文学的象徵主义SymbolisminLiterature

Chapter10:文學旳象徵主義

SymbolisminLiteratureI.

Whatisasymbol?

Itisanobject,animateorinanimate,thatrepresentssomethingelse.

Scales(天秤)symbolizesjustice(公正).Adove(鴿子)standsforpeace(和平).Asymbolcanbepublicorprivate,universalorlocal.“Arose(玫瑰)asabeauty(美人)”ispublicanduniversal.

“Stars(星星)asreason(理性)”isprivateandlocal.

Asymbolinvolvescomparisonlikesimile(明喻)

ormetaphor(暗喻).

Thelily(百合花)vs.purity(清純):white&cleanAsymbolisnotsodefiniteinmeaningasanallegory.

Christian(基督徒)passesthroughtheSloughofDespond(沮喪之沼澤)andVanity

Fair(虛榮市集)andarrivesattheCelestialCity(天國之城).

--AllegoryinBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress.

Gregorfindshimselfturnedintoabigcockroach(蟑螂).

--SymbolinKafka’sMetamorphosisII.SymbolismasaMovement:

Itisamovementfoundprimarilyinliterature(esp.,poetry),butalsoinotherarts.ItbeganinFranceinthelatterpartofthe19thC.ItactsagainstRealismandNaturalism.

反寫實Moréas’smanifesto:“leSymbolisme”

Toclothetheideainperceptibleform.以可覺知旳形式衣著觀念。ItisinfluencedbySwedenborg’stheoryofcorrespondences(對應論)andSchopenhauer’spessimisticaesthetics(悲觀美學).Therearecorrespondencesbetweenthenatural(physical),thespiritual,andthedivineworlds.

--SwedenborgWeareeverlivingwithsufferingsundertheWill-to-life,andArtservesasacontemplativerefuge(思想旳庇護)fromtheworldofWill.

--SchopenhauerKhnopff’s“TheCaress”III.KeyIdeasofSymbolism:Itusesconcreteimages(具象)assymbols(象徵)toexpressanemotionoranabstractidea,torepresentanidealworld,ortosuggestanotherplaneofreality(實体面).Thepoetisakindofseer(先知)orvoyant(先覺)whocouldseethroughandbeyondtherealworldtotheworldofidealformsandessences,Theworldofessencesisaworldofsynesthesia(fusionofsensations,共感).Itusesthemethodofsuggestion(提醒)toevoke(喚起)hiddenmeanings.Itistoachievepurepoetry(純粹詩)throughwordrelationships:havingmusicalquality(言樂性),imageclusters(意象群),logicalandpsychologicalassociations(聯想).Thebestformisfreeverse(verslibres自由詩),or“prosepoem”(散文詩).IV.SomeFamousStatements:“Thesunitselfisthedarksimulacrum

(影像),

andlightistheshadow,ofGod.”--SirThomasBrown

“Symbolismistheartofevokinganobjectlittlebylittlesoastorevealamood(心境)”or,conversely,“theartofchoosinganobjectandextractingfromitanétat

d’âme.(心境).”

--Mallarmé“Theonlywayofexpressingemotionintheformofartisbyfindingan‘objectivecorrelative’(相關客体);inotherwords,asetofobjects,asituation,achainofeventswhichshallbetheformulaofthatparticularemotion;suchthatwhentheexternalfacts,whichmustterminateinsensoryexperience,aregiven,theemotionisimmediatelyevoked.”--T.S.Eliote.g.「門前遲行跡，一一生綠苔；苔深不能掃，

落葉秋風早。八月蝴蝶黃，雙飛西園草。」

李白〈長干行〉V.ImportantAuthors&Works：Baudelaire:TheFlowersofEvil

波德萊(《惡之華》)〈對應〉“Correspondences”〈鬱卒78〉“SpleenLXXVIII”

“Windows”(prosepoem)Mallarmé:Rimbaud:Verlaine:Correspondences

NatureisatemplewhoselivingcolonnadesBreatheforthamysticspeechinfitfulsighs;ManwandersamongsymbolsinthosegladesWhereallthingswatchhimwithfamiliareyes.

LikedwindlingechoesgatheredfarawayIntoadeepandthrongingunisonHugeasthenightorasthelightofday,Allscentsandsoundsandcolorsmeetasone.

Perfumesthereareassweetastheoboe’ssound,Greenastheprairies,freshasachild’scaress,--Andthereareothers,rich,corrupt,profound

Andofaninfinitepervasiveness,Likemyrrh,ormusk,oramber,thatexciteTheecstasiesofsense,thesoul’sdelight.

SpleenLXXVIII鬱卒OldPluvius,monthofrains,inpeevishmood冬雨倒冷甕Poursfromhisurnchillwinter’ssoddengloom墳屍消退中Oncorpsesfadingintheneargraveyard,乖戾陰霾下Onfoggysuburbspourslife’stedium.郊霧生長冗

Mycatseeksoutalitteronthestones,孤貓露疥癬Hermangybodyturningwithoutrest.覓窩青瓦片Anancientpoet’ssoulinmonotones詩人長凍瘡Whinesintherain-spoutslikeachilblainedghost.獨吟雨管間Agreatbellmourns,awetlogwrappedinsmoke樓鐘悲嗚燃溼木Singsinfalsettotothewheezingclock,壁鐘感冒猛嘀咕Whilefromaranklyperfumeddeckofcards發臭香牌煙幕裡(Adropsicaloldcrone’sfatalbequest)水腫老嫗遺留物TheQueenofSpades,thedapperJackofHearts黑桃紅心后與魔Speakdarklyofdeadloves,howtheywerelost.死情暗處猶傾訴

Windows

Lookingfromoutsideintoanopenwindowoneneverseesasmuchaswhenonelooksthroughaclosedwindow.Thereisnothingmoreprofound,moremysterious,morepregnant,moreinsidious,moredazzlingthanawindowlightedbyasinglecandle.Whatonecanseeoutinthesunlightisalwayslessinterestingthanwhatgoesonbehindawindowpane.Inthatblackorluminoussquarelifelives,lifedreams,lifesuffers.

AcrosstheoceanofroofsIcanseeamiddle-agedwoman,herfacealreadylined,whoisforeverbendingoversomethingandwhonevergoesout.Outofherface,herdress,andhergestures,outofpracticallynothingatall,Ihavemadeupthiswoman’sstory,orratherlegend,andsometimesItellittomyselfandweep.IfithadbeenanoldmanIcouldhavemadeuphisjustaswell.AndIgotobedproudtohavelivedandtohavesufferedinsomeonebesidesmyself.

Perhapsyouwillsay“Areyousurethatyourstoryisthereal

one?”Butwhatdoesitmatterwhatrealityisoutsidemyself,solongasithashelpedmetolive,tofeelthatIam,andwhatIam?VI.InfluencesofSymbolism:

Proust:novel(RemembranceofThingsPast)Yeats:poems(“T