写作技巧及套路

写作方法文章的基本结构开头段，展开段，结尾段文章的构成可分为三个部分：开头部分，中间展开部分，和结尾部分。这三部分的格局总是两头小而中间大。一、开头段开头段的写法基本可归纳如下从广泛概念进入，层层限制，最后引出主题；设问开头，发人深省，引发读者思考；引用名人名言或谚语警句烘托主题；从普遍现象或普遍接受的概念出发，提出对立观点，或对普遍现象或常规观点提出异议；陈述惊人事实或数据以引起读者注意。不论采用哪种方式，开头段里中心句以外的句子始终是为中心句而存在，其内容不应远离或重复中心句。二、结尾段开头和结尾往往是读者注意最多的部分。开头引起读者注意，提出主题；结尾与开头呼应，使读者感觉全文论述完成，圆满结束。人们常把好的文章称作“画龙点睛”，可见结尾部分对整篇文章所起的作用。结论段的写法经常是下列几种：给开头段中提出的问题提供答案或解决方法；再述中心句，即用不同的语句再次陈述中心论点。此时经常使用同义词或改变句型；总结概括展开部分，与开头段所表达的中心思想相呼应；用反语强调论点的正确性，或用反问句，提出一个不言而喻、答案十分明显的设问。另外，结尾段还常用过度语起头以加强和明确从论述到结论的转变。常用的过渡词语有：aboveall/eventually/then/allinall/inbrief/so/asaresult/inconclusion/therefore/inshort/asIhaveshown(said,stated)/tosummarize/consequently/insummary/tosumup/onthewhole注意：结论内容必须是展开部分自然演绎得出的，结论意义必须服从于中心句和展开部分，意思上切不可自成一体，也不适宜新开个话题或提出个即使是发人深省但与主题不很相干的问题。综上所述，在学习短文写作中，最重要的是学会正确地写出文章中心句、段落主题句和文章结论句。写作注意事项：1.文章的提纲outline,2.统一性unity(也称一致性)，3.连贯性展开方式一、罗列法(listing)罗列法就是把所要包含的写作内容要点罗列起来，逐一论述。罗列法可以说是最为常用的内容展开方法，它可以自成一文。罗列法还可以辅助其他方式展开内容，成为文章内容的一部分。例如:MyMostFavoriteProgram1.我最喜爱的电视节目是……这类节目的内容和特点我喜欢它的原因其中的第二、第三条中，要写的内容若有两点以上，也就需要采用罗列法。采用罗列法需要注意以下几点：所列的要点须属同层次内容，而且意义不能相互涵盖，必须相互区别，相对独立。点与点之间的排列顺序也应有一定规律。通常的规律：从一般的到个别的，从显而易见的到鲜为人知的，从最重要的到最为次要的(或颠倒排列)。对每一要点若用两个句子以上进行论述，句子的排列也应符合逻辑，有规可循。点与点之间的连接方式也很重要。一种连接方式是采用过渡词语做标记的形式。常用于罗列的过渡词语有：tobegianwith/inthefirst(second,etc.)place/firstly,secondly,etc/lastly,(finaly,atlast,etc)/atfirst/Thefirstthingtobeconsideredis.../firstofall/First...second.then./thefirstthingwehavetoconsideris.二、例证法(exemplificition)例证法是说明文和议论文中十分常见的展开方法。为了说明一个事物，除了描写、解释外，举例说明往往是最为有效的方法；如果文章的主题是理论性很强的话题，运用实际的例子来证明作者观点的正确，也是十分有利的手段。“事实胜于雄辩”。运用例证法，需要说明一下几点:所举的例子必须恰到好处地说明有关事物或论点。牵强附会或漏洞百出的例子只会帮倒忙。例如，作文题目为IsFailureaBadthing?为说明“Failureisnotabadthing",有人说他自己的升学考试失败不是坏事，因为他的好朋友通过了考试，表明该作者的思维缺乏逻辑。可以在不同论述层次上引进例子。有些例子是用来直接说明短文中心句或段落主题句的，而有些例子是为了说明文章中某一要点、或某一句话意思而采用的。不同用途的例子在文中的重要程度及扩展的详略程度也有所不同。如果同时举出数例，就要给这几个例子以合理的顺序。有时一篇例证法短文或段落可以用一个例子作为展开内容。例证法文章有采用过渡语标记表明举例的，也有无标记的。常用过渡语：Forexample/specifically/forinstance/suchas/AnotherexampleIrememberis. /foronething/themoststrikinginstanceofthisoccurredwhen. /sometimes/often/.canserveasanexample/toillustrate/asanillustration三、因果法分析原因的作文题如Do“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?有些人认为.会也有些人认为.与.无关试说明你的看法CanMoneyBuyHappiness?有人认为金钱是幸福之本有人认为金钱是万恶之源我的看法分析结果的：PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports运动的积极因素运动的消极因素3.我的体会既分析原因有分析结果的：HarmnessofFakeCommodities目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品，为什么会有这种现象?（原因）举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人，社会的危害（结果）用因果法写作有下列要点：不论段落还是文章，因果法的展开方式通常有两种：1）起因在前，结果再后；2）结果在前，起因在后。一般来说，讨论结果时用前者，讨论起因时用后者。一篇文章也可以一个段落讨论原因，另一个段落讨论结果。因果关系的作文可以是一因一果，一因多果，多因一果，要根据需要决定取舍。如果采用多因多果，要注意顺序排列。四、比较法和对比法比较法（comparison）和对比（contrast）法既有类似之处，又有不同之处。主要区别在于，前者的主题是指出两件事物的相同点，后者的主题则是指出两件事物的不同点。要点：比较或对比的对象必须属于同一意义范畴。如wife与husband,bicycle与car,citylife与countrylife,Chinese与English相比等。要遵循一致的比较模式比较法和对比法的内容排列较为复杂，因为在比较对比法中有两套因素需要同时顾及，交错排列。如果把相比较的对象称为items,把比较的方面称points,那么，就需要把items和points合理地“编织”起来。文章可以points为基本顺序，在论述每个point时依次谈itema）和itemb）。这种顺序被称为Point-by-pointpattern（逐点比较法，即两个比较对象同时描述，逐点比较）。文章顺序还可以items为基本顺序，在描述一个item的过程中，完成三个points的论述再进入另一个item的描述。这种方式被称为blockpattern（整块比较法，即两个对象分块描述，分别逐点分析）。使用有助于比较对比的词语表示相同的词语有：likewise/alike/similarly/（exactly）thesameas/both/resemble/neithe..nor/likeA...SoisB1）表示不同的词语有：However/while/ontheotherhand/whereas/but/incontrastto/AandBaredisimilarinthat./onthecontrary/ThemaindifferencebetweenAandBisthat./differentfrom/withregardto.,Ais.thanB/notas.as/unlikeA比较或对比论述最好带有作者的倾向性观点。如果单纯地进行比较，如冬天冷，夏天热；他的车新，我的车旧，读者体会不到这种比较的意义，无法理解作者真正的写作意图。写作套路一、MyViewon...