DB43-T 2515-2022 福利机构儿童成长引导规范

ICS

01.040.03CCS

43湖 南省地 方 标 准DB43/T

2515—2022福利机构儿童成长引导规范Specification

for

guide

the

child

development

in

welfare

institutions2022

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12

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09

发布

2023

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实施湖南省市场监督管理局

发

布DB43/T

2515—2022 前言························································································································

Ⅲ1·····················································································································

12 规范性引用文件······································································································13术语和定义············································································································14 引导原则···············································································································14.1 全面与发展原则································································································

14.2 平等与支持原则································································································

14.3 差异与优势原则································································································

15 总体要求···············································································································16 身体健康···············································································································26.1 科学运动·········································································································26.2 规律作息·········································································································26.3 健康膳食·········································································································27 心理健康···············································································································37.1 心理养育·········································································································37.2 心理教育·········································································································37.3 心理建设·········································································································38生活技能···············································································································38.1 生活自理·········································································································38.2 劳动技能·········································································································48.3 社会适应·········································································································49 ···············································································································49.1 遵守纪律·········································································································49.2 文明习惯·········································································································59.3卫生习惯·········································································································59.4学习习惯·········································································································59.5 劳动习惯·········································································································510 安全保护··············································································································610.1 基本要求

·······································································································610.2 生活安全

·······································································································610.3 防走失···········································································································610.4 防性侵···········································································································610.5 防溺水···········································································································6DB43/T

2515—10.6 消防安全

·······································································································710.7 交通安全

·······································································································710.8 网络使用安全

·································································································710.9 防欺凌···········································································································711 文化修养··············································································································711.1 传统文化

·······································································································711.2 审美情趣

·······································································································811.3 人生阅历

·······································································································812 道德品质··············································································································812.1 家国情怀

·······································································································812.2 四德教育

·······································································································812.3 法治意识

·······································································································812.4 成才观···········································································································913 评价与改进···········································································································913.1 评价··············································································································913.2 改进··············································································································9参考文献··················································································································

10IIDB43/T

2515—20221 本文件确立了福利机构儿童成长引导工作的引导原则和总体要求，并规定了身体健康、心理健康、本文件适用于福利机构儿童成长引导工作。2 规范性引用文件本文件没有规范性引用文件。3 术语和定义本文件没有需要界定的术语和定义。4

引导原则4.1 全面与发展原则关注每个儿童，创设合适的生活环境，最大限度地帮助儿童获取成长经验。4.2 平等与支持原则与儿童建立平等互爱关系，理解和鼓励儿童，关心爱护与严格要求并重。4.3 差异与优势原则尊重儿童发展个体差异，发展儿童优势潜能，促进儿童多元化发展。5 总体要求5.1 福利机构在制定政策、编制规划、部署工作时，应优先考虑儿童的利益和发展需求。5.2 应保护儿童的人格尊严，遵循儿童身心发展特点和规律，循序渐进地开展儿童成长引导工作。5.3 应尊重儿童主体地位，保障所有儿童享有平等的发展权利和机会，消除一切歧视。5.4 应结合儿童发展水平，创造适合儿童的环境，鼓励和支持儿童参与机构内外各类活动。5.5 应要求工作人员注重自身心灵成长，及时转换工作角色，避免将生活角色带入工作角色。5.6 应要求工作人员注重自身道德修养、言行举止，以身作则，为儿童树立良好榜样。5.7 应结合儿童的生理年龄、心理年龄、身体素质、心理素质、智力发育等开展综合评估，并根据综适宜的成长引导内容和方法。DB43/T

2515—5.8应结合福利机构实际情况制定儿童成长引导工作的具体实施方案。6 身体健康6.1 科学运动6.1.1 应根据儿童身体状况，分类引导儿童进行锻炼。6.1.2 应引导肢体有残疾的儿童借助助行器、站立架、哑铃、沙锤等器材进行康复运动。6.1.3 应引导智力发育迟缓儿童进行低幼、趣味体能运动。6.1.4 应对儿童进行安全运动教育，引导儿童正确处理运动中的受伤情况。6.1.5 宜保障儿童体育活动时间每天不少于

