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stheirabilitytoadapttotheinternationaldivisionoflabordeterminedbytheearlyindustrializersandtostakeoutareasofspecializationininternationalmarketsforwhichtheywereespeciallywellsuited.Thismeantagreatdependenceon)claimkeyareasofspecializationwithinestablishedinternationalHighlicyratesenabledthesecountriestotakeoverinternationalmarketsandadaptheinternaionaldivisionoflabortosuittheirstrengths.因果倒置Theinternaionaldivisionoflaborestablishedbytheearlyindustrializeswassuitedtohesecountries,akeyfactorintheir是国际分工wassuitedto这些国家，明明就是反了！！句子简化题。错误原因：因为原文wchctribtdtoit是在括号里，所有就被我跳过了，以为不是重要信息，所以在判断b，c时，由于其关键信息都与icys有关，所以直接忽视了。然后看了下不对，就选了。记住句子简化题一定要把原句好好的读！！一字不漏！！关键还是仔细读原文

internaionalcommerce,whichhadnotoriousfluctuations;butitalsomeanthighreturnstothosefactorsofproductionthatwerefortunateenoughtobewellcedintimesofprosperity.InSwedenexportsaccountedfor18percentofhenational ein1870,andin1913,22percentofamuchlarger e.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,Denmarkexported63percentofitsagriculturalproduction:butter,porkproducts,andeggs.Itexported80percentofitsbutter,almostalltoGreatBritain,whereitaccountedfor40percentofBritishbutterimports.Accordingtoparagraph6,amajorproblemwithdependingheavilyoninternationalmarketswasthatheylackedwerenotwellsuitedtoagriculturalwerelargelycontrolledbytheearlyledtoslowergrowthoflocalAccordingtoparagraph6.whatadvantagecouldacountrygainfrombeingheavilyinvolvedininternationalcommerce?Asteadilyrising GreatercontrolovermarketHighreturnswhenthingswentAreducedneedfor细节题。错误原因首先，词汇！还是词汇！return是收益！！不是！！是recall！受丰田影响太深了。。所以c就不是的东西了！！ 关键还是看仔细原文WhilesomeEuropeancountries,suchasEnglandandGermany,begantoindustrializeintheeighteenthcentury,theNetherlandsandtheScandinaviancountriesofDenmarkNorway,andSwedendevelopedlater.Allfourofthesecountrieslaggedconsiderablybehindinheearlynineteenthcentury.■However,heyindustrializedrapidlyinhesecondhalfofhecentury,especiallyinhelasttwoorthreedecades■Inviewoftheirlaterstartandtheirlackofcoal—undoubtedlyhemainreasontheywerenotamongheearlyindustrializers—itisimportanttounderstandthesourcesofheirsuccess.■此处直接跟下文了Lookathefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencebeaddedtopassageDuringthisperiod,SwedenhadthehighestrateofgrowthofoutputpercapitaofanycountryinEurope,andDenmarkwasWherewouldhesentencebest1234Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingheTHERRanswerchoiceshatexpressthemostimportantideasinhepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecauseheyexpressideashatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.AlthoughtheNetherlandsandScandinaviabegantoindustrializerelativelylate,theydidsoverysuccessfullyAlthoughthesecountriesallstartedwithsmall,uneducatedpopulationsindustrializaionledtosignificantpopulaiongrowhandhigherli cyrates.错了吧Becauseheyallstartedwihgoodharborsforships,hesecountriesstartedwithanimportantadvantageinthecompetiionfortransittrade.