题型套路1.People'sview/ideas/opinionson...varyfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplethinkthat..Theyholdthisopinionbecause. .However,othersholdthat.Astome,Iaminfavorofthefirst/secondidea.Thefollowingarethereasonsof/formychoice/personalinclination.First,whileitistruethat.,itdoesn'tmeanthat..Besides,..Admittedly,.butthisisnottosaythat.Therefore/Inaword/Fromtheforegoing,.套路2.Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewson.Itisheldthat.Butitisalsoheldthat.Thosewhoholdthefirstopinion.Incontrast,thosewhoholdthesecondview.Astome,Iagreewiththelatteropinion.Admittedly,.butthisisnottosaythat.套路3.Whenaskedaboutatheme,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions..isnoexception.Somepeopletakeitforgranted/say/think/believethat.However,othersholdthat.AsfarasIamconcerned,I'minfavorofthesecondview.Thereasonsareasfollows.First,thereisanelementoftruththat.,butitdoesn'tfollowthat..Acaseinpointisthat. .Therefore,thefirstviewdoesn'tholdwater/cannotbearmuchanalysis/cannotstanduptocloseexamination.Inconclusion.1999.6真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:Readingselectivelyorextensively?Youshouldwriteatleast100words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有人认为读书要有选择 2.有人认为应当博览群书 3.我的看法\[范文\]ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?Readingselectivelyorextensively?Whatisyourchoice?Perhapseachofushasourchoice.Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively,fortherearesomanybooksforustoread.Thousandsofnewbooksarepublishedeveryday.Howcanwecoverallthesebooksinourlimitedtime?Besides,notallthebooksareworthreading.Somepeople,onthecontrary,choosetoreadextensively.Theythinkthatreadingextensivelycanbroadentheirhorizons.Throughreadingextensivelytheycanlearnsomethingabouttheirancestors;throughreadingextensivelytheycangetinsightofgreatmen.Readingextensivelycanalsoenableustoadapttothefastdevelopingsociety.Becausewearelivinginaknowledge-explodingsociety,ifwedon'treadextensively,wecan'tgetenoughinformationaboutthemodernworld,andwecan'tkeeppacewiththesociety.Inmyopinion,weshouldreadbothselectivelyandextensively.Byreadingextensively,wecanenrichourknowledgeofaspects.Byreadingselectively,wecanfocusonandlearnwelltheacademicknowledgewe'llneedinourfuturework.2005.12真题ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourist?名校校园正成为旅游新热点2.校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3.我认为…\[范文\]ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?Nowadays,manyfamousuniversitycampuseshavebecomeoneofthepopulartouristattractions.IthasbeenshownonTVandontheradiothateveryyearthousandsandthousandsofmiddleschoolstudentsvisitTsingHuaUniversityandPekingUniversityandotherfamousuniversitiesinChina.Intheplacefarawayfromthecapitalcity,thelocalstudentsalsovisittheuniversitiesfamousintheirownprovince.Sofarasthepresentsituationisconcerned,isitagoodorbadthingtoopentheuniversitycampusfortourists?Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.Ononehand,somepeoplearguedthatitisagoodthingforthestudentstovisitthefamousuniversitycampusinthatitcanenablethemiddlestudentstogetmoreinformationabouttheuniversityandtheycanhaveenoughtimeandopportunitytopreparethemselveswiththechancetogetintotheuniversity.Ontheotherhand,somepeopleholdanegativeviewaboutthisphenomenon.Intheiropinion,thepublictourismwillhavenegativeeffectontheuniversitiesbecauseitwillnotonlydoharmtotheenvironmentbutalsototheintellectualatmosphere.Inmyopinion,thetourismtotheuniversitiesisnotagoodthing.Thecampusismainlyaplaceforstudy.Withtheincreasingtourismonthecampus,itwillruinthespiritualatmosphereinthislearningfield.2006.12真题1.