1

小时，户外活动时间每天不少于

2

小时，培养儿童良好运动习惯。6.1.6 应引导儿童正确认识体育锻炼过程，包括：a）

锻炼前应作适当的准备活动；b）

锻炼中应适当休息，及时饮水；c）

锻炼后宜进行放松整理活动。6.2 规律作息6.2.1 应根据儿童发展要求，合理安排儿童作息。6.2.2 应保障儿童每天的睡眠时间：a）

6

岁前儿童达到

11

小时～

小时；b）

6

岁～12

10

小时；c）

16

岁儿童达到

9

小时；d）

18

岁儿童达到

8

小时。6.2.3 应引导儿童认识时间，培养时间观念，学会合理安排和有效利用时间。6.2.4 应制定儿童作息时间表，督促儿童按照作息时间表进行一日生活和学习。6.2.5 可根据儿童实际情况，采用不同的方法帮助儿童养成规律作息习惯。方法包括但不限于：a）

创设舒适安静的生活环境；b）

给低龄段儿童讲睡前故事、哼唱睡眠曲等；c）

对高龄段儿童不遵守作息时间规定的行为进行监督提醒；d）

合理控制电子产品使用时间段和时长；e）

设置奖励措施。6.3 健康膳食6.3.1 应引导儿童认识营养与健康的关系。6.3.2 应引导儿童科学膳食，根据不同时期生理特点和营养需求，选择食物多样化，合理搭配营养，包括但不限于：a）

谷薯类食物；b）

蔬菜水果；c）

鱼、禽、肉、蛋；d）

乳类、大豆和坚果；e）

烹调油和盐。DB43/T

2515—20226.3.3 应引导儿童培养良好饮食习惯，包括但不限于：a）

不挑食，不厌食，少吃油炸、烟熏食品；b）

三餐定时定量，避免暴饮暴食和盲目节食；c）

足量饮水，不喝含糖量高的饮料，少喝碳酸饮料；d）

e）

文明进餐，使用公筷分餐，不浪费食物；f）

主动参与食物制作，增进对食物的喜爱。7 心理健康7.1 心理养育7.1.1 应营造爱的环境，根据儿童的心理特点，及时补充心理营养，如稳定地陪伴、恰当地接纳与认适应力并成为有爱的社会人。7.1.2应引导儿童正确认识自己，悦纳自己。不给儿童贴内向、调皮、懒惰、不合群等影响儿童心理健康成长的心理标签。7.1.3 应避免对儿童使用行为暴力、冷暴力及语言暴力，如辱骂、歧视、威胁、嘲讽等可能给儿童造成心理压力和精神压力的不当言行。应避免用个人喜好对待儿童或将儿童相互比较。7.2 心理教育7.2.1 应开展价值教育和生命教育，创设让儿童感受生命价值和生命意义的活动，注重提升儿童的自儿童的生命活力与价值感。7.2.2 应开展心理安全与自护教育，培养儿童珍爱生命与提高心理安全意识，协助儿童掌握心理安全知识。7.3 心理建设7.3.1 应做出恰当的情绪言行示范，引导儿童合理表达情绪，在儿童倾诉情绪时不进行评判。7.3.2 应引导儿童掌握调适情绪的方法，包括但不限于：a）

倾诉情绪或通过书写表达情绪；b）

通过适度运动及娱乐调节释放情绪；c）

通过艺术媒材或心理情景剧展演情绪。7.3.3 应掌握儿童心理状况，发现儿童出现心理异常时应客观对待，鼓励儿童积极面对或主动求助，必要时转介给专业人员或专业机构。8