错了吧Thesecountriesweresuccessfulprimarilybecausetheirhighlicyrateshelpedthemfillspecializedmarketniches.Thankstotheirreadyaccesstohesea,thesecountriesenjoyedadvantagesinmercanileship,fishing,andshipbuilding.Thesecountrieswerehelpedbyhefactthatheirernmentswererelativelystableandhonestandgenerallysupportedliberaltradepolicies.Becauseheywereneverfullydependentoninternaionalcommerce,hesecountrieswereabletosurvivenotoriousfluctuaionsininternaionalmarkets.无关了参考答案BDDDAABCBBACCThankstoThesecountrieswerehelped„Thesecountriesweresccess„Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessenialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinhepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangehemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessenialinformationItistheconventionaltheorythatwhenpeopleareboredorsleepy,heyoftenexperienceadropinbloodoxygenlevelsduetoheirshallowbreathing。把原文信息乱凑在了一起。Theconvenionaltheoryisthatpeopleyawnwhenboredorsleepybecauseyawningraisesbloodoxygenlevels,whichinturnraisesAccordingtoconvenionalheory,yawningismorelikelytooccurwhenpeopleareboredorsleepythanwhenheyarealertandbreahingdeeply。完全错。Yawningaccordingtotheconventionaltheory,iscausedbyboredomorlackofsleepandcanbeavoidedthroughdeeperbreahing。完全错。能（哈欠通过深呼吸，反转了drop的bloodoxygenlevel，这个drop是由于少眠引起的浅呼吸，最终提高了aess。）在我的意群读法没有到位前，会遗失大量关键信息。日。。然后我们说说项。传统观点认为，哈欠发生在无聊和想睡觉时，这是因为哈欠提高了odxgenle，这个转而调高aetss。呵呵。文章哪【特注】其实让我们来仔细理解下原句“哈欠有提高aless是通过反转已经下降的血中氧气完成的。这个反转是通过深呼吸。这个血氧下降是由于少眠和无聊”。如此的话，我们就说得通了。因为血氧下降是由于少眠，哈欠的功能又是提高血氧。所以就形成了“因为哈欠可以提高血氧（这个血氧变化与少眠有关），所以哈欠发生在少眠和无聊时”关键是把原句看完整，看仔细。同时选项也要看仔inparagragh1,whatpointdoesheauhormakeaboutheevidenceforhetirednessheoryofyawning？ThereisnoscientificevidencelinkingyawningwithTheevidenceiswide-rangingbecauseitcoversmultipleage-Theevidenceisreliablebecauseitwascollectedoveralongperiodofime.Theevidenceisquestionablebecauseheyawningpatternsofchildrenandadultsshouldbedifferent完全无关内容heword”flaw”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningintheparagraph2whydoestheauthornotehatherewerephysiologicalchangeswhensubjectsopenedtheirmouthsorbreahedTopresentanargumentinsupportofhetirednessTocastdoubtonthereliabilityoftheteststhatmeasurementheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductance.Toargueagainstthehypothesisthatyawningprovidesaspecialwaytoimprovealertnessorraisephysiologicalactivity.Tosupportheideahatopeningthemouhorbreathingdeeplycanaffectbloodoxygenlevels.修辞目的题。错误原因：还是因为没有看仔细，b的t内容错啦！！目的是否定tssy，而非对这个实验的可靠性做否定，且项ywnTheword“triggered”inhepassageisclosestinmeaningparagraph2answersallofhefollowingquesionsaboutyawningdoesyawningincreasealertnessorphysiologicaldoesthinkingaboutyawningincreaseyawningovernotthinkingaboutyawning?Doestheamountofcarbondioxideandoxygenintheairaffecttherateatwhichpeopleyawn?Doestherateofbreathingaffecttherateatwhichpeople