许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会2.但有些人提出取消春节晚会3.我的看法\[范文\] theSpringFestivalEveningNowadays,theSpringFestivalEveninghasbecomeoneofthepopulartopicandattractionsduringeverytraditionalNewYear'sEve.IthasbeendshoonwnonTVantheradiothateveryyearthousandsandthousandsofChinesepeopleappeartobeaccustomedtoenjoyingthesightsandsoundsofabrilliantfeast,whilegatheringwiththeirbelovedfamily.However,anincreasingnumberofpeoplehavevoiceddifferentopinionstowardsit.Sofarasthepresentsituationisconcerned,isitagoodorbadthingtocanceltheSpringFestivalEvening?Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.Ononehand,somepeoplearguedthatitisagoodthingtoamusetheaudienceinthatitiscomposedbyanumerousadequateprograms,suchastheemotionalsong,thegracefuldance,thefunnyshortsketch,theamusingcomicdialogue,thedelightfulmagic,andthemarvelousacrobaticsandsoon.Ontheotherhand,somepeopleholdanegativeviewaboutthisphenomenon.Intheiropinion,theSpringFestivalEveningwillhavenegativeeffectonthefamilyharmonybecauseitwillnotonlydoharmtohavingthetalksbetweenfamilymembersontheSpringFestivalEvebutalsotoenjoyingthegourmetmealinafancyrestaurant.Inmyopinion,theSpringFestivalEveningisagoodthing.Itmaynotremainamustforallpeople,butitcanbringusastrongsenseoffestivityandserveasanalternativeamongthevarietyofholidayactivities.WiththeincreasingaudienceoftheSpringFestivalEvening,itwillruinadistinctivecultureduringtheSpringFestivalvacation.ExaminationTherearemanyargumentsabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofexamination.Somepeoplethinkexaminationistheonlywaytotesthowexamineeshavemasteredwhattheyhavestudiedanditistheonlymeasurementforexaminerstoselectwhichpersonstheyneed.While,ontheotherhand,someobjectthatexaminationcan'tmeasurehowthestudentshavereallystudied.Theysayitcandonothingbutburdenthestudents.Asforme,Ithinkforbothexaminersandexaminees,theexaminationcanshowwhatandhowmuchtheexamineeshavemastered.Theresultsofexaminationsarejustlikemirrorsforbothexaminersandexaminees.Throughexaminationtheexaminerscanknowwhethertheyhavedonewell,sothatthey'llmakemuchimprovementintheirwork.Asfarasexamineesareconcerned,theycannotonlyknowhowtheyhavestudiedbutalsofindoutwhattheyarestillunknownorwhattheyhaven'tmasteredwell.Thus,theywillbeinspiredtomakegreatereffortstoimprovetheirstudyingmethodsoastomakegreaterprogress.Ofcourse,toomanyexaminationsareburdenstobothexaminersandexaminees.Insum,theexaminationdoesmoregoodthanharmforbothexaminersandexaminees.Wemusttakeacorrectattitudetowardsexamination.Weshouldtakefulladvantageofitandavoiditsdisadvantage.二、 Howto...题型套路Manywayscancontributetosolvingthisseriousproblem,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Firstofall,.Besides,/Anotherwaytosolvetheproblemof.is..Finally,.Thesearenotthebestandtheonlytwo/threemeasureswecantake.Butitshouldbenotedthatweshouldtakestrongactionsto.三、 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesof.题型套路Nowadays,.play(s)animportantpart/rolein.(is/arepopulararoundus).Likeeverythingelse,.has/havebothfavourableandunfavourableaspects.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.First,.Besides,.Mostimportantofall,.Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,..Tomakemattersworse/Worstofall,..Throughaboveanalysis,Ibelievethattheadvantages/positiveaspectsoutweighthedisadvantages/negativeones.