生活技能8.1 生活自理8.1.1 应培养儿童生活自理能力，内容包括但不限于：a）

穿脱衣物；b）

刷牙洗脸；DB43/T

2515—c）

洗澡；d）

如厕；e）

进餐。8.1.2 宜根据儿童身体实际，提高其生活自理能力，方法包括但不限于：a）

开设生活自理课程；b）

开展生活指导；c）

开展康复训练。8.2 劳动技能8.2.1 宜根据儿童自身水平，有计划地组织儿童学习日常生活劳动，内容包括但不限于：a）

清洁与卫生；b）

整理与收纳；c）

烹饪与营养；d）

家用器具使用与维护。8.2.2 宜结合自身实际开展各类劳动技能教育，提高儿童各项劳动技能，方法包括但不限于：a）

开展劳动教育课程；b）

开展劳动主题活动；c）

结合一日生活开展劳动教育。8.3 社会适应8.3.1 环境适应8.3.1.1 应引导儿童识记、辨别福利机构的名字、地点、联系方式。8.3.1.2 应引导儿童认识社会公共机构或场所，如超市、医院、派出所、银行等。8.3.1.3 应引导儿童学会乘坐公共交通工具。8.3.1.4 应引导智力发育迟缓儿童反复识记社会环境中各类图形标识。8.3.1.5 应引导失明儿童认识和学会使用盲道。8.3.2 人际交往8.3.2.1 应引导儿童正确认识自己和了解他人，建立恰当的人际边界观念，了解人际关系模式，学会正确处理自己与他人、集体的关系。8.3.2.2 8.3.2.3 应注重用同理心对待儿童，培养儿童同理心，帮助其更好地融入集体。8.3.2.4 应引导儿童在遇到困难时主动向他人寻求帮助。8.3.2.5 应鼓励社会力量参与，帮助儿童发展社会适应能力。8.3.2.6 应积极开展社会实践活动，帮助儿童积累社会经验。9 行为习惯9.1 遵守纪律9.1.1 应培养儿童守纪律意识，引导儿童遵守生活纪律、学习纪律。DB43/T

2515—20229.1.2 应引导儿童遵守学习纪律，包括但不限于：a）

按时上下课，不迟到早退；b）

上课前有序进入教室，安静坐好；c）

规范课堂常规行为；d）

认真听讲，有能力的儿童按时按量完成学习任务；e）

未经允许不拿公共物品和他人物品。9.1.3 应及时对儿童守纪律行为进行鼓励，对违纪行为提出批评，并督促改正。9.2 文明习惯9.2.1 应培养儿童讲文明意识。9.2.2 应引导儿童养成讲文明的良好习惯，包括但不限于：a）

礼貌待人；b）

尊老爱幼；c）

诚实友善；d）

爱护环境；e）

文明礼让。9.2.3 应及时对儿童讲文明行为进行鼓励，对不文明行为提出批评，并督促改正。9.2.4 宜开展儿童礼仪培训，引导儿童了解礼仪文化和文明用语。9.3 卫生习惯9.3.1 应培养儿童讲卫生意识，引导儿童注意保持个人清洁，养成良好的卫生习惯。9.3.2 应引导进入青春期的女性儿童学会卫生保健，主要包括但不限于：a）

保持生殖器干净、卫生；b）

注意保暖，避免寒冷刺激；c）

避免紧张情绪，正确看待月经等青春期生理发育现象。9.3.3 应引导进入青春期的男性儿童学会卫生保健，主要包括但不限于：a）

保持生殖器干净、卫生；b）

避免紧张情绪，正确对待遗精等青春期生理现象。9.3.4 应引导儿童讲究公共卫生，维护和保持公共区域卫生，主要包括但不限于：a）

不随地吐痰；b）

不乱扔垃圾；c）

分类投放垃圾。9.3.5 应引导儿童爱护公共物品，不破坏公共设施，不乱涂乱画，不攀折花草树木。9.3.6 应及时对儿童讲卫生行为进行鼓励，对不讲卫生行为提出批评，并督促改正。9.4 学习习惯9.4.1 应培养儿童爱学习意识，营造良好的学习环境和氛围，激发儿童的学习兴趣。9.4.2 应引导儿童主动学习，找到适合自己的学习方法。9.4.3 应引导儿童养成良好的阅读习惯。9.4.4 应及时对儿童爱学习行为进行鼓励，对不爱学习行为提出批评，并督促改正。9.5 劳动习惯9.5.1 应引导儿童树立正确的劳动观念，鼓励儿童通过自己的劳动创造价值，培养儿童吃苦耐劳的品DB43/T

2515—质。9.5.2 工作人员应以身作则，示范和引导儿童养成良好的劳动习惯。9.5.3 应为儿童创造锻炼的环境和条件，引导儿童积极参与力所能及的劳动。9.5.4 应对儿童爱劳动行为进行鼓励，对不爱劳动行为提出批评，并督促改正。10

