwellwithPayingattentiontoeverynningeverythinginQuestions13to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)TherisingcostofraisingachildinThepocketmoneyBritishchildrenTheannualinflationrateinThethingsBritishchildrenspendmoneyA)Ithasgoneup25%inthepastItenableschildrentoliveItgoesdownduringeconomicItoftenriseshigherthanA)MakedonationswhenSaveupfortheirfuturePayfor alBuytheirownshoesandSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.1PassageQuestions16to19arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)SeniorDistrictRegularSalesA)Theimportantpail,yedbydistrictThesupportprovidedbytheregularTheinitiativeshownbythesalesTheurgencyofimplementing 'sA)MostofthemwereratherSomeofthemwerepolitical-FiftypercentofthemwereOnethirdofthemwereseniorA)HespenttoomuchtimeonHeusedtoomanyHewasnotgenderHedidnotkeeptothePassageQuestions20to22arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Askthenameof waitingonStateyourproblemtotheheadDemandadiscountonthedishesAsktoseethemanager ybutA)You lhow onthelineisYourproblemmaynotbeunderstoodYoudon't,knowifyouarecominingattherightYourcomintmaynotreach inA)SticktotheDemandapromptProvidealltheSenditbyexpressPassageQuestions23to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)FashionCityA)GobacktoherpreviousDosomevolunteerGetawell-paidpart-timeWorkflexibleA)Thechildrenwon'tgetalongwithababy-Fewbaby-sitterscanbeconsideredItwilladdtofamily'sfinancialAbaby-sitterisnorecementforaSectionDirection:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Almosteverychild,onthefirstdayhesetsfootinaschoolbuilding,issmartermore26,lessafraidofwhathedoesn'tknow,betteratfindingand27,moreconfident,resourceful(机敏的persistentand28thanhewilleverbeagaininhisschooling-orunlessheisveryunusualandverylucky,fortherestofhislife.Already,bypayingcloseattentiontoand29theworldandpeoplearoundhimandwithoutanyschool-typeformalinstruction,hehasdoneataskfarmoredifficult,complicatedand30thananythinghewillbeaskedtodoinschool,orthananyofhisteachershasdoneforyears.Hehassolvedthe31oflanguage.Hehasdiscoveredit-don'tevenknowthatlanguageexists-andhehasfoundouthowitworksandlearnttouseit32.Hehasdoneitbyexploringtbyexperimenting,bydevelohisownmodelofthegrroflanguage,by33andseeingwhetheritworksbygraduallychangingitand34ituntilitdoeswork.Andwhilehehasbeenngthis,hehasbeenlearningotherthingsaswell,includingmanyofthe35thattheschoolsthinkonlytheycanteachhim,andmanythataremorecomplicatedthantheonestheydotrytoteachhim.PartⅢReadingComprehension(40SectionDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingThefactis,theworldhasbeenfindinglessoilthanithasbeenusingformorethantwentyyearsnow.Notonlyhasdemandbeen36,buttheoilwehavebeenfindingiscomingfromcesthatare37toreach.Atthesametime,moreofthisnewly38oilisofthetypethatrequiresagreaterinvestmentto39.Andbecausedemandforthispreciousresourcewillgrowaccordingtosome,byover40percentby2025,fuelingtheworld'seconomic40willtakealotmoreenergyfromeverypossiblesource.Theenergyindustryneedstogetmorefromexistingfieldswhilecontinuingtosearchfor41.Automakersmustcontinuetoimprovefuelefficiencyandperfecthybrid(混合动力的)vehicles.Technologicalimprovementsareneededsothatwind,solarandhydrogencanbe partsoftheenergy ernmentsneedtoformulateenergypoliciesthat43 andenvironmentallysounddevelopment.Consumersmustbewillingtopayforsomeofthesesolutions,whilepracticingconservationeffortsoftheirown.Inactionisnotan44.Solet'sworktogethertobalancethisequation.Wearetakingsomeofthe45 neededtogetstarted,butweneedyourhelptogotherestoftheway.