ThemysteryofAccordingtoconventionaltheory,yawningtakescewhenpeopleareboredorsleepyandservesthefunctionofincreasingalertnessbyreversing,throughdeeperbreathing,thedropinbloodoxygenlevelsthatarecausedbytheshallowbreathingthat panieslackofsleeporboredom.Unfortunay,thefewscienificinvestigationsofyawninghavefailedtofindanyconnectionbetweenhowoftensomeoneyawnsandhowmuchsleeptheyhavehadorhowiredheyare.Abouttheclosestanyresearchhascometosupportinghetirednesstheoryistoconfirmhatadultsyawnmoreoftenonweekdaysthanatweekends,andthatschoolchildrenyawnmorefrequenlyintheirfirstyearatprimaryschoolthanheydoin做简化题看来还是要用排除Anotherflawoftheirednessheoryishatyawningdoesnotraisealertnessorphysiologicalactivity,ashetheorywouldpredict.1）Whenresearchersmeasuredtheheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductanceofpeoplebefore,duringandafteryawning,heydiddetectsomechangesinskinconductancefollowingyawning,indicaingaslightincreaseinphysiologicalacivity.However,similarchangesoccurredwhenhesubjectswereaskedsimplytoopenheirmouthsortobreahedeeply.Yawningdidnohingspecialtoheirstateofphysiologicalactivity.3）Experimentshavealsocastseriousdoubtonhebeliefthatyawningistriggeredbyadropinbloodoxygenorariseinbloodcarbondioxide.Volunteersweretoldtothinkaboutyawningwhiletheybreahedeihernormalair,pureoxygen,oranairmixturewithanabove-normallevelofcarbondioxide.Iftheheorywascorrect,breahingairwihextracarbondioxideshouldhavetriggeredyawning,whilebreahingpureoxygenshouldhavesuppressedyawning.Infact,neitherconditionmadeanydifferencetothefrequencyofyawning,whichremainedconstantatabout24yawnsperhour4）Anoherexperimentdemonstratedthatphysicalexercise,whichwassufficienlyvigoroustodoubleherateofbreahing,hadnoeffectonthefrequencyofyawningAgaintheimplicaionishatyawninghaslittleornohingtodowithoxygen.Acompleydifferenttheoryholdsthatyawningassistsinhephysicaldevelopmentofhelungsearlyinlife,buthasnoremainingbiologicalfuncioninadults.Ithasbeensuggestedthatyawningandhiccup mightservetoclearouthefetus'sairways.Thelungsofafetussecretealiquidhatmixeswithitsmother'samnioicfluid.Babieswihcongenitalblockagesthatpreventthisfluidfromescafromheirlungsaresometimesbornwihdeformedlungs.Itmightbethatyawninghelpstoclearoutthelungsbyperiodicallyloweringthepressureinhem.Accordingtohistheory,yawninginadultsisjustadevelopmentalfossilwithnobiologicalfuncion.But,whileacceptinghatnoteverythinginlifecanbeexinedbyDarwinianevoluion,therearesoundTheword“periodically”inhepassageisclosestinhemeaning reasonsforbeingskepticalofheorieslikehisone,

avoidheissueofwhatyawningdoesforadults.Yawningisdistracing,consumesenergyandtakestime.Itisalmostcertainlyngsomehingsignificantinadultsaswellasinfetuses.Whatcoulditbe?accordingtothedevelopmentaltheoryofyawningpresentedinparagraph3.Whatistheroleofyawning?ItcausedhiccupswhichaidinthedevelopmentofheItcontrolsheamountofpressurethelungsceonoherdeveloorgans原文那个them就是lungs，所以没有其他的IpreventsamnioticfluidfromenteringtheItremovesapotentiallyharmfulfluidfromhe原文多次提到clearParagraph3supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouthedevelopmenttheoryofyawning?exintheThetheoryisattractivebecauseitexinsyawningfromexintheThetheoryisunsaisfactorybecauseitcannotdeformitiesofinfants.ThetheoryisquestionablebecauseitdoesnotexinwhyauselessandinconvenientbehaviorwouldconinueintoadulhoodThetheoryis pletebecauseitdoesnotexnalltheevolutionarystagesinhedevelopmentofyawning.细节题。2nd首先可以排除理论有所怀疑，然后用了限制性定从，“这个理论回避了解释哈欠对成年人的作用”。所以如果用对应的话也可以找出答案！！c没有给写出continue前有没有什么时间，所以continueintoadult，只是说这样一种行为继续存在于adult（可能意思就是，从进化论上来讲，一个无用的东西会，但这个无用的东西却继续存在于成年期）关键还是仔细读原文