安全保护10.1 基本要求10.1.1 溺水、消防安全、交通安全、网络使用安全和防欺凌等安全教育与培训，每年不少于

2

次培训。10.1.2 可利用社会公共资源开展儿童安全教育，如：消防站、派出所等。10.1.3 应引导儿童在遇到紧急情况时，学会拨打

110、、119、

等求助电话。10.2 生活安全10.2.1 应引导儿童养成良好的生活习惯，预防日常生活安全事故发生。10.2.2 应引导儿童在吃东西时不剧烈运动，不大声说笑、嬉戏打闹，避免引起窒息。10.2.3应引导儿童远离开水箱、暖水瓶等危险物品，以防烫伤。10.2.4 应引导儿童认识有毒食物、食品相关标识，不采摘、食用野生蘑菇、野果，不吃腐烂、变质、过期食品，以防食物中毒。10.2.5 应引导儿童在工作人员的监管下服用药品，避免发生误服和药物中毒。10.3 防走失10.3.1 应帮助儿童树立防走失意识。10.3.2 应教育儿童未经允许不单独外出或者独自行动。10.3.3 应对儿童开展防拐卖、防欺诈教育，主动抵制诱惑。10.3.4 应引导儿童在走失情况下学会求助。10.3.5 应在外出活动中加强对儿童防走失的引导。10.4 防性侵10.4.1 应培养儿童性别意识，引导儿童认识自己正确的性别角色。10.4.2 应根据儿童年龄阶段和发展特点开展性教育，正确认识两性关系。10.4.3 加强防性侵教育，引导儿童提高自我保护意识和能力。10.4.4 应引导儿童被性侵后合理应对，包括但不限于：a）

稳定情绪，保护隐私；b）

寻求法律保护，及时报警，保护好现场及保留相关证据；c）

向工作人员寻求必要的支持资源；d）

寻求专业的心理干预，消除心理阴影。10.4.5 应对工作人员进行心理科普等专业教育,防止给儿童造成二次伤害。10.5 防溺水10.5.1 应引导儿童认识防溺水安全警示标识、标牌。10.5.2 应引导儿童不私自下水，不擅自与他人结伴游泳，不在无工作人员监护下玩水。DB43/T

2515—202210.5.3应引导靠近水域可能发生危险的儿童远离水域。10.5.4 应引导儿童掌握在发生溺水时的自救方法，包括但不限于：a）

不要惊慌，调整呼吸，迅速举手呼救；b）

放松全身，让身体飘浮在水面上，将头部浮出水面，用脚踢水，防止体力丧失，等待救援；c）

寻找并抓住水中漂浮物；d）

尽可能屏住呼吸、头后仰，暴露出口鼻，然后用嘴呼吸；e）

如有救援者，需听从救援者指挥。10.5.5 有条件的福利机构宜开展游泳技能和溺水自救培训。10.6 消防安全10.6.1 应引导儿童认识易燃易爆物品。10.6.2 应引导儿童正确使用电器，禁止玩火玩电。10.6.3 宜组织儿童每年进行

1

次消防演练。10.6.4 应开展消防安全教育培训，引导认识和使用消防器材和消防通道，掌握火灾逃生方法。10.7 交通安全10.7.1 应引导儿童了解交通规则，认识交通信号灯、斑马线等交通标识。10.7.2 应引导儿童遵守交通规则，不在马路边玩耍，不闯红灯。10.7.3 应引导儿童乘车时系好安全带，不在车上打闹，形成良好的乘车习惯。10.7.4 应引导儿童上下车时有序排队，不推挤。10.8 网络使用安全10.8.1 游戏。10.8.2 的上网习惯。10.8.310.8.4友透露自己的真实身份信息。10.9 防欺凌10.9.1应无歧视对待儿童。10.9.2 应引导儿童正确理解是非对错，学习情绪控制，教育儿童不应对他人有欺凌行为。10.9.3 应引导儿童学会在遇到欺凌时的应对方法，学会自我保护，学会紧急情况求助。11

文化修养11.1 传统文化11.1.1 的传承者。11.1.2 应言传身教，为儿童提供传承传统文化的榜样。11.1.3 可创设传统文化环境，激发儿童自主探索。DB43/T

2515—11.1.4 可结合传统节日，开展主题教育活动，加深儿童对传统文化的理解。11.2 审美情趣11.2.1 应引导儿童追求高尚情操，提高审美情趣，远离低级趣味。11.2.2 应鼓励儿童亲近自然，在自然界中对其进行美的启示和教育。11.2.3 宜开展丰富多彩的艺术活动，引导儿童进行艺术创作。11.2.4 应为儿童打造优美环境，对儿童进行美的熏陶。11.2.5 可组织儿童前往博物馆、艺术馆、展览馆、音乐厅等场所开展活动，感受艺术之美。11.3 人生阅历11.3.1 应鼓励儿童亲身实践，在实践中积累经验。11.3.2 应引导儿童广泛阅读经典书籍，在书籍中积累他人经验。11.3.3 应引导儿童积极参加培训讲座，利用多种媒体平台增长见识。11.3.4 宜开展各类活动，帮助儿童开拓眼界，增加人生阅历。12

道德品质12