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetICry,ThereforeIIn2008,ataGermanzoo,agorilla(大猩猩)namedGanagavebirthtoamaleinfantwhodiedafterthreemonths.PhotographsofGanalookingstrickenandinconsolable伤心欲绝的attractedcrowdstothezoo.Sadasthescenewas,thehumans,notGana,weretheonlyonescrying.Thenotionthatanimalscanweephasnoscientificbasis.YearsofobservationsbybiologistsDianFossey,whoobservedgorillas,andJaneGoodall,whoworkedwithchimpanzees黑猩猩),couldnotprovethatanimalscrytearsfromemotion.It'struethatmanyanimalsshedtears,especiallyinresponsetopain.Tearsprotecttheeyebykeeitmoist.Butcryingasanexpressionoffeelingisuniquetohumansandhasyedanessentialroleinhumanevolutionandthedevelopmentofhumancultures.Withintwodaysaninfantcanimitatesadandhappyfaces.Ifaninfantdoesnotcryout,itisunlikelytogettheattentionitneedstosurvive.Around3months,therelationshipbetweenthehumaninfantanditsenvironmenttakesonamoreorganizedcommunicativerole,andtearfulcryingbeginstoserveinteralpurposes:thesearchforcomfortandpacification(抚慰).Aswegetolder,crying esatoolofsocialinction;griefandjoy,shameandpride,fearandTearsareasuniversalaslaughter,andgriefismorecomplexthanjoy.Butalthoughweallcry,wedosoindifferentways.Womencrymorefrequentlyandintenselythanmen,especiallywhenexposedtoemotionalevents.Likecrying,depressionis,aroundtheworld,morecommonlyseeninwomenthaninmen.Oneexnationmightbethatwomen,whodespitedecadesofsocialadvancesstillsufferfromeconomicinequality,discrimination()andeven,mighthavemoretocryabout.Mennotonlycryforshorterperiodsthanwomen,buttheyalsoarelessinclinedtoexintheirtears,usuallyshedthemmorequietly,andtendmorefrequentlytoapologizewhentheycryopenly.Men,likewomen,reportcryingatthedeathofalovedoneandinresponsetoamovingreligiousexperience.Theyaremorelikelythanwomentocrywhentheircoreidentities-asprovidersandprotectors,asfathersandfighters-arequestioned.Peoplewhoscoreonalitytestsasmoresympatheticcrymorethanthosewhoaremorerigidorhavemoreself-control.Frequencyofcryingvarieswidely:someshedtearsatanynovelormovie,othersonlyahandfuloftimesintheirlives.Cryinginresponsetostressand inthehome,orafteremotionaltrauma(),lastsmuchlongerthantearsinducedbyeverydaysadness-whichinturnlastlongerthantearsofdelightandjoy.Sadnessisourprimaryassociationwithcrying,butthefactisthatpeoplereportfeelinghappieraftercrying.Surveysestimatethat85%ofwomenand73%ofmenreportfeelingbetteraftersheddingtears.Surprisingly,cryingismorecommonlyassociatedwithminorformsofdepressionthanwithmajordepressioninvolvingsuicidalthoughts.Peoplewidelyreportthatcryingrelievestension,restoresemotionalbalanceandprovides"catharsis,"awashingoutofbadfeelings.Theterm"catharsis"hasreligiousimplicationsofremovingevilandsin;it'snosurprisethatreligiousceremoniesare,aroundtheworld,oneofthemainsettingsforthereleaseoftears.Cryingisanearlyuniversalsignofgrief,thoughsomemournersreportthat,despitegenuinesorrow,theycannotshedtears-sometimesevenforyearsaftertheirlovedonehasgone.Unliketoday,