Theempiricalevidence,suchasitis,suggestsanaltogeherdifferentfunctionforyawning—namely,thatyawningpreparesusforachangeinacivitylevel.Supportforthistheorycamefromastudyofyawningbehaviorineverydaylife.Volunteersworewrist-mounteddeviceshatautomaticallyrecordedheirphysicalacivityforuptotwoweeks:thevolunteersalsorecordedtheiryawnsbypressingabuttononhedeviceeachtimetheyyawned.Thedatashowedhatyawningtendedtooccurabout15minutesbeforeaperiodofincreasedbehavioralactivity.Yawningborenorelationshiptosleeppatterns,howeverThisaccordswihanecdotalevidencehatpeopleoftenyawninsituationswhereheyareneiherirednorbored,butarepreparingforimpendingmentalandphysicalacivity.Suchyawningisoftenreferredtoas"incongruous"becauseitseemsoutofce,atleastonthetirednessview:soldiersyawningbeforecombat,

Theword“empirical”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningBasedoncommonBasedonobservationorexperiment。这里不人理解的经验主义。。

musiciansyawningbeforeperforming,andathletesyawningbeforecompeting.Theiryawningseemstohavenothingtodowithsleepinessorboredom—quitethereverse—butitdoesprecedeachangeinacivitylevel.Thestudyofyawningbehaviordiscussedinparagraph4supportswhichofhefollowingconclusions?YawningisassociatedwihanexpectaionofincreasedphysicalacivityYawningoccursmorefrequentlywhenpeopleareaskedtorecordheiryawningPeopletendtoyawnaboutfifteenminutesbeforehey iredorboredMentalorphysicalstresstendstomakepeoplewhydoestheauthormenion“soldiersyawningbeforecombat,musiciansyawningbeforeperforming,andahletesyawningbeforeToarguethatjusttheexpectationofphysicalactivitycanmakesomepeoplefeeltiredToexinhowtheviewthatpeopleyawnbecausetheyareiredaccountsforyawningbeforestressfulsituaionsTosupportheviewhatyawninghelpsprepareaformentalorphysicalexertionToprovideanecdotalevidencehatswihtheexperienceofhevolunteersinthestudy段落主旨

Anotherflawofthetirednessheoryisthatyawningdoesnotraisealertnessorphysiologicalactivity,asheheorywouldpredict.Whenresearchersmeasuredtheheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductanceofpeoplebefore,duringandafteryawning,theydiddetectsomechangesinskinconductancefollowingyawning,indicaingaslightincreaseinphysiologicalactivity.However,similarchangesoccurredwhenthesubjectswereaskedsimplytoopenheirmouhsortobreathedeeply.Yawningdidnothingspecialtoheirstateofphysiologicalacivity.Experimentshavealsocastseriousdoubtonhebeliefthatyawningistriggeredbyadropinbloodoxygenorariseinbloodcarbondioxide.■Volunteersweretoldtothinkaboutyawningwhileheybreathedeithernormalair,pureoxygen,oranairmixturewithanabove-normallevelofcarbondioxide.■Ifheheorywascorrect,breahingairwihextracarbondioxideshouldhavetriggeredyawning,whilebreathingpureoxygenshouldhavesuppressedyawning■Infact,neithercondiionmadeanydifferencetohefrequencyofyawning,whichremainedconstantatabout24yawnsperhour.■Anotherexperimentdemonstratedthatphysicalexercise,whichwassufficientlyvigoroustodoubletherateofbreahing,hadnoeffectonhefrequencyofyawningAgainheimplicationishatyawninghaslitleornothingtodowihoxygen.lookathefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentenceshouldbeaddedtothepassageThis,however,wasnotthe1234

错误原因：大概是3周没做题目了，有点不会了。题干明明就是转折，a前后哪有转折的内容了啊？？？前有xpimnt，a后就是整个xpimt的内容了。注意内容！！Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingheTHERRanswerchoiceshatexpressthemostimportantideasinhepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Thetirednesstheoryofyawningdoesnotseemtoexinwhyyawningoccurs.1424Althoughearlierscientificstudiesstronglysupportedhetirednessheorynewevidencehascastdoubtonthesefindings.