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheMobilePhoneWiththerapideconomicdevelopment，themobilephonehasfounditswayintocampusesandahostofstudentstakeadvantageofthiswonderfulgadgettocommunicatewitheachother.Thisphenomenongivesrisetothisquestion：Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthemobilephone?Itiswidelybelievedthatitgreatlyfacilitatesstudents'campuslife.Manyinstancescouldbefoundtosupportthistypeofopinion.Agraduatingstudentinouruniversityboughtamobilephoneinthecourseofhuntingforhisjob.Hetoldmethatthroughthemobilephonehecouldeasilykeepintouchwiththeemployerofthecompanyheintendstoworkwithandwouldnotmissanyopportunities.However，everythinghasbothpositiveandnegativefacets.Themobilephonealsohasmanydisadvantages.Forinstance，theringingofthemobilephoneoftendisturbstheteacher'steachingandotherstudents'learning.Personally，theadvantagesofthemobilephoneoutweighthedisadvantagesofitaslongaswedon'tinterferewithotherswhileusingit.PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSportsSportsbenefitusinmanyrespects.Whentakingpartinsports,wegetthechancetotrainalmostallpartsofourbodies.Thereisnodoubtthatpropersportsactivitieskeepourphysicalfitness.Furthermore,sportscanenrichourlifeandmaintainourpsychologicalhealth.Throughparticipation,everyonecanlearnthatontheplaygroundhenotonlystrugglesforhimselfbutalsofightsforhisteam.Sportsteachusaboutconsideration,cooperationandoptimismtofailure.Butsportscandosomeharmtothosepeoplewhocannotplantheiractivitiesproperly.Toohardtrainingmayhurttheirbodies,exhausttheirvigor,andevencausethemtobesick.Ingeneral,Ilovesports;enjoysports.IfeelthatInotonlygainawell-balancedlifethroughgoinginforsports,butalsogetmorechancestomoveclosertonature.SportsaddhappinesstomyeverydaylifewhenIperforminadecentway.TurnoffYourMobilePhoneDirection:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTurnOffYourMobilephone.Youshouldwritenolessthan120wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinebelow:1.移动电话给我们的生活带来了便利移动电话有时也会影响别人在某些场合请关掉你的手机TurnOffYourMobilePhoneWiththedevelopmentofinformationtechnologyandreducedpriceofcommunicationproducts,themobi1ephonehasbecomeanecessityformostpeople.Obviously,itshortensthedistancebetweenpeopleandmakesourlifemoreconvenient.Thankstoit,it'seasyforustocontactorbecontactedbyothersanytimeandanywhere.Wewillnevermissanyimportantmeetings，greatdealsoradmirableopportunities.But，haveyounoticedsometimesthemobilephonealsobringsembarrassmenttous?It'snotraretoseesomeonepressingthemobilephonetohisearandshoutingloudlyinpublicasiftherewerenooneelsepresent.AndI'msureeachonehashadsuchanexperiencethatthemobi1ephoneringcontinuouslyonaformaloccasion.PerhapsthesePeoplehavemanylifeanddeathreasonstokeepthephoneworkingatalltimes,butitinterruptspeoplearoundthemwhohavetohearwhattheydon'tcarewhentheywanttoconcentrateonwhatthey'redoing.Soifyouareoneofthem,pleaseshutoffyourcellphoneinpublic,especiallyonaquietandseriousoccasion.It'sarespectforbothothersandyourself.AorB题型套路1Whenwe/you...,we/youwillbefacedwiththechoicebetweenAandB.Beforemakingtherightchoice,we/youhadbettermakeaclosecomparisonandcontrastofthem..Firstofall,A..Also,B..Second,A..Likewise,B..Despitetheirsimilarities,AandBarealsodifferentinthefollowingaspects.First,A..However,B.Besides,A..Onthecontrary,B.Therefore,whichonewe/youshouldchoosedependson...Ifwe/you.,we/youshouldchooseA;butifwe/you.,we/youshouldturntoB.套路2Whenwe.,itisinevitabletomeetthechoicebetweenAandB.Wewouldberegardedasinconsiderateifwerushedourdecisionwithoutcomparingorcontrastingthem.First/Firstofall/Tobeginwith,bothAandB..A..However,B..Besides/Moreover/Inaddition/What'smore,A..However/Incontrast/Onthecontrary/Ontheotherhand,..Finally,themoststrikingdifferenceisthatA.WhileB..Therefore,itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicenow.Ifwe.,wewillchooseA;butifwe.,wewillturntoB.Inaword,thekeyliesin.To