whentheprivacyofgriefismorerespected,thepublicorceremonialsheddingoftears,atthegravesideofaspouseorthefuneralofakingorqueen,wasonceconsideredsociallyorevenpoliticallyessential.Cryinghasalsoservedothersocialpurposes.RousseauwroteinhisConfessionsthatwhileheconsideredtearsthemost,powerfulexpressionoflove,healsojustlikedtocryovernothing.Theassociationoftearswitharthasancientroots.TheclassicGreektragediesofthefifthB.C.wereprimarilycelebrationsofgods.Tragedies,likepoetryandmusic,werestagedreligiousevents.Eventhenitwasrecognizedthatcryinginresponsetodramabroughtpleasure.Ihavearguedthatthereareneurobiological神经生物方面的associationslinkingtheartsandmooddisorders.WhenIlectureoncrying,Iaskmyaudiencetoletmeknow,byashowofhands,whichartformsmostmovethemtotears.About80%saymusic,followedcloselybynovels(74%),butthenthefiguresfailsharply,to43%,forpoetry,and10-22%forpaintings,sculptureandThephysicalactofcryingismainlyoneofbreathinginair,whichiswhywechokeupwhenweweep.Thissuggeststolanguagescientiststhatemotionalcryingevolvedbeforelanguage,perhapsexiningwhytearscommunicatestatesofmindandfeelingsthatareoftensodifficulttoexpressinwords.Ofcourse,fromanevolutionary,recognitionofemotion(usuallythroughfacialgesture)wasessentialforsurvival.Theearliesthumansarrivedseveralmillionyearsago,butonly150,000to200,000yearsago,didcultures,language,religionandtheartsarise.Alongtheway,tearsbecamemorethanabiologicalnecessitytolubricate(润滑)theeyeanddevelopedintoasignofintenseemotionandasignalofsocialbonding.Thedevelopmentofself-consciousnessandthenotionofindividualidentity,orego;storylingabouttheoriginsoftheworld,thecreationofhumanityandlifeafterdeath;andtheabilitytofeelothers'sadness-allwerecriticalpartsoftheneurobiologicalchangesthatmadeushuman.Morerecently,we'velearnedfromneurosciencethatcertainbraincircuits(回路)areactivated(激活),rapidlyandunconsciously,whenweseeanotherinemotionaldistress.Inshort,ourbrainevolvedcircuitstoallowustoexperiencesympathy,whichinturnmadecivilization,andanethicsbasedonsympathy,possible.Sothenexttimeyoureachatissuebox,orsobonafriend'sshoulder,orshedtearsatthemovies,stopandreflectonwhywecryandwhatitmeanstocry.Becauseultimay,whilewelovetocry,wealsocrytolove.NowadayspeoplerespecttheprivacyofgriefmorethanintheInfantscrytoattractattentionforThereisnoscientificevidenceasyetthatanimalscanshedtearsfromTearscanperformcertaincommunicativefunctionswhichwordsOurabilitytoexperiencesympathyisessentialtothedevelopmentofPeoplearemoreinclinedtocrywhensufferingminorformsofSometimespeoplecannotcrydespitegenuineInhumans'longhistory,tearshavedevelopedanessentialroleinsocialMenarelesslikelytogivereasonsfortheirCryinghaslongbeenassociatedwithSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingHospitals,hotocurbmedicalerror,haveinvestedheavilytoputcomputers,smartphonesandotherdevicesintothehandsofmedicalstaffforinstantaccesstopatientdata,druginformationandcasestudies.Butlikemanycures,thissolutionhascomewithanunintendedsideeffect:doctorsandnursescanbefocusedonthescreenandnotthepatient,evenduringmomentsofcriticalcare.Apollshowedthathalfofmedicaltechnicianshadadmittedtextingduringaprocedure.Thisphenomenonhassetoffanintensifyingdiscussionathospitalsandmedicalschoolsaboutaproblemperhapsbestdescribedas"distracteddoctoring."Inresponse,somehospitalshavebegunlimitingtheuseofelectronicdevicesincriticalsettings,whileschoolshavestartedremindingmedicalstudentstofocusonpatientsinsteadofdevices."Youjustifycarryingdevicesaroundthehospitaltodomedicalrecords,butyoucansurftheInternetordo ,andsometimes ismoretempting,"saidDr.PeterPapadakosattheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenter."Mygutfiling本能的感觉islivesareindangersaidDrPapadakos,"We'renoteducatingpeopleabouttheproblem,andit'sgettingworse."Asurveyof439medicaltechniciansfoundthat55percentoftechnicianswhomonitorbypassmachinesacknowledgedthattheyhadtalkedonsduringheartsurgery.Halfsaidtheyhadtextedwhileinsurgery.Thestudyconcluded,"Suchdistractionshavethepotentialtobedisastrous.Medicalprofessionalshavealwaysfacedinterruptionsfroms,andmultitaskingissimplyafactoflifeformanymedicaljobs.Whathaschanged,saydoctors,especiallyyoungerones,isthattheyfaceincreasingpressuretoinctwiththeirdevices.Thepressurestemsfromamantra(信条)ofmodemmedicinethatpatientcaremustbe"datadriven,"andinformedbythelatest,instantlyaccessibleinformation.Bymanyaccounts,thetechnologyhashelpedreducemedicalerrorbyprovidinginstantaccesstopatientdataorprescriptiondetails.Dr.PeterCarmel,oftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,saidtechnology"offersgreatpotentialinhealthcare,"butheaddedthatdoctors'firstpriorityshouldbewiththepatient.Whydohospitalsequiptheirstaffwith smartphonesandotherTosimplifymedicalToreducemedicalTocopewithTofacilitateWhatdoestheauthorrefertoby"distractedThephenomenonofmedicalstaffattendingtoalaffairswhileThedisservicedonebymoderndevicestodoctors,nurses,aswellasThetendencyofmedicalinstitutionsencouragingtheuseofmodemTheproblemofdevicespreventingdoctorsfromfocusingontheirWhatdoesDr.PeterPapadakosworryPressuresonthemedicalprofession eMedicalstudentsarenot ytrainedtousemodemDoctors' ctionwiththeirdevicesmayendangerpatients'DoctorsarerelyingtooheavilyonmodemelectronicWhydodoctorsfeelincreasingpressuretousemodemPatients'datahastoberevisedfromtimetoPatientstrustdoctorswhousemodemUseofmodemdevicesaddstohospitals'DataisgiventoomuchimportanceinpatientWhatisPeterCarmel'sadvicetoTheymakethebestuseofmodemTheyfollowcloselytheadvancesinmedicalTheyfocustheirattentiononthepatient'sTheyobservehospitalrulesandPassageQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingIhavecloselywatchedmygeneration,knownasIheMillennials,for29yearsnow,JoelStemwroteanextensivepieceonMillennialsandheremainsratheroptimisticaboutourpotential.Ihesitatetosharehisoptimismbecauseofaparadox(的现象)weseemtoexhibit,namely,thattherearemoreavenuesforustoentertainourselvesthaneverbeforeyetwearemoreboredthaneverbefore.Entertainmenthasneverbeenmorevaried.Wehavemorecablechannels,evisionshows,andmoviesthaneverbefore.Internetprovidersallowinstantviewingofalmostanymovieorevisionprogramevercreated.SocialdrinkingandpartyingarealsowidelyavailableforMillennials.Everygenerationdevelopsthesehabitsatacertainage,butMillennialsseemtoextendingthisphaseoflifeastheypostponeSomeofthisisundoubtedlyduetoTheGreatRecession.Millennialsarehavingadifficulttimefindingjobs;only47percentof16-to-24-year-oldsareemployed,thesmallestshareernmentstartedrecordingdatainButdoMillennial*respond