原文说的是Accordingtoconventionaltheory，似乎不能和earlier对应吧。Somehaveproposedhatyawningysaroleinthedevelopmentofhelungsbeforebirthbutthatitservesnopurposeinadult。p3Newstudies,alongwithanecdotalevidence,haveshownthathefrequencyofyawningincreasesduringextendedperiodsofEvidencehasshownthatyawningisalmostcompleyunrelatedtoamountofoxygeninhebloodandisunrelatedtosleepFluidsinthelungsofthefetuspreventyawningfromoccurring,whichdisproveshedevelopmentalheoryofyawning.乱七八糟Thereissomeevidencethatsuggeststhatyawningpreparesthebodyandmindforachangeinactivitylevelp4参考答案BAACDBCDCDACCEvidencehasshownthat….Somehaveproposetat„Thereissomeidce„Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingtakeceinthedevelopmentofaflashoflighteningexceptGreattensionbetweentwoopposychargedAnincreaseinnegativelychargedpariclesoverposiivelychargedThereleaseofelectricalenergyintheformofvisibleTheword“tremendous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph2,whatcausesicecrystalto CollisionswithiceCollisionswithnegativelychargedicecrystalsatthebaseofheingconcentratedinthecentralregionoftheFormingatatemperaturegreaterthan15℃Theword【acquireinthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph2,whyarepositivelychargedicepelletsproducedinhelowerpartofhecloud?increaseinCollisionsbetweenicecrystalsandiceincreasein（无中生有）inhelowerpartoftheThelowerpartofthecloudissmaller（比较！！）hantheregionaboveitMoreicepellets（无中生有的比较）hanicecrystalsreachthelowerpartofthecloudTemperatureinhelowerpartofthecloudarewarmerthan15℃Accordingtoparagraph2,themiddleregionofacloud negativelychargedduetoallofhefollowingexceptAshiftofelectricalchargedbetweenicepelletsandiceNegativelychargedicepelletshatremainintheAtemperatureof-15℃orThedevelopmentofapositivechargeatthebaseoftheTheauthorremarkshat【Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive】inordertoexinwhyThisformoflightninghasbeeninvestigatedsoThisformoflightningisnotascommonaslightningwithoutaScientificunderstandingofthisformoflightningisThebuildupofpositivechargeonthegroundbeneahastormcloudcanhaveseriousconsequences.修辞目的题。请根据原文来判断，这不是推理题！！c的关键是important，这一点在原文中根本就是没有的，属于过度推理。a的关键是beeninvestigated。回到原文中的话，somuch和alotof也完全对应了

Lightningisabrilliantflashoflightproducedbyanelectricaldischargefromastormcloud.Theelectricaldischargetakescewhentheattractivetension1）betweenaregionofnegativelychargedparticlesandaregionofpositivelycharged essogreatthathechargedparticlessuddenlyrushtogeher.3）Thecomingtogetherofheopposiychargedparticlesneutralizesheelectricaltensionand4）releasesatremendousamountofenergy,whichweseeaslightning.TheseparationofposiivelyandnegaivelychargedparticlestakesceduringhedevelopmentofthestormTheseparationofchargedparticlesthatformsinastormcloudhasasandwich-likestructure.Concentraionsofposiivelychargedparticlesdevelopatthetopandbottomofhecloud,butthemiddleregion esnegaivelycharged.Recentmeasurementsmadeinhefieldtogeherwithlaboratorysimulationsofferapromisingexnationofhowhisstructureofchargedpariclesforms.Whathappensishatsmall(millimeter-tocentimeter-size)pelletsoficeforminhecoldupperregionsofhecloud.Whentheseicepelletsfall,someofthemstrikemuchsmallericecrystalsinthecenterofthecloud.4）Thetemperatureatthecenterofthecloudisabout-15℃orlower.Atsuchtemperatures,thecollisionbetweentheicepelletsandheicecrystalscauseselectricalchargestoshiftsothatheicepelletsacquireanegativechargeandtheice epositivelycharged.1）Thenupdraftwindcurrentscarrythelight,positivelychargedicecrystalsuptohetopofthecloud.2）Theheaviernegativelychargedicepelletsarelefttoconcentrateinhecenter.Thisprocessexinswhythetopofthecloud espositivelycharged,whilethe esnegativelycharged.Thenegativelychargedregionislarge:severalhundredmetersthickandseveralkilometersindiameter.Belowthislarge,cold,negaivelychargedregion,thecloudiswarmerthan-15℃,andathesetemperatures,collisionsbetweenicecrystalsandfallingicepelletsproducepositivelychargedicepelletshatthenpopulateasmallregionatthebaseofhecloud.Mostlightningtakescewihinacloudwhenthechargeseparaionwihinthecloudcollapses.However,ashestormclouddevelops,thegroundbeneaththecloud posiivelychargedandlightningcantakeceintheformanelectricaldischargebetweenhenegaivechargeofthecloudandheposiivelychargedground.Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive,soeventhoughitrepresentsonly20percentofalllightningithasreceivedalotofscienificattenion.Usinghigh-speedphotography,scientistshavedeterminedhattherearetwostepstotheoccurrenceoflightningfromacloudtotheground.First,achannel,orpath,isformedthatconnectsthecloudandthegroundThenastrongcurrentofelectronsfollowsthatpathfromthecloudtoheground,anditishatcurrentthatilluminateshechannelasthelightningwesee.啊啊仔细看原文！！不 臆断！！找最紧密的句子好好对应Theword【illuminates】inhepassageisclosetinmeaning

Theformaionofthechannelisinitiatedwhenelectronssurgefromthecloudbasetowardtheground.WhenastreamofAccordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueofhestreamofchargedparticlesfromhegroundItpreventsstreamsofelectronsfromthecloudfromstrikingheItcompletesachannelhatconnectsthestormcloudwithheItproducesastreamofelectronsfromtheIwidensthepathmadebytheinitialstreamofelectronsfromheWhichofthefollowingclaimsaboutlightningstrikescanbeinferredfromparagraph5?DuringalightningstrikethediameterofthechannelheelectronsfollowisconsiderablyenlargedbeyondafewcentimetersAbuildingisunlikelytobehitbylightningunlessitisatleast100meterstail。乱拼凑的信息。AbuildingishitbyalightningstrikebecausethebuildingitselfhasfirstdeterminedhepahthelighteningthentakestoitThelightofalightningstrikefirst无中生有appearsatthepointwherethestreamsofnegativeandposiiveparticlesmeet。

thesenegaivelychargedelectronscomeswithin100metersofthegrounditismetbyastreamofpositivelychargedparticlesthatcomesupfromtheground.Whenhenegativelyandposiivelychargedstreamsmeet,acompletechannelconnectinghecloudandthegroundisformed.Thechannelisonlyafewcenimetersindiameter,buthatiswideenoughforelectronstofollowthechanneltohegroundinthevisibleformofaflashoflightning.Thestreamofpositiveparicleshatmeetshesurgeofelectronsfromthecloudoftenarisesfromatallpointedstructuresuchasametalflagpoleoratower.Thatiswhythesubsequentlightninghatfollowsthecompletedchanneloftenstrikesatallstructure.Onceachannelhasbeenformed,itisusuallyusedbyseverallightningdischarges,eachofthemconsistingofastreamofelectronsfromhecloudmeetingastreamofpositiveparticlesalongtheestablishedpah.Sometimes,however,astreamofelectronsfollowinganestablishedchannelismetbyaposiivestreammakinganewpathupfromheground.Theresultisaforkedlightninghatstrikesthegroundintwoces.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatpartofhereasonhatthetopofastormcloud esposiivelychargedishatThetopofthecloudiswarmerhanthemiddleoftheThemiddleofhecloudidalreadyoccupiedbypositivelychargedThenegaivelychargedicepelletsaretooheavytobecarriedbyheupdraftshatmoveicecrystalsCollisionsbetweenicepelletsinthetopofhecloudproducemainlyposiivelychargedparticlesTheword【iniiated】isclosetinmeaningTheformaionofthechannelisinitiatedwhenelectronssurgefromhecloudbasetowardheground.Whenastreamofhesenegativelychargedelectronscomeswihin100metersofthegrounditismetbyastreamofpositivelychargedparticleshatcomesupfromheground.Whenthenegaivelyandposiivelychargedstreamsmeet,acompletechannelconnecting